Wikipedia

Stack Exchange

Not to be confused with Stock Exchange.
This article is about the network of collaborative Q&A sites. For the first site in the network, see Stack Overflow.
"Super User" redirects here. For a user account with special privileges, see superuser.

Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer (Q&A) websites on topics in diverse fields, each site covering a specific topic, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to be self-moderating.[5] As of March 2023, the three most actively viewed sites in the network are Stack Overflow (which focuses on computer programming), Unix & Linux, and Mathematics.[6]

Stack Exchange Network
Type of site
OwnerProsus N.V.
Created by
URLstackexchange.com Edit this at Wikidata
CommercialYes
RegistrationYes
LaunchedSeptember 2009; 15 years ago (2009-09)[1]
(relaunched in January 2011)[2]
Content license
User contributions under CC BY-SA 2.5, 3.0, and 4.0[3][4]

All sites in the network are modeled after the initial site Stack Overflow which was created by Jeff Atwood and Joel Spolsky in 2008. Further Q&A sites in the network are established, defined, and eventually – if found relevant – brought to creation by registered users through a special site named Area 51.[7][8]

User contributions since May 2, 2018 are licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International. Older content, contributed while the site used the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported license or the earlier Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.5 Unported license, remains licensed under the license in force at the time it was contributed.[4][3][9]

In June 2021, Prosus acquired Stack Overflow for $1.8 billion, its first complete acquisition in the area of educational technology.[10]

History

edit

Founding and growth

edit
 
Super User logo

In 2008, Jeff Atwood and Joel Spolsky created Stack Overflow, a question-and-answer website for computer programming questions, which they described as an alternative to the programmer forum Experts-Exchange.[11] In 2009, they started additional sites based on the Stack Overflow model: Server Fault for questions related to system administration and Super User for questions from computer power users.[12]

In September 2009, Spolsky's company, Fog Creek Software, released a beta version of the Stack Exchange 1.0 platform[1] as a way for third parties to create their own communities based on the software behind Stack Overflow, with monthly fees.[13] This white label service was not successful, with few customers and slow growing communities.[14]

In May 2010, Stack Overflow (as its own new company) raised US$6 million in venture capital from Union Square Ventures and other investors, and it switched its focus to developing new sites for answering questions on specific subjects,[14] Stack Exchange 2.0. Users vote on new site topics in a staging area called Area 51, where algorithms determine which suggested site topics have critical mass and should be created.[11] In November 2010, Stack Exchange site topics in "beta testing" included physics, mathematics, and writing.[15] Stack Exchange publicly launched in January 2011 with 33 Web sites; it had 27 employees[16] and 1.5 million users at the time, and it included advertising.[2] At that time, it was compared to Quora, founded in 2009, which similarly specializes in expert answers.[2] Other competing sites include WikiAnswers and Yahoo! Answers.[17]

In February 2011, Stack Overflow released an associated job board called Careers 2.0, charging fees to recruiters for access, which later re-branded to Stack Overflow Careers.[18] In March 2011, Stack Overflow raised US$12 million in additional venture funding, and the company renamed itself to Stack Exchange, Inc.[19] It is based in Manhattan.[20] In February 2012, Atwood left the company.[21]

On April 18, 2013 CipherCloud issued Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) takedown notices in an attempt to block discussion of possible weaknesses of their encryption algorithm.[22][23] The Stack Exchange Crypto group discussion on the algorithm was censored, but it was later restored without pictures.[24]

As of September 2015, "Stack Exchange" no longer refers to the company, only the network of question-and-answer websites. Instead, the company is now referred to as Stack Overflow.[25]

In 2016, Stack Exchange added a variety of new sites which pushed the boundaries of the typical question-and-answer site.[26] For example, Puzzling offers a platform for users who already know the answer to questions to challenge their peers to solve the problems unlike traditional Q–A sites where the poster does not know the answer.[26]

Declining relationship between users and company

edit

In 2016, Stack Exchange announced the second iteration of the Stack Exchange Quality Project, in which they attempt to implement specific important features requested by the community to meet a distinct high-priority set of goals. After users enthusiastically responded with feature ideas, they complained that there was insufficient action on the company's part.[27]

