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Political positions of Keir Starmer

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"Politics of Keir Starmer" redirect here. Other related information is covered in Premiership of Keir Starmer.

The political positions of Keir Starmer, the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom since 2024 and Leader of the Labour Party since 2020, have frequently changed. Views of his political philosophy are diverse.

During the leadership of Jeremy Corbyn, Starmer belonged to the party's soft left, and had also agreed with his politics being "red-green". During the 1980s and 1990s, Starmer also wrote for Socialist Alternatives and Socialist Lawyer; by the 2020s, he at times upheld and at other times rejected the socialist label. Starmer succeeded Corbyn by winning the 2020 leadership election on a left-wing platform, pledging to uphold many of his predecessor's economic policies whilst working to end the issue of antisemitism within the party. As opposition leader, Starmer eventually moved Labour toward the political centre. Some commentators described Starmer as exhibiting an authoritarian approach, and critics on the Labour left contended of being purged.

Despite the lack of any consensus about the character and even existence of Starmer's ideology, it has acquired a neologism, Starmerism, and his supporters have been called Starmerites. Prior to his general election win, Starmer had been widely compared to Tony Blair's leadership and New Labour, having taken the party closer to the centre-ground; observes also noted differences from Blair and New Labour. Starmer had cited the many issues affecting the country as for why he had to abandon many of the more left-wing pledges that he had made in 2020.

Starmerism

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Views of Keir Starmer's political philosophy are diverse. Some commentators, judging that Starmer has led his party back to the centre ground to try to improve its electability, have likened what he has accomplished in this regard to Tony Blair's development of New Labour.[1] Others interpret his changes of policy as evidence that he has no clearly defined philosophy at all, save a rejection of populism.[2][3][4] A third group think that Starmer does subscribe to a definite ideology and that it is towards the left end of the socialist spectrum, arguing that "Labour under Starmer has advanced a politics of anti-neoliberalism like that of Jeremy Corbyn and John McDonnell", and that Starmer "differs markedly from New Labour" in "aspiring to restructure an economic model perceived to have failed".[1] Figures including Starmer's former boss, the barrister Geoffrey Robertson,[5] as well as his former advisor Simon Fletcher,[6] and the journalist and broadcaster Peter Oborne,[7] have described Starmer as exhibiting an authoritarian approach.[8] Despite the lack of any consensus about the character and even existence of Starmer's ideology, it has acquired a neologism, Starmerism, and his supporters have been called Starmerites.[9][10]

In April 2023, Starmer gave an interview to The Economist on defining Starmerism.[10][11] In this interview, two main strands of Starmerism were identified.[11] The first strand focused on a critique of the British state for being too ineffective and overcentralised. The answer to this critique was to base governance on five main missions to be followed over two terms of government; these missions would determine all government policy. The second strand was the adherence to an economic policy of "modern supply-side economics" based on expanding economic productivity by increasing participation in the labour market, reducing inequality, expanding skills, mitigating the impact of Brexit and simplifying the construction planning process.[11] In June 2023, Starmer gave an interview to Time where he was asked to define Starmerism. He said: "Recognizing that our economy needs to be fixed. Recognizing that [solving] climate change isn't just an obligation; it's the single biggest opportunity that we've got for our country going forward. Recognizing that public services need to be reformed, that every child and every place should have the best opportunities and that we need a safe environment, safe streets, et cetera."[12]

Relationship to socialism

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Starmer wrote articles for the magazines Socialist Alternatives and Socialist Lawyer as a young man in the 1980s and 1990s.[13] In July 1986, Starmer wrote in the first issue of Socialist Alternatives that trade unions should have had control over the "industry and community".[13] He wrote in Socialist Lawyer that "Karl Marx was, of course, right" in saying it was pointless to believe a change of society could only be achieved by arguing about fundamental rights.[13] Gavin Millar, a former legal colleague of Starmer, has described his politics as "red-green", a characterisation Starmer has agreed with.[14] In a January 2020 interview, Starmer described himself as a socialist,[15] and stated in an opinion piece published by The Guardian the same month that his advocacy of socialism is motivated by "a burning desire to tackle inequality and injustice".[16]

