Wikipedia

Stella Ndabeni-Abrahams

Stella Tembisa Ndabeni-Abrahams (born 30 June 1978) is a South African politician who is currently serving as the Minister of Small Business Development since 5 August 2021. She previously served as Minister of Communications and Digital Technologies from November 2018 to August 2021. She is a member of the National Executive Committee (NEC) and a National Working Committee (NWC) of the African National Congress (ANC).

The Honourable
Stella Ndabeni-Abrahams
MP
Ndabeni-Abrahams in 2018
Minister of Small Business Development
Incumbent
Assumed office
5 August 2021
PresidentCyril Ramaphosa
DeputySdumo Dlamini
Dipuo Peters
Preceded byKhumbudzo Ntshavheni
Minister of Communications and Digital Technologies
In office
22 November 2018 – 5 August 2021
PresidentCyril Ramaphosa
DeputyPinky Kekana
Preceded by
Succeeded byKhumbudzo Ntshavheni
Deputy Minister of Telecommunications and Postal Services
In office
31 March 2017 – 22 November 2018
President
MinisterSiyabonga Cwele
Preceded byHlengiwe Mkhize
Succeeded byPortfolio merged
Deputy Minister of Communications
In office
25 October 2011 – 31 March 2017
PresidentJacob Zuma
Minister
Preceded byObed Bapela
Succeeded byTandi Mahambehlala
Member of the National Assembly
Incumbent
Assumed office
6 May 2009
ConstituencyEastern Cape (2009–2019)
Personal details
Born
Stella Tembisa Ndabeni

(1978-06-30) 30 June 1978 (age 46)
Sakhela, Mthatha
Cape Province, South Africa
Political partyAfrican National Congress
Spouse
Thato Abrahams
​
(m. 2012⁠–⁠2023)​

Born in the Eastern Cape, Ndabeni-Abrahams has represented the ANC in the National Assembly since May 2009. She was nominated to the assembly as an activist of the ANC Youth League; she was a member of the league's National Executive Committee from 2008 until 2010, when she fell out with the league's leadership and was expelled in a motion of no confidence. After two years as a committee whip in the National Assembly, Ndabeni-Abrahams was a deputy minister between 2011 and 2018, first as Deputy Minister of Communications and then, from 2017, as Deputy Minister of Telecommunications and Postal Services. At the time of her appointment in 2011, she was the youngest deputy minister in President Jacob Zuma's administration.

In November 2018, President Cyril Ramaphosa promoted her to his cabinet in the newly reconfigured Ministry of Communications. During her tenure in that office, she was reprimanded and sanctioned for violating COVID-19 lockdown regulations by lunching with Mduduzi Manana in April 2020. She was moved to the Ministry of Small Business Development in an August 2021 reshuffle by Ramaphosa. She has been a member of the ANC National Executive Committee since December 2022, and she was formerly a member of the party's Provincial Executive Committee in the Eastern Cape from 2012 to 2022. She is a Deputy Chairperson of the Local Government Interventions Committee and a member of the Economic Transformation Committee of the ANC National Executive Committee.

Early life and education

edit

Ndabeni-Abrahams was born on 30 June 1978[1] in Sakhela, a village outside Mthatha in the former Cape Province.[2] She is the eldest of six children, and both of her parents were pastors.[3] She attended the Holy Cross Senior Secondary School in Mthatha[citation needed] and later completed several tertiary diplomas.[4]

Early political career

edit

Ndabeni-Abrahams was recruited to the African National Congress (ANC) as a marshal in 1989, while still a child.[5] The following year, after the party was unbanned during the negotiations to end apartheid, she joined the ANC Youth League (ANCYL) in Mthatha East.[2]

Upon leaving high school, she got her first job as an administrator in the provincial government of the Eastern Cape.[5] Then, from 2003 to 2009, she was a project manager for the Eastern Cape Socio-Economic Consultative Council, working on HIV/AIDS support programmes for local municipalities.[4][6] During this period, she rose through the ranks of the ANCYL: she was a member of the league's regional executive committee in Mthatha from 1999 to 2001, and in 2008 she was elected to the league's provincial executive committee in the Eastern Cape.[6] Later the same year, in April 2008, she was elected to the ANCYL National Executive Committee, at a league elective conference which also elected Julius Malema as ANCYL president.[7]