In October 2018, the company removed its Interpersonal Skills site from the Hot Network Questions list after a complaint on Twitter, and an employee (who was part of the SRE team, which was not community-facing) posted tweets attacking moderators.[28]

Late 2019 controversies

edit

To start, in June 2019, more advertisements were added causing a large dispute.[29] On September 27, 2019, a moderator of multiple Stack Exchange sites, specifically Monica Cellio, was dismissed from her moderator position, allegedly connected to behavior associated with upcoming changes to the Code of Conduct (CoC) relating to gender pronouns.[30][31][32] Many other moderators resigned or suspended their moderator activity in response to the dismissal. The company responded with two very poorly received messages which have since been deleted,[33] and by a slightly less negatively-received apology several days later.[34] In December 2019, the company posted a message, stating that they and the moderator had come to an agreement and expressing regret for any damage to her reputation.[35][36] Nevertheless, this, plus the sudden departure of multiple community managers (Stack Exchange employees who interact with the community), led to an erosion of trust between the community and the company—convincing many of the site's most prolific users, including many community-elected moderators and a community manager, to depart within the next few months.[37][38]

2019–2020 licensing change announcements

edit

On September 2, 2019, the terms of service (and the footer of every page served) changed to referencing the "Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike" (CC BY-SA) license's 4.0 version instead of its 3.0 version.[3] Users were puzzled as to how Stack Overflow acquired the rights for this relicensing of their past contributions,[39] with some users explicitly stating that they did not intend their contributions to be licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0.[40][41] Users were concerned that, if the relicensing was found to be a breach of CC BY-SA 3.0, Stack Exchange would have made itself unable to distribute the content under any CC BY-SA license (and that the footer's license statement could be erroneous), and would have to rely on its "perpetual and irrevocable right and license to use, copy, cache, publish, display, distribute, modify, create derivative works and store" the content instead.[42] On September 27, an official Stack Exchange reply stated it had been an "important step", but declined to discuss with the community the legal basis for the relicensing.[43]

In March 2020, a post announced that content contributed before May 2, 2018 was available under a CC BY-SA 3.0 license.[4] In the ensuing discussion, several users asked about the similar situation in August 2010, when Stack Exchange switched from accepting CC BY-SA 2.5 contributions to 3.0. A representative of the corporation noted "we are looking [...] to show v2.5 for posts predating this change but cannot commit to it yet". Some users were unconvinced that the September 2019 announcement was not a breach of CC BY-SA 3.0 that would have caused its termination, and some answers were not placated by the dateline chosen.[44] In the ensuing discussion, Stack Overflow staff declined to comment.[45]

June - August 2023 moderation strike

edit

In mid-2023, Stack Exchange made several changes regarding its policies around content generated by artificial intelligence which resulted in a strike of a portion of its volunteer moderators. The protest centered around a policy posted to moderators on May 29 stating that the use of AI-detection tools were not permitted to be used as part of moderation. In a statement, Stack Exchange confirmed that 11% of moderators had ceased content moderation in response to this policy.[46] This would grow to more than 23% of all moderators on the network by June 22, including more than 70% of all Stack Overflow moderators.[47]

The strike began with a post to Meta Stack Exchange, which raised concerns regarding the quality and accuracy of AI-generated content, and the lack of transparency from Stack Exchange surrounding this policy change.[48] Moderators also stated that the version of the policy released to the public differed from the version they had received on the moderator-only forum, notably in that the public version did not include language requiring that moderators stop restricting all AI content.[49]

Negotiations between Stack Exchange and moderators resulted in new policies allowing moderators to remove AI content when there is a strong indicator of GPT usage, and a commitment from the site to continue to provide data and API access. At the conclusion of negotiations, the strike ended on August 2, 2023.[50]