In an interview with the i's Francis Elliott in December 2021, Starmer refused to characterise himself as a socialist, asking "What does that mean?" He added: "The Labour Party is a party that believes that we get the best from each other when we come together, collectively, and ensure that you know, we give people both opportunity and support as they needed."[17] In 2023, Starmer removed the ten socialism-based pledges that he had made in the 2020 party leadership contest from his website, after having abandoned or rolled back on many of these, citing the COVID-19 pandemic and the economic situation as reasons for having to "adapt".[18][19] In the run-up to the 2024 general election, Starmer told the BBC: "I would describe myself as a socialist. I describe myself as a progressive. I'd describe myself as somebody who always puts the country first and party second."[20]

Domestic issues

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Reform of public institutions

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Starmer has repeatedly emphasised the reform of public institutions (against a tax and spend approach), localism, and devolution. He has pledged to abolish the House of Lords, which he has described as "indefensible", during the first term of a Labour government and to replace it with a directly elected Assembly of the Regions and Nations, the details of which will be subject to public consultation. He criticised the Conservative Party for handing peerages to "cronies and donors".[21]

Upon becoming leader of the Labour Party, Starmer tasked former Labour Prime Minister Gordon Brown with recommending British constitutional reforms.[22] The report was published in 2022 and was endorsed and promoted by Starmer, and recommended the abolition of the House of Lords, extending greater powers to local councils and mayors, and deeper devolution to the countries of the UK.[23] Labour's 2024 election manifesto Change committed to the removal of the remaining hereditary peers from the chamber, setting a mandatory retirement age of 80, and beginning a consultation on replacing the Lords with a "more representative" body.[24]

Public services

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Starmer supports social ownership and investment in the UK's public services, including the National Health Service (NHS).[25][26][27] During the 2020 Labour leadership election, he pledged to increase income tax for the top 5% of earners and to end corporate tax avoidance;[25] he receded from the income tax commitment in 2023.[28] He advocates the reversal of the Conservative Party's cuts in corporation tax and supported Labour's anti-austerity proposals under Corbyn's leadership.[25][26] On social inequality, Starmer proposes "national wellbeing indicators" to measure the country's performance on health, inequality, homelessness, and the natural environment.[29] He has called for an "overhaul" of the UK's Universal Credit scheme.[30]

Opposing Scottish independence and a second referendum on the subject, the Labour Party under Starmer's leadership has set up a constitutional convention to address what he describes as a belief among people across the UK that "decisions about me should be taken closer to me".[31][32] Starmer is against the reunification of Ireland, having stated that he would be "very much on the side of Unionists" if there were to be a border poll.[33]

Economy

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Main article: Chancellorship of Rachel Reeves
 
Keir Starmer with his Chancellor, Rachel Reeves, 6 July 2024

Starmer strongly favours green policies to tackle climate change and decarbonise the British economy. He has committed to eliminate fossil fuels from the UK electricity grid by 2030.[34] In 2021, Starmer and then Shadow Chancellor Rachel Reeves pledged that a Labour government would invest an extra £28 billion a year in green industries; in June 2023 this was changed to £28 billion per year by the middle of their first term of government.[35]

Since 2022, Reeves has adhered to "modern supply-side economics", an economic policy which focuses on infrastructure, education and labour supply by rejecting tax cuts and deregulation.[36][37] In 2023, Reeves coined the term "securonomics" to refer to her version of this economic policy. On taking office as Chancellor of the Exchequer in 2024, Reeves stated that since there is "not a huge amount of money" her focus will be on "unlocking" private-sector investment, as she believes "private-sector investment is the lifeblood of a successful economy."[38][39][40]

Immigration

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In June 2024, Starmer pledged to reduce record high legal immigration to the UK, saying, "Read my lips – I will bring immigration numbers down. If you trust me with the keys to No 10, I will make you this promise: I will control our borders and make sure British businesses are helped to hire Brits first."[41] Starmer aims to reduce net migration by improving training and skills for British workers and establishing Skills England.[42]

Education

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Starmer vowed in 2021 and 2022 to strip independent schools of their VAT-exempt charitable status, a move opposed by the Independent Schools Council.[43][44][45] During the 2020 Labour leadership election, Starmer pledged to scrap university tuition fees; he dropped this pledge in May 2023, citing a "different financial situation" following Liz Truss' premiership. Starmer instead said that he aimed to reform the tuition fee system, which he said was unfair to both students and universities.[46] He is supportive of faith schools, and said he would not change policy on faith schools.[47] He has ruled out extending free school meals to all primary school pupils in England,[48] instead pledging to extend breakfast clubs including free breakfasts for every primary school in England.[49]

