Stanleycaris is an extinct genus of hurdiid radiodont from the Cambrian (Stage 3 to Miaolingian). The type species is Stanleycaris hirpex. Stanleycaris was described from the Stephen Formation near the Stanley Glacier[2] and Burgess Shale locality of Canada,[3] as well as Wheeler Formation of United States.[4] A second species, S. qingjiangensis is known from the Qingjiang biota of China.[1] The genus was characterized by the rake-like frontal appendages with robust inner spines.[5][3]
| Stanleycaris Temporal range:
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| Reconstruction of S. hirpex | |
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| Complete specimen of S. hirpex | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Order: | †Radiodonta |
| Family: | †Hurdiidae |
| Genus: | †Stanleycaris Pates, Daley & Ortega-Hernández, 2018 |
| Type species | |
| †Stanleycaris hirpex Pates, Daley & Ortega-Hernández, 2018
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| Species | |
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History of discovery
editStanleycaris was originally described only from frontal appendages and oral cone.[4] Its generic name means "Crab of Stanley Glacier"; hirpex, L. "large rake", reflects the rake-like nature of its spiny frontal appendages.[2] However, in 2022, 268 specimens of Stanleycaris, many of which were complete, were studied, making Stanleycaris a well documented radiodont.[3] Stanleycaris had three eyes, a bizarre configuration previously unknown among other radiodont genera; yet this head anatomy supports early differentiation among arthropod head and trunk segmentation.[3]
The original description of the taxon appeared in an online supplement to the article published by Jean-Bernard Caron, Robert R. Gaines, M. Gabriela Mángano, Michael Streng and Allison C. Daley in 2010.[2] That description did not satisfy of the requirements of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, as the Code did not accept taxa named in electronic publications as validly named until 2012;[4] the name was eventually validated by Pates, Daley & Ortega-Hernández (2018).[6]
The specimen KUMIP 153923 from the Cambrian Wheeler Formation (Utah, United States), which was described by Robison (1985) as a whole body of new lobopodian species Aysheaia prolata, was reinterpreted as an isolated frontal appendage of Stanleycaris sp. by Pates, Daley & Ortega-Hernández (2017). They reported segmental boundaries between the structures previously thought to be 'lobopods' and curved terminal spines that resemble the frontal appendages of radiodonts, and thus they considered A. prolata as a nomen dubium and synonymised it with Stanleycaris on the basis of their interpretation.[7]
Description
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Diagrammatic reconstruction -
Diagram of frontal appendage -
3D reconstruction of frontal appendages
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Oral cone -
Size estimation
Stanleycaris was a small radiodont, with whole body specimen measured around 10–83 mm (0.39–3.27 in) long, excluding the tail. Even based on the largest isolated frontal appendage, the upper body length was thought to be less than 20 cm (7.9 in) long.[3] Unlike most hurdiids with large head and broad neck region, the body of Stanleycaris was streamlined like those of anomalocaridids and amplectobeluids.[3]
Head
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The small head occupies about 15% of the total body length. Each lateral compound eye was estimated to have around 1000 ommatidia. In addition of a pair of stalked lateral eyes, a third, large median eye was located behind its preocular sclerite (H-element). Similar structures were evident in the fossils of Peytoia and Lyrarapax, suggesting these genera possibly had a median eye too.[3] Contrary to the agreement around mid and late 2010s (based on the discovery of Lyrarapax since 2014) suggest radiodonts had only protocerebrum on their cerebral ganglion,[8] The neuroanatomical evidence of Stanleycaris suggests radiodonts have both protocerebrum and deutocerebrum, and circumesophageal connective that surround digestive system between them.[3] Unlike other radiodonts, the paired lateral sclerites (P-element) are not evident in any Stanleycaris specimens, suggesting they were exclusively absent in this genus.[3]
Frontal appendage
editThe frontal appendages, which are the most commonly found component of this taxon, range in length between 3.5–32.2 mm (0.14–1.27 in).[5] It comprises 14 segments (podomeres) with 5 long, rake-like curved blades (endites) protruding from the ventral surface of podomere 3–7, while podomere 2 and 9 have short endites. The upper surface bore a row of inner-facing, mostly forked robust spines (gnathites) which are unique to this genus.[5] Similar to Peytoia, the distal podomeres have claw-like dorsal and terminal spines.[5]
Oral cone
editThe mouth was surrounded by a tetraradial oral cone, which comprises 28 tooth plates instead of 32 like those of other hurdiid genera.[5] Each of the 4 large plate have 2 additional nodes, and the mouth opening has no additional inner plates.[3]
Trunk region
editThe trunk region have 17 segments with paired lateroventral flaps, as well as 4 caudal filiform blades on the tail. The setal blades (band of gill lamellae) were suggested to be positioned ventrally on each of the trunk segment,[3] contrary to the general reconstruction of radiodont with dorsal setal blades.[9]
Paleoecology
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Stanleycaris was most likely a visual predator that specialized primarily on macroscopic, soft-bodied benthic prey. Based on its streamlined body shape and broad trunk flaps, it may have been able to chase relatively fast-moving prey.[3] With strong differentiation of lateral–medial, inner–outer, and proximal–distal morphologies, Stanleycaris was probably able to manipulate prey with distal raptorial portion, trap and masticate prey items using endites and gnathites.[5]
Classification
editStanleycaris was analysed to be one of the basalmost hurdiid radiodont, alongside Peytoia and Schinderhannes which shares some anatomical similarities.[10][5][11][3] This suggests that the anomalocaridid/amplectobeluid-like traits (e.g. streamlined body; small head sclerites; frontal appendages with curved dorsal spines) found in these hurdiids represent radiodont ancestral characters.[10][5][3]
The following cladogram by Moysiuk & Caron (2022) demonstrates the phylogenetic position of Stanleycaris:[3]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b Wu, Yu; Pates, Stephen; Zhang, Mingjing; Lin, Weiliang; Ma, Jiaxin; Liu, Cong; Wu, Yuheng; Zhang, Xingliang; Fu, Dongjing (21 August 2024). "Exceptionally preserved radiodont arthropods from the lower Cambrian (Stage 3) Qingjiang Lagerstätte of Hubei, South China and the biogeographic and diversification patterns of radiodonts". Papers in Palaeontology. 10 (4). Bibcode:2024PPal...10E1583W. doi:10.1002/spp2.1583.