Site features

edit

Reputation and badges

edit

The primary purpose of each Stack Exchange site is to enable users to post questions and answer them.[15] Users can vote on both answers and questions, and through this process users earn reputation points, a form of gamification.[21][51] This voting system was compared to Digg when the Stack Exchange platform was first released.[13] Users receive privileges by collecting reputation points, ranging from the ability to vote and comment on questions and answers to the ability to moderate many aspects of the site.[51] Due to the prominence of Stack Exchange profiles in web search results and the Stack Overflow Careers job board, users may have reason to game the system.[18] Along with posting questions and answers, users can add comments to them and edit text written by others.[52] Each Stack Exchange site has a "meta" section where users can settle disputes, in the style of MetaFilter's "MetaTalk" forum, because the self-moderation system for questions and answers can lead to significant arguments.[53]

Badges are awarded for asking and answering, participating in meta, and for moderating the site. There are bronze, silver and gold badges and appear on users' profile pages as well as their posts.[54][55]

Moderators and election process

edit

Moderators are responsible for managing the site, such as by following up on flagged posts, locking and protecting posts, suspending users, and deleting the worst posts (including misinformation) on the site. According to the Stack Exchange philosophy, they should be minimally involved in the site. They are also expected to lead by example, as well as to show respect to other users.[56]

To become a moderator, users have to participate in an election. Elections are called as needed by the Stack Exchange Community Team for a designated number of seats. Users must first nominate themselves and have at least 300 reputation (3,000 on Stack Overflow and 1,000 on Math Stack Exchange), while also being in good standing, such as not having been suspended during the past year. Aside from introducing themselves and explaining why they would be a good moderator, users must also answer questions written by the community. Nominations can be withdrawn at any time.[57]

After this, users vote on the candidates in a primary, where the vote tally is made public. The top 10 nominees advance to the election stage, where any user with at least 150 reputation is allowed to vote. A ranked-choice voting system is used where users can rank all the candidates if they wish. Votes are tallied using the Meek STV method (single transferable vote) which allows fractional parts of a vote to be counted.[58]

Bounties

edit

Stack Exchange allows users to donate some of their reputation to help questions receive answers or better answers, as well as to incentivize users to answer. This is called a 'bounty' and can be applied on questions 48 hours after being asked, lasting for 7 days plus a grace period of 24 hours. The minimum bounty is set at 50 reputation, except if the user has already answered the question or has offered a previous bounty on the question. Bounties cannot be cancelled, and reputation cannot be refunded from a bounty, even if the question did not receive an answer.[59][60]

Technologies used

edit

Stack Exchange uses IIS, SQL Server,[61] and the ASP.NET framework,[61] all from a single code base for every Stack Exchange site (except Area 51, which runs off a fork of the Stack Overflow code base).[62] Blogs formerly used WordPress, but they have been discontinued.[63] The team also uses Redis, HAProxy and Elasticsearch.[61]

Stack Exchange tries to stay up to date with the newest technologies from Microsoft, usually using the latest releases of any given framework. The code is primarily written in C# ASP.NET MVC using the Razor View Engine. The preferred IDE is Visual Studio and the data layers uses Dapper for data access.[64]

The site makes use of URL slugs in addition to numeric identifiers for question URLs.

Site creation process

edit

Every new site created in the Stack Exchange Network goes through a detailed review process on a site called Area 51, that is consisting of four steps:[8][65][66][67]

  • Definition: A public proposal must be drafted and posted so that any member of the community can discuss the proposal and vote on it. This allows a collaborative proposal to emerge over time. The proposal must address these four key issues
    1. the topic of the site
    2. the targeted audience
    3. forty exemplary questions, upvoted at least 10 times from the community
    4. 60 followers from the community
  • Commitment: First, 200 users interested in the new site are asked to formally commit and support the site by actively participating and contributing to it by asking or answering 10 questions during the FIRDR six months of the public beta. Second, 100 users interested in the new site that have committed with over 200 reputation on another site on the network. Finally, it requires a commitment score of 500, which uses the following formula:[68]
    1. PrelimScore = SUM(Reputation >= 200 ? 0.233 * ln(Reputation-101) - 0.75 : 0) + 1.5
    2. UserScore = PrelimScore * 0.9 ^ (DAYS / 180)
  • Beta: A live test version of this site is tested out, in two steps.
  1. Private Beta:If the concept receives 100% commitment (reaches the requirements listed above), the site enters the private beta phase, where committed members begin actively using the site and publicizing it. It must remain for at least 35 days (or 5 weeks).
  2. Public Beta: The site is open to the public for a long period. This allows the creators to ensure that the site reaches critical mass before it is fully launched. It much remain for at least 180 days (or 6 months) of public beta, and 215 total days of beta (31 weeks).
  • Graduation: If the site has at least 1000 open questions, and 70% of questions or more have at least 1 upvoted answer, it is granted a "graduation" and fully launched.[69]