Public ownership over national infrastructure

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Starmer's position on public ownership over national infrastructure has changed over time. In the 2020 Labour Party leadership election, Starmer ran on a pledge to renationalise rail, mail, water, and energy back into common ownership; he dropped this pledge in July 2022 and said he would take a "pragmatic approach" to public ownership.[50][51] As of September 2023, he remained committed to renationalising the railways and local bus services, the creation of a publicly owned energy company, and stricter regulation of water companies.[52][53][54][55] Starmer favours partnership between government and business, having said: "A political party without a clear plan for making sure businesses are successful and growing ... which doesn't want them to do well and make a profit ... has no hope of being a successful government."[56]

Child poverty

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Starmer has refused to scrap the benefit cap introduced by the Cameron–Clegg coalition, citing financial reasons.[57][58][59] He has, however, launched a Child Poverty Taskforce, in which expert officials from across government would work together on how best to support more than four-million children living in poverty.[60]

LGBT+ and transgender rights

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In a 3 July 2024 statement to PinkNews ahead of the 2024 election, Starmer affirmed his party's support of LGBT+ rights, including strengthening protections against hate crimes targeting members of the LGBT community, "modernizing" the "intrusive and outdated" gender recognition framework, and a proposed, "trans-inclusive" ban on conversion therapy.[61]

On the topic of transgender rights, in an interview with The Times, Starmer supported the view that transgender women could be refused entry to women-only spaces, as set out in existing Equality Act provisions.[62] He has also stated that the party would implement the recommendations of the Cass Review "in full";[61] these recommendations have faced criticism from UK LGBT+ rights charities such as Stonewall and Mermaids.[63] Starmer has also ruled out allowing transgender people to self-ID.[64] He has said he will continue the block on the Gender Recognition Reform Bill in Scotland.[65]

In July 2024, Starmer responded to a question by Harry Potter author J. K. Rowling, known for her outspoken views on transgender rights, asking whether transgender women with a gender recognition certificate have the right to use women-only spaces, to which Starmer replied, "No. They don't have that right. They shouldn't."[66][67] After taking office, the Labour Party announced a fully trans-inclusive conversion therapy ban.[68][69]

Violence against women and girls

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Starmer speaks to the media following an earlier Cobra meeting to discuss the violent disorder across the country, 6 August 2024

In the wake of the Murder of Sarah Everard in March 2021, Starmer called for longer sentences for rape and sexual violence.[70] Starmer said he wants crime reduced, maintaining that "too many people do not feel safe in their streets".[71] He has pledged to halve the rates of violence against women and girls, halve the rates of serious violent crime, halve the incidents of knife crime, increase confidence in the criminal justice system, and create a 'Charging Commission' which would be "tasked with coming up with reforms to reverse the decline in the number of offences being solved".[72] He has also committed to placing specialist domestic violence workers in the control rooms of every police force responding to 999 calls to support victims of abuse.[73] Starmer said the New Labour government was right to be "tough on crime, tough on the causes of crime".[74][75]

Following the 2024 Southport stabbing, Starmer described the incident as horrendous and shocking and thanked emergency services for their swift response.[76] He later wrote amid the ongoing riots across the country following the stabbing that those who had "hijacked the vigil for the victims" had "insulted the community as it grieves" and that rioters would feel the full force of the law.[77] On 1 August, and following a meeting with senior police officers, Starmer announced the establishment of a national violent disorder programme to facilitate greater cooperation between police forces when dealing with violent disorder.[78] On 4 August, Starmer said that rioters "will feel the full force of the law" and told them "You will regret taking part in this, whether directly or those whipping up this action online and then running away themselves". He added "I won't shy away from calling it what it is – far-right thuggery".[79][80] Starmer later called an emergency response meeting of Cobra.[81] After the Cobra meeting he announced the establishment of a "standing army" of specialist police officers to address the ongoing violence, and help bring it to an end.[82]