Entrance to national politics

edit

National Assembly backbenches: 2009–2011

edit

In the 2009 general election, Ndabeni-Abrahams was elected for the first time to a seat in the National Assembly, the lower house of the South African Parliament. She represented the ANC in the Eastern Cape constituency.[8] In addition, after the election, the ANC appointed her as its whip in the Portfolio Committee on Defence and Military Veterans.[4][7]

During this period, on 16 July 2010, Ndabeni-Abrahams was expelled from the ANCYL National Executive Committee. Her expulsion was effected by a motion of no confidence without any formal disciplinary proceedings, and it was part of a wave of action against ANCYL members, also including Lehlogonolo Masoga, who were perceived as antagonistic to the leadership of league president Malema and his allies. In particular, the league accused Ndabeni-Abrahams of having lied in an affidavit she submitted in Masoga's lawsuit against the league; in the affidavit, she claimed that Malema's allies had conspired to ordain Masoga's expulsion from the ANCYL.[9][10] She later said that, "I was expelled because I like to challenge the status quo".[5] Her fall-out with the Malema-led ANCYL leadership was viewed as having put her in political alignment with President Jacob Zuma, who was also at odds with the league.[11]

In January 2011, the ANC's parliamentary caucus was reshuffled and Ndabeni-Abrahams was appointed as the party's whip in the Portfolio Committee on Communications.[12] Her tenure in this position coincided with public controversy about the Secrecy Bill, handled by her committee, and she spoke in favour of a highly controversial ANC proposal to establish a statutory media appeals tribunal to regulate and hold "accountable" the South African press.[13][14]

Deputy Minister of Communications: 2011–2017

edit

On 24 October 2011, President Zuma announced a wide-ranging cabinet reshuffle, in which Ndabeni-Abrahams was promoted to succeed Obed Bapela as Deputy Minister of Communications under newly appointed Minister Dina Pule.[15] She was the youngest deputy minister in the national executive,[7] quickly became known as an avid user of social media,[16] and was one of the Mail & Guardian's 200 Young South Africans in 2011.[6] In July 2013, Pule was replaced as minister by Yunus Carrim after a misconduct scandal.[17] In parallel to her government office, Ndabeni-Abrahams served as a member of the Provincial Executive Committee of the ANC's Eastern Cape branch, having gained election to the committee for the first time in 2012.[5]

In the 2014 general election, Ndabeni-Abrahams was re-elected to the National Assembly, ranked seventh on the ANC's Eastern Cape party list.[2] Announcing his second-term cabinet, Zuma also announced a reconfiguration in the communications portfolio; a Ministry of Telecommunications and Postal Services was established, while the Ministry of Communications was now responsible for "overarching communication policy and strategy", including leadership of the Independent Communications Authority (ICASA), the South African Broadcasting Corporation (SABC), and the Government Communication and Information System.[18] Ndabeni-Abrahams was re-appointed as Deputy Minister of Communications, now under Minister Faith Muthambi.[19]

In the reconfigured ministry, Ndabeni-Abrahams was given three main responsibilities: the transformation of print media, commissioning government content for the SABC, and managing the relationship between the department and the radio sector.[20] However, in October 2016, Ndabeni-Abrahams told the Sunday Times that she had written to President Zuma to complain that she and Minister Muthambi had "no working relationship" and that Muthambi sidelined her and treated her "like a PA".[20] She also said that she had resolved to stop attending government events involving Muthambi, including the June 2016 budget vote in Parliament.[20]

Deputy Minister of Telecommunications and Postal Services: 2017–2018

edit
 
Ndabeni-Abrahams with Thesele Maseribane and Kitso Mokaila during a ministerial roundtable at ITU Telecom World 2018 in Durban