- ^ a b c Caron, J. -B.; Gaines, R. R.; Mangano, M. G.; Streng, M.; Daley, A. C. (2010). "A new Burgess Shale-type assemblage from the "thin" Stephen Formation of the southern Canadian Rockies". Geology. 38 (9): 811. Bibcode:2010Geo....38..811C. doi:10.1130/G31080.1.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Moysiuk, Joseph; Caron, Jean-Bernard (2022-07-08). "A three-eyed radiodont with fossilized neuroanatomy informs the origin of the arthropod head and segmentation". Current Biology. 32 (15): 3302–3316.e2. Bibcode:2022CBio...32E3302M. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2022.06.027. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 35809569. S2CID 250361698. Supplemental Text
- ^ a b c José A. Gámez Vintaned; Andrey Y. Zhuravlev (2018). "Comment on "Aysheaia prolata from the Utah Wheeler Formation (Drumian, Cambrian) is a frontal appendage of the radiodontan Stanleycaris" by Stephen Pates, Allison C. Daley, and Javier Ortega-Hernández". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 63 (1): 103–104. doi:10.4202/app.00335.2017 (inactive 1 November 2024).
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link) - ^ a b c d e f g h Moysiuk, Joseph; Caron, Jean-Bernard (2021). "Exceptional multifunctionality in the feeding apparatus of a mid-Cambrian radiodont". Paleobiology. 47 (4): 704–724. Bibcode:2021Pbio...47..704M. doi:10.1017/pab.2021.19. ISSN 0094-8373. S2CID 236552819.
- ^ Stephen Pates; Allison C. Daley; Javier Ortega-Hernández (2018). "Reply to Comment on "Aysheaia prolata from the Utah Wheeler Formation (Drumian, Cambrian) is a frontal appendage of the radiodontan Stanleycaris" with the formal description of Stanleycaris". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 63 (1): 105–110. doi:10.4202/app.00443.2017.
- ^ Stephen Pates; Allison C. Daley; Javier Ortega-Hernández (2017). "Aysheaia prolata from the Utah Wheeler Formation (Drumian, Cambrian) is a frontal appendage of the radiodontan Stanleycaris". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 62 (3): 619–625. doi:10.4202/app.00361.2017.
- ^ Cong, Peiyun; Ma, Xiaoya; Hou, Xianguang; Edgecombe, Gregory D.; Strausfeld, Nicholas J. (2014). "Brain structure resolves the segmental affinity of anomalocaridid appendages". Nature. 513 (7519): 538–542. Bibcode:2014Natur.513..538C. doi:10.1038/nature13486. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 25043032. S2CID 4451239.
- ^ Van Roy, Peter; Daley, Allison C.; Briggs, Derek E. G. (2015). "Anomalocaridid trunk limb homology revealed by a giant filter-feeder with paired flaps". Nature. 522 (7554): 77–80. Bibcode:2015Natur.522...77V. doi:10.1038/nature14256. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 25762145. S2CID 205242881.
- ^ a b Moysiuk, J.; Caron, J.-B. (2019-08-14). "A new hurdiid radiodont from the Burgess Shale evinces the exploitation of Cambrian infaunal food sources". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 286 (1908): 20191079. doi:10.1098/rspb.2019.1079. PMC 6710600. PMID 31362637.
- ^ Caron, J.-B.; Moysiuk, J. (2021). "A giant nektobenthic radiodont from the Burgess Shale and the significance of hurdiid carapace diversity". Royal Society Open Science. 8 (9): 210664. Bibcode:2021RSOS....810664C. doi:10.1098/rsos.210664. PMC 8424305. PMID 34527273.
External links
edit- "Stanleycaris hirpex". Burgess Shale Fossil Gallery. Virtual Museum of Canada. 2011. Archived from the original on 2020-11-12.