Comments on Margaret Thatcher

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In a Sunday Telegraph article he wrote in December 2023, Starmer praised Margaret Thatcher for having "sought to drag Britain out of its stupor",[83][84] saying Thatcher had "set loose our natural entrepreneurialism" during her time as prime minister, and cited Thatcher, Tony Blair, and Clement Attlee as examples of how politicians can effect "meaningful change" by acting "in service of the British people, rather than dictating to them".[85][86] Starmer defended his remarks on Thatcher by saying: "What I was doing was distinguishing between particularly post-war leaders – those leaders, those prime ministers – who had a driving sense of purpose, ambition, a plan to deliver and those that drifted. ... So I was giving Margaret Thatcher as an example of the sort of leader who had that mission and plan. That's obviously different to saying I agree with everything that she did."[87]

Comments on the Labour Party

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Starmer speaking at the 2020 Labour Party leadership election hustings in Bristol

Starmer has described the Labour Party as "deeply patriotic" and credits its most successful leaders, Clement Attlee, Harold Wilson, and Tony Blair, for policies "rooted in the everyday concerns of working people".[71] Starmer advocates a government based on "security, prosperity and respect". In a speech on 13 May 2023, Starmer stated:

Don't mistake me, the very best of progressive politics is found in our determination to push Britain forward. A hunger, an ambition, that we can seize the opportunities of tomorrow and make them work for working people. But this ambition must never become unmoored from working people's need for stability, for order, security. The Conservative Party can no longer claim to be conservative. It conserves nothing we value — not our rivers and seas, not our NHS or BBC, not our families, not our nation. We must understand there are precious things – in our way of life, in our environment, in our communities – that it is our responsibility to protect and preserve and to pass on to future generations. If that sounds conservative, then let me tell you: I don't care.

— Keir Starmer[88]

Antisemitism reforms and views

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Main article: Antisemitism in the British Labour Party

Following past accusations of antisemitism in the party during Corbyn's tenure, Starmer pledged to end antisemitism in the party during his acceptance speech, saying "Anti-semitism has been a stain on our party. I have seen the grief that it's brought to so many Jewish communities. On behalf of the Labour Party, I am sorry. And I will tear out this poison by its roots and judge success by the return of Jewish members and those who felt that they could no longer support us."[89][90] In October 2020, following the release of the Equality and Human Rights Commission (EHRC)'s report into antisemitism in the party, Starmer accepted its findings in full and apologised to Jews on behalf of the party.[91][92] Later that day, Corbyn stated that "the scale of the problem was also dramatically overstated for political reasons".[93] He was later suspended over his response to the report.[93] In February 2023, Starmer's antisemitism reforms resulted in the party no longer being monitored by the EHRC.[94] After having previously resigned from the party in February 2019 citing the handling of antisemitism allegations in the party, former Labour MP Luciana Berger rejoined in February 2023.[95] Berger accepted an apology from Starmer, adding that the party had "turned a significant corner".[95]

On 7 June 2023, Starmer called for Pink Floyd co-founder Roger Waters' gigs in the UK to be axed amid claims Waters was sharing antisemitic views at his concerts, saying: "The Labour Party stands with the Jewish community and fully condemns Roger Waters. Many people will think of Roger Waters as famous for being a member of one of the most important bands in history, but he is now more synonymous with spreading deeply troubling antisemitism and that is why I believe this show should not be allowed to go ahead." In response, Waters said: "The depiction of an unhinged fascist demagogue has been a feature of my shows since Pink Floyd's The Wall in 1980. I have spent my entire life speaking out against authoritarianism and oppression wherever I see it."[96]

Assisted dying

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Starmer is a longtime supporter of the campaign for assisted dying or doctor-assisted voluntary euthanasia in the UK. As Director of Public Prosecutions in 2014, he published guidance on when not to prosecute cases where compassion was the sole motivator in assisting a relative to access assisted dying overseas, following the Supreme Court Martin case.[97] In 2015, he intervened and voted in support of Rob Marris's Private Member's Bill on assisted dying.[98] In 2024, he promised campaigner Esther Rantzen that a Starmer government would guarantee time for an Assisted Dying Bill in Parliament to be fully debated and voted on in both houses.[99]