Just after midnight in the early hours of 31 March 2017, Zuma announced a controversial reshuffle in which Ndabeni-Abrahams was moved to the other wing of the communications portfolio: she succeeded Hlengiwe Mkhize as Deputy Minister of Telecommunications and Postal Services, under Minister Siyabonga Cwele, while Tandi Mahambehlala succeeded Ndabeni-Abrahams in the Ministry of Communications.[21]

Nasrec conference

edit

Formerly viewed as a political ally of President Zuma,[11] in 2017 Ndabeni-Abrahams became a prominent supporter of Deputy President Cyril Ramaphosa, who was elected as ANC president at the party's 54th National Conference in December 2017.[22][23] According to Mondli Makhanya, she was perceived as "a key cog in the Ramaphosa machinery" and impressed Ramaphosa personally.[11] Ramaphosa retained her as deputy minister when he took office as President of South Africa in February 2018.

Yekani allegation

edit

An East London-based businessman, Siphiwe Cele, later claimed that, in April 2018, Ndabeni-Abrahams's husband had attempted to buy a controlling R1-billion stake in his electronics manufacturing company, Yekeni Manufacturing.[24] Cele alleged that his refusal to accept the offer, which was proffered while Ndabeni-Abrahams was deputy minister, had ultimately led his company into liquidation, because the Eastern Cape Government had subsequently declined to offer financial assistance to Yekeni. His allegations were published in the Sunday Times in January 2020, after Ndabeni-Abrahams had been promoted to the cabinet.[24][25]

In response, Ndabeni-Abrahams's spokesperson said that it was "disingenuous to blame the minister's husband for the challenges faced by Yekani".[24] Yekani later distanced itself from the report, saying that it took "full responsibility" for its difficulties and did not blame Ndabeni-Abrahams and her husband.[26]

Minister of Communications: 2018–2021

edit

On 22 November 2018, Ramaphosa appointed Ndabeni-Abrahams as Minister of Communications in his cabinet.[27] Her promotion was the most significant change in an otherwise minor reshuffle,[28][29] and the press anointed her "a rising star" in the ANC.[30][22][23]

Ramaphosa also announced that the communications portfolio would be re-unified, with Ndabeni-Abrahams's ministry absorbing the Ministry of Telecommunications and Postal Services, in a move to ensure "better alignment and co-ordination of matters that are of importance to our economy".[27] The two departments, the Department of Communications and Department of Telecommunications and Postal Services, would remain administratively separate, both under Ndabeni-Abrahams's political leadership, until the end of the legislative term,[27] when they were merged as the Department of Communications and Digital Technologies.[31] Ndabeni-Abrahams remained in office to oversee the merger: in the 2019 general election, she was re-elected to the National Assembly, ranked 27th on the ANC's national party list,[2] and she was re-appointed as Minister of Communications in Ramaphosa's second-term cabinet.[32]

 
Ndabeni-Abrahams (second from left) with Malcolm Johnson, Lindiwe Zulu, Nomusa Dube-Ncube, and others at ITU World 2018

The Mail & Guardian commended Ndabeni-Abrahams's "exuberance" and "gusto" in the portfolio.[31] She styled herself as "the commander of the fourth industrial revolution",[33] a moniker she had earlier claimed during her tenure as telecommunications deputy minister,[22] and Ramaphosa appointed her at the head of the Presidential 4IR Commission, a policy advisory body.[31] Indeed, Ndabeni-Abrahams said that the central thrust of the newly unified portfolio was to reconfigure the mandates of state agencies in alignment with Ramaphosa's drive to leverage the fourth industrial revolution.[34] However, upon Ndabeni-Abrahams's exit from the portfolio in 2021, the Mail & Guardian said that after over two years in the ministry, she had "nothing to show for it".[35]

Internet penetration

edit

Ndabeni-Abrahams's performance agreement included various commitments related to an undertaking to improve internet penetration in South Africa to 80 per cent by 2024. Among other things, her targets included reducing the cost of mobile data by 50 per cent and, as promised by Ramaphosa in his 2019 State of the Nation Address,[36] facilitating the allocation and licensing of broadband spectrum by ICASA.[37] During her term in the ministry, her critics claimed that she "was treading dangerously close to the realm of putting undue political influence" on ICASA, and she was also criticised for delays in the spectrum licensing process.[31][38]