Notable users

edit

Nobel Prize winners

edit

Fields Medal winners

edit

Founders

edit

Other notable scientists and mathematicians

edit

See also

edit

References

edit
  1. ^ a b Mager, Andrew (September 27, 2009). "Find the Answer to Anything with StackExchange". The Web Life. ZDNet. Archived from the original on January 7, 2014. Retrieved December 16, 2012.
  2. ^ a b c Swartz, Jon (January 24, 2011). "Q&A websites like Quora and Stack Exchange take off". USA Today. Archived from the original on November 27, 2014. Retrieved December 16, 2012.
  3. ^ a b c "Stack Exchange and Stack Overflow are moving to CC BY-SA 4.0". meta.stackexchange.com. Retrieved September 18, 2019.
  4. ^ a b c "An Update On Creative Commons Licensing". Retrieved March 3, 2020.
  5. ^ Atwood, Jeff (May 17, 2009). "A Theory of Moderation". Stack Exchange Blog. Archived from the original on May 15, 2017. Retrieved December 16, 2012.
  6. ^ "All Sites – Stack Exchange". stackexchange.com. Archived from the original on November 22, 2019. Retrieved March 25, 2023.
  7. ^ "All Sites". Stack Exchange. Archived from the original on November 22, 2019. Retrieved April 1, 2017.
  8. ^ a b "FAQ – Area 51 – Stack Exchange". Stack Exchange, Inc. 2014. Archived from the original on August 7, 2020. Retrieved June 30, 2014.
  9. ^ "Legal — Terms of Service". Stack Exchange. December 11, 2014. Archived from the original on January 3, 2012. Retrieved December 21, 2014.
  10. ^ Dummett, Ben (June 2, 2021). "WSJ News Exclusive | Stack Overflow Sold to Tech Giant Prosus for $1.8 Billion". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on October 29, 2021. Retrieved June 3, 2021.
  11. ^ a b Perez, Sarah (July 8, 2010). "With Debut of Web Apps Q&A Site, Stack Exchange Perfects Automated Site Launch Process". ReadWriteWeb. Archived from the original on April 5, 2014. Retrieved December 16, 2012.
  12. ^ Clarke, Jason (August 20, 2009). "Super User – question and answer site for power users". DownloadSquad. AOL. Archived from the original on July 15, 2014. Retrieved April 1, 2017.
  13. ^ a b Oshiro, Dana (October 12, 2009). "StackOverflow Shares its Mojo: White Label Q&A for All". ReadWriteWeb. Archived from the original on April 2, 2017. Retrieved April 1, 2017.
  14. ^ a b Kirkpatrick, Marshall (May 4, 2010). "All-Star Team Backs StackOverflow to Go Beyond Programming Questions". ReadWriteWeb. Archived from the original on December 5, 2020. Retrieved December 16, 2012.
  15. ^ a b Keller, Jared (November 18, 2010). "Stack Overflow's Crowdsourcing Model Guarantees Success". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on November 23, 2010. Retrieved December 16, 2012.
  16. ^ Jeffries, Adrienne (January 25, 2011). "Forget Quora, New York's Stack Overflow Is Killing It". BetaBeat. Archived from the original on November 7, 2014. Retrieved December 30, 2012.
  17. ^ Jenna Wortham (February 6, 2011). "The Answers Are Out There, and New Q. and A. Sites Dig Them Up". New York Times. Archived from the original on August 16, 2018. Retrieved December 31, 2012.
  18. ^ a b Needleman, Rafe (February 23, 2011). "Stack Exchange launches programmer recruiting site". CNet. Archived from the original on March 30, 2013. Retrieved December 16, 2012.
  19. ^ Ha, Anthony (March 9, 2011). "Q&A startup Stack Overflow gets new name, more funding". VentureBeat. Reuters. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved December 16, 2012.
  20. ^ Kim, Ryan (February 16, 2011). "Stack Overflow Rides Experts & Order to Q&A Success". GigaOM. Archived from the original on January 11, 2013. Retrieved December 30, 2012.
  21. ^ a b Finley, Klint (July 5, 2012). "Stack Overflow Man Remakes Net One Answer at a Time". Enterprise. Wired. Retrieved December 16, 2012.
  22. ^ "CipherCloud used DMCA Takedown on StackExchange discussion of the cryptography". Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved June 16, 2013.
  23. ^ "CipherCloud Invokes DMCA To Block Discussions of Its Crypto System". April 21, 2013. Archived from the original on January 12, 2016. Retrieved June 16, 2013.