Other

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Starmer favours Britain's current first-past-the-post voting system and opposes proposals for electoral reform, such as the adoption of proportional representation (PR), although he has expressed support for PR in the past.[100][101] He has been criticised for his attitude to the issue of Britain's voting system, including by former Labour shadow chancellor John McDonell, who accused him of acting like a monarch.[102] Earlier in 2005, Starmer had stated: "I got made a Queen's Counsel, which is odd since I often used to propose the abolition of the monarchy."[103] Starmer opposes the death penalty.[104][105] He opposes a proposed second Scottish independence referendum.[106][107]

Foreign affairs

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Starmer marched and authored legal opinions against the Iraq War, stating in 2015 that he believed that the war was "not lawful under international law because there was no UN resolution expressly authorising it."[108][14] Starmer has advocated an end to "illegal wars" and a review of UK arms exports.[25] During his leadership campaign, Starmer pledged to create a Prevention of Military Intervention Act, which would only permit lawful military action with the support of the House of Commons.[109][110]

Starmer called for sanctions against Chinese officials who have been involved in human rights abuses.[111] In July 2024, Starmer pledged to take a tougher approach to China on human rights and security issues, including China's support for Russia during the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[112] Starmer criticised Johnson in 2022 for approving of major UK arms sales to Saudi Arabia used in the Saudi military campaign in Yemen, which intensified the humanitarian crisis in that country.[113][114]

Whilst in opposition, Starmer had indicated that he would use the 4th European Political Community Summit to begin establishing a "new geopolitical partnership"; Starmer's European aims include: improving the Trade and Cooperation Agreement (TCA) by renegotiating its free trade agreement terms, and rejoining the Erasmus student exchange program.[115] Starmer previously ruled out rejoining the European Union, the single market, or entering a customs union.[116] David Lammy stated he wants the UK and the EU to create a security pact, and for the UK to attend meetings of the EU's Foreign Affairs Council.[117][118] Starmer aims to use the summit to reset relations with the EU, share ideas for a new Border Command to tackle migration and to sign a defence co-operation deal with Germany, based on the Lancaster House Treaties. Starmer's aides have downplayed the chances on using the summit to renegotiate the TCA, including veterinary agreements and mobility deals.[119]

Starmer supports maintaining the UK's nuclear arsenal as a nuclear deterrent, and voted for renewal of the Trident programme; he supports the general post-Cold War British policy of a gradual reduction in nuclear stockpiles.[120][121]

European Union and Brexit

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Starmer with French President Emmanuel Macron, July 2024

Starmer supported the unsuccessful Britain Stronger in Europe campaign in the 2016 European Union membership referendum and, as Shadow Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union, advocated a second Brexit referendum after the UK withdrawal from the EU. In 2021 he ruled out a return to free movement with the EU or substantial renegotiation of the EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement.[122] In 2023, Starmer wrote in the Daily Express that "Britain's future is outside the EU" and he would not take the UK back into the EU or into the single market, customs union, or return to freedom of movement.[123][124] At the same time, he has called for much closer economic, diplomatic, and military collaboration between the UK and EU, and would seek to revisit the Brexit deal negotiated and implemented by Boris Johnson.[125][126]

UK Prime Minister Keir Starmer visited Germany and France to reset post-Brexit relations with the EU. He discussed a proposed UK-Germany treaty on defence and energy and met with French President Macron on 29 August 2024,to enhance cooperation on tackling illegal migration.[127]

United States

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After the murder of George Floyd by police officer Derek Chauvin, Starmer supported the Black Lives Matter movement, and took a knee alongside Angela Rayner.[128] He also called the George Floyd protests "a moment", though later regretted saying this after being criticised for dismissing the campaign's importance.[129] Starmer said of George Floyd: “He must not become just another name. His death must be a catalyst for change.”[130] One year on from Floyd's murder, Starmer promised a race equality act, which he said would be a “defining cause” for his Labour government.[131]

 
Starmer with US President Joe Biden at the White House, July 2024

Starmer condemned the Trump administration's assassination of General Qasem Soleimani; Starmer said the world needed to "engage, not isolate" Iran and called upon "all sides ... to de-escalate tensions and prevent further conflict."[132]

During the U.S.'s transition from the presidency of Donald Trump to that of Joe Biden in January 2021, Starmer said: "I'm anti-Trump but I'm pro-American. And I'm incredibly optimistic about the new relationship we can build with President Biden." He argued that "Britain is at its strongest" when it is "the bridge between the US and the rest of Europe."[32]