Altercation with SABC journalists

edit

On 9 February 2019, Ndabeni-Abrahams attended an ANC event in Mount Frere, Eastern Cape for the launch of the provincial party's manifesto ahead of the upcoming general election. During the keynote address by Paul Mashatile, the event was interrupted by service-delivery protesters. Ndabeni-Abrahams was accused of attempting to block video journalists from covering the protests: footage aired on SABC showed her covering the camera lens with her hand,[39] and she was quoted as asking one journalist, "Why would you give coverage to people who are out of order?"[40] Facing public criticism, Ndabeni-Abrahams released a statement on her official Twitter account, in which she said:

I would like to offer my sincere apology for an earlier altercation with some members of the media during the ANC provincial rally in Mount Frere whilst trying to stop the singing comrades. I wish to assure the media and South Africans at large of my unreserved commitment to media freedom. I sincerely regret the incident.[41]

Ferial Haffajee accused Ndabeni-Abrahams of "an abuse of power and an act of censorship commonly used by thugs in totalitarian states and in democratatorships", while Zakes Mda warned her not to "imagine herself Lady Legatee of the public broadcaster".[42] The South African National Editors' Forum (SANEF) also expressed concern, given Ndabeni-Abrahams's ministerial role in oversight of the SABC.[43] In the week that followed, Ndabeni-Abrahams met with SANEF, which reported that she had "unreservedly apologised" and committed to working with SANEF "to protect journalists against attempts to intimidate them in an increasingly hostile environment."[44]

COVID-19 lockdown violation

edit

During the first fortnight of the national COVID-19 lockdown in South Africa, Ndabeni-Abrahams was photographed at a lunch with several other people, apparently in contravention of the lockdown regulations. The photograph (later deleted) was posted on 7 April 2020 on the Instagram page of politician Mduduzi Manana, who captioned the post, "It was great to host a former colleague and dear sister Cde Stella Ndabeni-Abrahams (Minister of Communications and Digital Technologies) on her way back from executing critical and essential services required for the effective functioning of our country during the nationwide lockdown."[45] The post went viral on social media.

Later on 7 April, Manana apologised in a statement for creating the "impression" that Ndabeni-Abrahams had attended a "social lunch", explaining that she had visited his house to organise donations of personal protective equipment by his charitable foundation.[45] The following day, the Presidency announced that Ndabeni-Abrahams had been summoned to a meeting with President Ramaphosa, where she had been reprimanded and ordered to issue a public apology. She was placed on special leave for two months, with her salary docked for one month.[46][47] According to the statement, "The President accepted the Minister's apology for the violation but was unmoved by mitigating factors she tendered."[46]

Ndabeni-Abrahams subsequently released a brief video statement, in which she admitted to and apologised for breaching the lockdown regulations.[48] Minister in the Presidency Jackson Mthembu filled her ministerial office during her two-month leave.[47] In addition, later in April, the National Prosecuting Authority pursued a criminal charge against Ndabeni-Abrahams for contravention of the Disaster Management Act regulations; she paid a R1,000 admission of guilt fine, thereby incurring a criminal record for the offence.[49]

Minister of Small Business Development: 2021–present

edit

On 5 August 2021, President Ramaphosa reshuffled the national executive and appointed Ndabeni-Abrahams as Minister of Small Business Development, with Sdumo Dlamini as her deputy. She traded portfolios with Khumbudzo Ntshavheni, who took over as Minister of Communications and Digital Technologies.[50] Ndabeni said that, under her leadership and in line with the National Development Plan, the ministry would pursue job creation and growth in small businesses, including by improving the ease of doing business through reduced red tape.[51] In 2022, the ministry gazetted the National Integrated Small Enterprise Development Plan, a 10-year strategic plan for supporting small businesses.[52]