  24. ^ "How is CipherCloud doing homomorphic encryption".
  25. ^ Hanlon, Jay (September 15, 2015). "We're Changing Our Name (Back) to Stack Overflow". Stack Overflow Blog. Archived from the original on April 2, 2017. Retrieved April 1, 2017.
  26. ^ a b Ericson, Jon (January 26, 2017). "Stack Exchange Year in Review 2016". Stack Overflow Blog. Archived from the original on April 2, 2017. Retrieved April 1, 2017.
  27. ^ "Answer by user jscs to We need to stop hoping for change in, or help from, SO Inc". Retrieved March 5, 2020.
  28. ^ "Revisiting the "Hot Network Questions" feature, what are our shared goals for having it?". Retrieved March 5, 2020.
  29. ^ "We're testing advertisements across the network". Meta Stack Exchange. Retrieved July 23, 2023.
  30. ^ "Firing Mods and Forced Relicensing: Is Stack Exchange Still Interested in Cooperating with the Community?". Meta Stack Exchange. September 29, 2019. Archived from the original on October 29, 2019. Retrieved October 28, 2019.
  31. ^ "Stack Overflow Inc., sinat chinam, and the goat for Azazel". Mi Yodeya Meta Stack Exchange. September 29, 2019. Archived from the original on October 29, 2019. Retrieved October 28, 2019.
  32. ^ "The Mod Firing Squad: Stack Exchange Embroiled in 'He Said, She Said, They Said' Row". The Register. October 1, 2019. Archived from the original on October 19, 2019. Retrieved October 19, 2019.
  33. ^ "An Update to our Community and an Apology". Archived from the original on October 6, 2019. Retrieved October 19, 2019.
  34. ^ "An apology to our community, and next steps". Archived from the original on October 19, 2019. Retrieved October 19, 2019.
  35. ^ Update: an agreement with Monica Cellio Archived November 25, 2022, at the Wayback Machine. Meta Stack Exchange. Retrieved 2020-01-03.
  36. ^ at 22:16, Thomas Claburn in San Francisco Jan 2, 2020. "Stack Overflow makes peace with ousted moderator, wants to start New Year with 2020 vision on codes of conduct". TheRegister.co.uk. Archived from the original on January 24, 2020. Retrieved January 22, 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  37. ^ "Firing Community Managers: Stack Exchange is not interested in cooperating with the community, is it?". Meta Stack Exchange. Archived from the original on January 22, 2020. Retrieved January 22, 2020.
  38. ^ "Firing mods and forced relicensing: is Stack Exchange still interested in cooperating with the community?". Meta Stack Exchange. Archived from the original on October 29, 2019. Retrieved January 22, 2020.
  39. ^ "Was the retroactive change to CC BY-SA 4.0 approved by Stack Exchange's lawyers?". Retrieved February 2, 2020.
  40. ^ Owens, Thomas. "'I do not grant anyone the right to change the license of my contributions'".
  41. ^ andreymal. "Review on 'Stack Exchange Data Dump'". Internet Archive.
  42. ^ "Discussion on 'Stack Exchange and Stack Overflow have moved to CC BY-SA 4.0'". Retrieved December 14, 2021.
  43. ^ "Stack Overflow is "unable to pursue dialogues"". Retrieved February 2, 2020.
  44. ^ ""Under CC BY-SA 3.0, any violations terminate (sic) your CC license"". Retrieved March 8, 2020.
  45. ^ Yaakov Ellis. "'Stack Overflow staff' declines to comment on licensing situation". Archived from the original on December 14, 2021. Retrieved December 14, 2021.
  46. ^ Anderson, Tim (June 5, 2023). "Stack Overflow volunteer moderators down tools over secret new policy that obstructs removal of AI-generated content • DEVCLASS". DEVCLASS. Retrieved February 23, 2024.
  47. ^ "Dear Stack Overflow, Inc". openletter.mousetail.nl. Retrieved April 14, 2024.
  48. ^ "Moderation Strike: Stack Overflow, Inc. cannot consistently ignore, mistreat, and malign its volunteers". Meta Stack Exchange. August 2, 2023. Retrieved February 23, 2024.
  49. ^ Roscoe, Jules (June 5, 2023). "Stack Overflow Moderators Are Striking to Stop Garbage AI Content From Flooding the Site". VICE. Retrieved February 23, 2024.
