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Stowmarket Guncotton Explosion

The Stowmarket Guncotton Explosion happened on 11 August 1871 at the Prentices Guncotton Factory[a] in Stowmarket, Suffolk.[3] It was blown up by two massive explosions, that occurred within the factory, killing 28 people and injuring approximately 70 others.[2]

Stowmarket Guncotton Explosion
The 2014 memorial at Stowmarket Old Cemetery
Date11 August 1871; 153 years ago (11 August 1871)
Time14:05[1]
VenuePrentices Guncotton Factory
LocationStowmarket, Suffolk, England
Coordinates52°10′56″N 1°00′30″E / 52.182152°N 1.008327°E / 52.182152; 1.008327
TypeNitrocellulose explosions
Deaths28
Non-fatal injuries≈ 70[2]

Background

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In the mid-19th century Guncotton began to be produced as a replacement for gun powder as propellant in firearms and for use as a low-order explosive in mining.[4] Even before the explosion at Stowmarket some of the earlier factories that had produced it discontinued production soon after due to the volatility of the substance during manufacture.[5]

Sir Frederick Abel developed a manufacturing process that eliminated the impurities in nitrocellulose making it safer to produce and a stable product that was safer to handle, and it was this process that was used at the Stowmarket factory.[6] A previous accident taking the lives of two or three people had taken place in 1864.[1]

The explosions

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It was a Friday afternoon when the two explosions took place, and approximately 130 employees were on site at the time.[1] There would have been approximately ten tons of guncotton stored in the 3 magazines at one end of the works that day.[1] The first, and largest, explosion occurred at the magazines shortly after 2 pm[b] after the workers had returned from lunch.[7] Between the explosions much of the site was on fire and people, including the Prentices, attempted to move undamaged boxes containing more guncotton away from the fire to prevent further explosions.[6] The second explosion occurred at approximately 3 pm in the packing sheds; a third explosion immediately followed in another packing shed.[2] The flames were visible for miles.[1]

The noise of the explosion was reported to be so loud, that it rattled the windows in Diss, approximately 17 miles away and Southwold 30 miles away.[1] The impact created a chasm in the ground nearly 100 feet (30 m) in diameter,[1] and uprooted trees and the nearby railway line. It was reported to have caused over 188 cases of deafness. Telegrams requesting assistance were sent across the county including to Ipswich.[1] Five fire engines attended the scene and by midnight the fire was under control and a search for the missing persons began.[1]

Due to the proximity of the factory to the town damage was sustained to properties across the area, notably in a largely residential area of Stowmarket called California[c] that was particularly close to the factory.[1] A number of people were blown into the River Gipping that passed through and was used by the factory.[1]

The victims and memorial

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Two members of the Prentice family, who owned the factory, William Ridley Prentice (1847–1871) and Edward Henry Prentice (1838–1871) were included in the list of the dead, and killed in the second explosion at approximately 3 pm.[3][8] Accounts from the time indicated that they were dismembered in the explosions and almost beyond identification.[2]

Of the dead, 23 were buried in the town's old cemetery the other 5 in their respective Parish. Many of the dead were children and young adults, and most were employed by the company.[1] Many of the dead were not given a memorial at the time, and there were reports of the Suffolk council downplaying the number of fatalities. However, there is now a small memorial at Stowmarket Old Cemetery that was created in 2014 and details the 23 who were buried there.[9] Approximately 70 people were injured.[2]

Those known to have died include (age at time of death in parentheses):

Aftermath and legacy

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From 12 August to 6 September an inquest into the event was held at the County Court over eight sittings.[1] The scene of the explosion was visited by thousands of people in the subsequent days.[1] The UK Government issued an order with a reward of £100 to find out the cause.[10] No one was ever prosecuted for the event occurring.[11] There was also an enquiry by the Government's Chief Inspector of Explosives, Vivian Dering Majendie.[12]