In May 2022, at a provincial party elective conference in Buffalo City, Ndabeni-Abrahams was re-elected to the Provincial Executive Committee of the ANC's Eastern Cape branch, ranked sixth by popularity among the 30 ordinary members of the committee.[53] In December that year, at the ANC's 55th National Conference, she was elected to a five-year term as a member of the ANC National Executive Committee.[54] By number of votes received, she was the 14th-most popular candidate of the 80 ordinary members elected to the committee.[55] She was also elected to the National Working Committee.[56]

Personal life

edit

She married Thato Abrahams in Mthatha in 2012.[57][58] She has three children and is Christian.[5]

References

edit
  1. ^ "Stella Tembisa Ndabeni-Abrahams Profile". Africa Confidential. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
  2. ^ a b c d "Stella Ndabeni-Abrahams". People's Assembly. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
  3. ^ "Everything you need to know about Stella Ndabeni-Abrahams". News24. 9 April 2020. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
  4. ^ a b c "Tembisa Stella Ndabeni-Abrahams, Ms". Government of South Africa. Retrieved 23 April 2020.
  5. ^ a b c d e "A woman on the move". South African Government News Agency. 3 September 2014. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
  6. ^ a b c "2011 Young South Africans". The Mail & Guardian. 20 June 2011. p. 55. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
  7. ^ a b c "Meet those who are now rising in the ranks". The Mail & Guardian. 28 October 2011. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
  8. ^ "Members of the National Assembly". Parliamentary Monitoring Group. Archived from the original on 9 February 2014. Retrieved 2 March 2023.
  9. ^ "Malema starts purge". Sunday Times. 20 July 2010. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
  10. ^ "Another youth league head to roll?". The Mail & Guardian. 23 July 2010. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
  11. ^ a b c Makhanya, Mondli (8 April 2020). "Ndabeni-Abrahams – the young lion who never grew up". City Press. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
  12. ^ "ANC veteran guards ethics". Sunday Times. 19 January 2011. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
  13. ^ "Open season on the media". The Mail & Guardian. 17 June 2011. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
  14. ^ "Press not off ANC's hook". The Mail & Guardian. 10 June 2011. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
  15. ^ De Wet, Phillip (24 October 2011). "Zuma announces far-reaching cabinet reshuffle, suspends Cele". Daily Maverick. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
  16. ^ "How selfies became a global phenomenon". The Mail & Guardian. 26 July 2013. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
  17. ^ "Opposition tackle, welcome Zuma's Cabinet reshuffle". The Mail & Guardian. 9 July 2013. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
  18. ^ "Zuma announces new executive". The Mail & Guardian. 25 May 2014. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
  19. ^ Hogg, Alec (25 May 2014). "Full List of Jacob Zuma's 2014 cabinet – all the Ministers and Deputies". BizNews. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
  20. ^ a b c "Deputy loses faith in Faith, goes it alone". Sunday Times. 30 October 2016. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
  21. ^ Thamm, Marianne (31 March 2017). "The axeman strikes: Gordhan sidelined in Zuma's late-night cabinet reshuffle gamble". Daily Maverick. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
  22. ^ a b c "Cyril can't lose the wicked trio – yet". The Mail & Guardian. 23 November 2018. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
  23. ^ a b Cowan, Kyle (22 November 2018). "Meet the new Minister of Communications, Stella Ndabeni-Abrahams". News24. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
  24. ^ a b c "Yekani CEO blames Thato Abrahams for IT firm's R68m debt". Sunday Times. 26 January 2020. Retrieved 14 February 2023.
  25. ^ "R1-billion electronics factory shutting down because we "refused deal with minister's husband" – CEO". MyBroadband. 26 January 2020. Retrieved 14 February 2020.
  26. ^ Illidge, Myles (30 May 2022). "South African tech manufacturer bites the dust". MyBroadband. Retrieved 14 February 2023.
  27. ^ a b c "Communications ministry on fifth reshuffle". The Mail & Guardian. 22 November 2018. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
  28. ^ "Ramaphosa's "Cabinet recycle, not reshuffle"". The Mail & Guardian. 22 November 2018. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
  29. ^ "Four things that got new minister Stella Ndabeni-Abrahams the stamp of approval". Sunday Times. 26 November 2018. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