  50. ^ Anderson, Tim (August 24, 2023). "Stack Overflow: how much is traffic dropping, and how the moderator "strike" was resolved • DEVCLASS". DEVCLASS. Retrieved February 23, 2024.
  51. ^ a b "FAQ: What is Reputation?". Stack Overflow. Archived from the original on January 2, 2010. Retrieved January 19, 2010.
  52. ^ Ha, Anthony (May 4, 2010). "Stack Overflow raises $6M to take its Q&A model beyond programming". Deals. VentureBeat. Archived from the original on April 21, 2016. Retrieved December 31, 2012.
  53. ^ Popper, Ben (December 7, 2011). "Conquering the CHAOS of Online Community at Stack Exchange". BetaBeat. Archived from the original on December 16, 2012. Retrieved December 16, 2012.
  54. ^ "Badges". Stack Overflow. Archived from the original on July 5, 2021. Retrieved July 5, 2021.
  55. ^ "FAQ for Stack Exchange sites". Meta Stack Exchange. Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved July 5, 2021.
  56. ^ "Who are the site moderators, and what is their role here? - Help Center". Stack Overflow. Archived from the original on July 5, 2021. Retrieved July 5, 2021.
  57. ^ "There's an election going on. What's happening and how does it work?". Meta Stack Exchange. Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved July 5, 2021.
  58. ^ "Could we please clarify just the Primary phase of the election?". Meta Stack Exchange. Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved July 5, 2021.
  59. ^ Co-Founder, Jeff Atwood (June 19, 2010). "Improvements to Bounty System". Stack Overflow Blog. Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved July 5, 2021.
  60. ^ "How does the bounty system work?". Meta Stack Exchange. Archived from the original on July 4, 2021. Retrieved July 5, 2021.
  61. ^ a b c Craver, Nick (November 22, 2013). "What it takes to run Stack Overflow". Archived from the original on November 11, 2020. Retrieved October 2, 2014.
  62. ^ "Does StackExchange 2.0 Share the Same CodeBase with SO?". Stack Meta. Archived from the original on April 2, 2017. Retrieved April 1, 2017.
  63. ^ Grace Note (March 1, 2017). "We will no longer be hosting Blog Overflow". Archived from the original on March 4, 2017. Retrieved March 3, 2017.
  64. ^ "Stack Meta". Stack Meta.
  65. ^ Sewak, M.; et al. (May 18, 2010). "Finding a Growth Business Model at Stack Overflow, Inc" (PDF). Stanford CasePublisher. Rev. July 20, 2010 (2010–204–1). Stanford University School of Engineering: 31. 204-2010-1. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 13, 2012. Retrieved May 23, 2014.
  66. ^ "Changes to Stack Exchange – Stack Overflow Blog". April 13, 2010. Archived from the original on January 26, 2016. Retrieved January 19, 2016.
  67. ^ "All Proposals - Area 51 - Stack Exchange". area51.stackexchange.com. Retrieved July 28, 2023.
  68. ^ "Area 51 Commit Percent". Meta Stack Exchange. Retrieved July 28, 2023.
  69. ^ "FAQ - Area 51 - Stack Exchange". area51.stackexchange.com. Retrieved July 28, 2023.
  70. ^ "Gerard 't Hooft". physics.stackexchange.com. Archived from the original on July 25, 2020. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
  71. ^ "Peter Scholze". stackexchange.com. Archived from the original on July 26, 2020. Retrieved July 26, 2020.
  72. ^ "Martin Hairer". mathoverflow.net. Archived from the original on July 26, 2020. Retrieved July 26, 2020.
  73. ^ "Terence Tao". stackexchange.com. Archived from the original on July 26, 2020. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
  74. ^ "Tim Gowers". mathoverflow.net. Archived from the original on August 7, 2020. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
  75. ^ "Curtis McMullen". stackexchange.com. Archived from the original on January 20, 2022. Retrieved July 30, 2020.
  76. ^ "Richard Borcherds". mathoverflow.net. Archived from the original on August 7, 2020. Retrieved July 30, 2020.
  77. ^ "Edward Witten". mathoverflow.net. Archived from the original on July 26, 2020. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