The cause was probably several tons of gun cotton combusting due to the summer heat[e] and the poor standards of hygiene, as well as a blatant disregard for health and safety. The process of producing guncotton includes the washing away of the acids used in an earlier part of its production and drying, and the product becomes 'safer' to handle at various stages of its manufacture;[13] the inquest indicated that the "adding of sulphuric acid to the gun cotton subsequent to its passing the tests required by Government" was a cause of the event.[1] It also concluded that "gun cotton works should not be allowed near a town" and "gun cotton works should be subject to constant Government inspection".[1]

After the explosion the factory was rebuilt to a different design in 1872.[6] In the years that followed government enforced safety regulations were increased, partly as a consequence of the explosion at Stowmarket.[6] In the 20th century the factory diversified into lacquers and paints and moved away from explosives.[14] Parts of the site are still currently used as paint factories operated by AkzoNobel[15] and PPG Industries.[16]

The Defence Science and Technology Laboratory notes the enquiry into the explosion led by Captain Vivian Dering Majendie as among the earliest work of what would later become known as their Forensic Explosives Laboratory.[17]

See also

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Footnotes

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  1. ^ The company changed names a number of times, but the factory was under the control of Patent Safety Gun-Cotton Company at the time of the explosion.
  2. ^ Sources state 14:05[1] and 14:10[7]
  3. ^ Streets in this area include Bridge Street and Lime Tree Place.
  4. ^ a b They were buried within their respective parish and are not named on the 2014 memorial.
  5. ^ Though properly, washed, dried and treated gun cotton is supposed to combust at a temperature of 300 °F (149 °C).[11]

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Whitelaw, H. M. (1904). The Stowmarket Gun Cotton Explosion.
  2. ^ a b c d e "A Brief Account of the Explosion at the Gun Cotton Works at Stowmarket on 11 August 1871 with the names of the dead". Ipswich and Colchester Times. 18 August 1871.
  3. ^ a b Black, Don (5 May 2018). "Abiding mystery of the Stowmarket gun cotton explosion". Eastern Daily Press. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
  4. ^ Freemantle, Michael (28 October 2015). "Guncotton or nitrocellulose". Chemistry World. Retrieved 11 July 2021.
  5. ^ "Explosives History" (PDF). U.S. Naval Academy. Retrieved 4 June 2021.
  6. ^ a b c d Durrant, Mike (2017). The Stowmarket Gun Cotton Explosion 1871.
  7. ^ a b "Latest Intelligence – Shocking Calamity – Explosion and Entire Destruction of the Gun Cotton Works at Stowmarket". The Ipswich Journal. 12 August 1871.
  8. ^ "Find a will | GOV.UK". probatesearch.service.gov.uk. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
  9. ^ Knott, Simon (15 August 2017), the victims of Stowmarkets Guncotton Explosion, retrieved 5 August 2020
  10. ^ "Fire Service" (PDF). Museum of East Anglian Life. Retrieved 11 July 2021.
  11. ^ a b "Sue and Steve Williams, The Stowmarket Gun Cotton Explosion of 1871" (PDF). Heritage Circle. Retrieved 12 July 2021.
  12. ^ Report on the Explosion of Gun-Cotton at Stowmarket, on 11 August 1871. 1872.
  13. ^ "Demonstrations – Guncotton". angelo.edu.
  14. ^ "ICI Paints Division, Stowmarket". The National Archives. 1871–1979. Retrieved 4 June 2021.
  15. ^ "ICI agrees to be bought by Akzo". BBC News. 13 August 2007. Retrieved 4 June 2021.
  16. ^ Reason, Matt (8 May 2017). "Third bid for Stowmarket Dulux paint factory rebuffed – fears of PPG hostile takeover of AkzoNobel". East Anglian Daily Times. Retrieved 6 July 2021.
  17. ^ "Dstl marks 150 year history of its forensic explosives laboratory". GOV.UK. Defence Science and Technology Laboratory and Home Office. 11 August 2021. Retrieved 15 August 2021.
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