In July 2024, Starmer and Biden discussed their shared commitment to the Special Relationship and mutual support of Ukraine. Biden also congratulated Starmer on "a hell of a victory".[133] Starmer presented Biden with an Arsenal shirt during their introductory meeting, while emphasising the importance of the US-UK Special Relationship.[134]

Following the attempted assassination of Donald Trump, Starmer tweeted "Political violence in any form has no place in our societies" and wished Trump and his family his best wishes.[135]

Russia and Ukraine

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Main article: United Kingdom and the Russian invasion of Ukraine
 
Starmer with Ukraine President Volodymyr Zelenskyy, July 2024

During the prelude to the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Starmer met with Secretary General of NATO Jens Stoltenberg and said in an interview with the BBC that Corbyn was "wrong" to be a critic of NATO and that the Labour Party's commitment to NATO was "unshakeable"; he added that "stand united in the UK ... Whatever challenges we have with the government, when it comes to Russian aggression we stand together."[120]

Starmer called for "widespread and hard-hitting" economic sanctions against Russia.[136] He also criticised the Stop the War Coalition in an op-ed for The Guardian, writing that the group's members were "not benign voices for peace" but rather "[a]t best they are naive, at worst they actively give succour to authoritarian leaders" such as Russian President Vladimir Putin "who directly threaten democracies."[137]

In February 2023, Starmer met Ukrainian President Volodomyr Zelenskyy, and pledged support for Ukraine during the Russian invasion of the country; Starmer stated that there will be no change in Britain's position on the war in Ukraine under his leadership.[138][139] He also called for Russian leaders, including Putin, to be tried at The Hague for crimes against humanity.[140][141] Starmer supported the International Criminal Court's issuance of an arrest warrant for Putin, after he was indicted in the ICC.[142]

At the 2024 NATO summit, Starmer signaled that Ukraine could use Britain's Storm Shadow missile donations to strike military targets inside Russia.[143] In a meeting with Zelensky, Starmer called for an "irreversible" membership strategy for Ukraine to join NATO.[144]

Israel and Palestine

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Main article: British support for Israel in the Israel–Hamas war

In 2021, Starmer said that Israel "must respect international law" and called on the Israeli government to work with Palestinian leaders to de-escalate the Israeli–Palestinian conflict.[145] Starmer opposes Israeli settlements, proposals for Israeli annexation of the West Bank, and "the eviction of Palestinians" in the Israeli-occupied territories; he also opposes the Palestinian-led Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions (BDS) movement.[146][147] Starmer also has expressed support for the creation of an "inverse OPEC" to promote renewable energy.[148] He has rejected the contention that Israel is an apartheid state.[149] During a June 2023 meeting with Palestinian Mission to the United Kingdom head Husam Zomlot, Starmer recommitted the Labour Party to the recognition of a Palestinian state.[150] In January 2024, Starmer said that Labour would recognize a State of Palestine as part of a multi-national peace process, rather than extending recognition immediately or unilaterally; this confirmed a recommendations from the party's policy forum in October 2023.[151]

In October 2023, Hamas launched a surprise attack on Israel that devolved into a war and a growing humanitarian crisis in the Gaza Strip. Starmer expressed support for Israel, condemned Hamas terrorism, and said, "This action by Hamas does nothing for Palestinians. And Israel must always have the right to defend her people."[152][153] In an interview with LBC on 11 October 2023, Starmer was asked whether it would be appropriate for Israel to totally cut off power and water supplies to the Gaza Strip, with Starmer replying that "I think that Israel does have that right" and that "obviously everything should be done within international law".[154][155] On 20 October, Starmer said that he only meant that Israel had the right to defend itself.[155][156] Starmer had said that a ceasefire would only benefit Hamas for future attacks, instead calling for a humanitarian pause to allow aid to reach Gaza.[157]

In December 2023, Starmer followed Rishi Sunak in changing his stance by calling for a "sustainable ceasefire" in relation to Gaza, which also came after David Cameron's same change in position. Starmer stated his support for a "two-stage" "two-state solution".[158][159][160] On 18 February 2024, Starmer called for a "ceasefire that lasts" and said it must "happen now", having previously declined to call for one.[161][162][163] In July 2024, Starmer told Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu that the UK would continue its "vital cooperation to deter malign threats" with Israel.[164]

References

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