  30. ^ "SACP welcomes Ramaphosa reshuffle". The Mail & Guardian. 22 November 2018. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
  31. ^ a b c d "Mail & Guardian Cabinet Report Cards 2019: Stella Ndabeni-Abrahams". Mail & Guardian. 16 December 2019. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
  32. ^ "Unionists, women and an alleged smuggler? Who's who in Ramaphosa's Cabinet". The Mail & Guardian. 29 May 2019. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
  33. ^ "Communications minister calls for tech troops". Jewish Report. 7 March 2019. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
  34. ^ Stone, Setumo (5 April 2020). "People think that I am God – Stella Ndabeni-Abrahams takes swipe at critics". City Press. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
  35. ^ Oxford, Adam (1 December 2021). "Mail & Guardian Cabinet Report Cards 2019: Stella Ndabeni-Abrahams". Mail & Guardian. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
  36. ^ "'Dream big,' Ramaphosa urges South Africans in Sona speech". The Mail & Guardian. 20 June 2019. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
  37. ^ Mzekandaba, Simnikiwe (9 December 2020). "Govt wants 80% of population to have Internet access by 2024". ITWeb. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
  38. ^ "Covid-19 report card: ranking SA's best and worst ministers". Financial Mail. 17 September 2020. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
  39. ^ "Ndabeni-Abrahams' not so free media". City Press. 9 February 2019. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
  40. ^ "Sanef condemns Communications minister". eNCA. 10 February 2019. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
  41. ^ Chabalala, Jeanette (9 February 2019). "Minister apologises for 'altercation' with journalists during ANC EC manifesto launch". News24. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
  42. ^ Friedman, Daniel (10 February 2019). "Important South Africans speak out against Ndabeni-Abrahams 'censorship'". The Citizen. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
  43. ^ "Sanef condemns Ndabeni-Abrahams for blocking media from doing its job". Sunday Times. 10 February 2019. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
  44. ^ Chabalala, Jeanette (13 February 2019). "Stella Ndabeni-Abrahams meets Sanef, expresses remorse for blocking journalists during ANC event". News24. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
  45. ^ a b Karrim, Azarrah (7 April 2020). "Ndabeni-Abrahams' lockdown picture: It was not social lunch, visit was for 'essential business' - Manana". News24. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
  46. ^ a b "President censures Minister Stella Ndabeni-Abrahams for lockdown lunch". The Presidency. 8 April 2020. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
  47. ^ a b "Stella Ndabeni-Abrahams out, Jackson Mthembu takes over". The Mail & Guardian. 8 April 2020. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
  48. ^ "'I am deeply sorry for my actions': Ndabeni-Abrahams breaks silence". Sunday Times. 8 April 2020. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
  49. ^ Makinana, Andisiwe (22 April 2020). "Stella Ndabeni-Abrahams pays R1,000 & gets a criminal record for lockdown lunch". Sunday Times. Retrieved 12 May 2020.
  50. ^ "President Cyril Ramaphosa: Changes to the national executive". South African Government. 5 August 2021. Retrieved 5 August 2021.
  51. ^ "Small business department carries heavy weight". The Mail & Guardian. 19 December 2022. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
  52. ^ "Stella Ndabeni-Abrahams (Grade D-)". The Mail & Guardian. 20 December 2022. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
  53. ^ "Statement on the outcomes of the 9th Eastern Cape Provincial Conference". African National Congress. 10 May 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2023.
  54. ^ "Eastern Cape's Ndabeni-Abrahams voted onto NEC". Daily Dispatch. 23 December 2022. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
  55. ^ "Full list: ANC NEC members". eNCA. 22 December 2022. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
  56. ^ "Ramaphosa allies dominate ANC national working committee selection". News24. 29 January 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
  57. ^ "Minister Stella Ndabeni and Thato's perfect wedding". Drum. 1 October 2012. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
  58. ^ "Ndabeni-Abrahams says she and husband went to Geneva, not Switzerland". The Citizen. 19 February 2020. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
edit
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stella_Ndabeni-Abrahams&oldid=1191807438"