  78. ^ "Vaughan Jones". mathoverflow.net. Archived from the original on July 26, 2020. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
  79. ^ "Michael Freedman". mathoverflow.net. Archived from the original on August 7, 2020. Retrieved July 30, 2020.
  80. ^ "Bill Thurston". mathoverflow.net. Archived from the original on July 25, 2020. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
  81. ^ "Joel Spolsky". stackexchange.com. Archived from the original on May 6, 2021. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
  82. ^ "Jeff Attwood". stackexchange.com. Archived from the original on March 6, 2021. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
  83. ^ "Ravi Vakil". stackexchange.com. Archived from the original on July 26, 2020. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
  84. ^ "Scott Aaronson". stackexchange.com. Archived from the original on January 26, 2022. Retrieved January 26, 2022.
  85. ^ "Ian Agol". stackexchange.com. Archived from the original on July 25, 2020. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
  86. ^ "John Baez". stackexchange.com. Archived from the original on July 25, 2020. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
  87. ^ "Carlo Beenakker". stackexchange.com. Archived from the original on July 25, 2020. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
  88. ^ "Andreas Blass". stackexchange.com. Archived from the original on July 25, 2020. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
  89. ^ "Robert Bryant". stackexchange.com. Archived from the original on July 25, 2020. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
  90. ^ "Noam Elkies". stackexchange.com. Archived from the original on July 25, 2020. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
  91. ^ "Matthew Emerton". stackexchange.com. Archived from the original on July 25, 2020. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
  92. ^ "David Eppstein". stackexchange.com. Archived from the original on May 23, 2024. Retrieved September 12, 2024.
  93. ^ "Alexandre Eremenko". stackexchange.com. Archived from the original on July 25, 2020. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
  94. ^ "Joesl David Hamkins". stackexchange.com. Archived from the original on July 25, 2020. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
  95. ^ "James E. Humphreys". stackexchange.com. Archived from the original on July 25, 2020. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
  96. ^ "Gil Kalai". stackexchange.com. Archived from the original on July 26, 2020. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
  97. ^ "Anna Krylov". stackexchange.com. Archived from the original on July 25, 2020. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
  98. ^ "Greg Kuperberg". stackexchange.com. Archived from the original on July 25, 2020. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
  99. ^ "Tim Peters". stackexchange.com. Archived from the original on September 10, 2021. Retrieved June 14, 2023.
  100. ^ "Joseph O'Rourke". stackexchange.com. Archived from the original on July 26, 2020. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
  101. ^ "Igor Rivin". stackexchange.com. Archived from the original on August 10, 2019. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
  102. ^ "Guido van Rossum". stackoverflow.com. Archived from the original on October 1, 2024. Retrieved October 1, 2024.
  103. ^ "Anders Sandberg". stackexchange.com. Archived from the original on January 26, 2022. Retrieved January 26, 2022.
  104. ^ "Jeffrey Shallit". stackexchange.com. Archived from the original on September 21, 2021. Retrieved August 30, 2020.
  105. ^ "Peter Shor". stackexchange.com. Archived from the original on July 25, 2020. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
  106. ^ "Michael Shulman". stackexchange.com. Archived from the original on July 26, 2020. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
edit
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stack_Exchange&oldid=1257300234"