Stratford–Okahukura Line

The Stratford–Okahukura Line (SOL) is a secondary railway line in the North Island of New Zealand, between the Marton - New Plymouth Line (MNPL) and the North Island Main Trunk (NIMT) Railway, with 15 intermediate stations. It is 144 km (89 mi) long through difficult country, with 24 tunnels, 91 bridges and a number of sections of 1 in 50 (2 %) grade. Near Okahukura there is an unusual combined road-rail bridge over the Ongarue River, with the one-lane road carriageway below the single rail track. The line is not currently in service for rail traffic and is under a 30-year lease for a tourist venture. In July 2019 KiwiRail's CEO stated that reopening the line was a priority. Minister of Transport Michael Wood announced the government's 10-year plan for rail investment on 6 May 2021, which specifically stated that plans could include re-opening the Stratford to Okahukura line.

Okahakura Road Rail Bridge

Stratford–Okahukura route map
MNPL 0 km 308m Stratford MNPL 5.55 km 237m Skinner Road Bridge 1 Pātea River 10.12 km 187m Toko 13.6 km 187m Gordon Road 17.85 km 197m Douglas 25.43 km 189m Huiroa 31.5 km 203m Kiore 222m Kiore Tunnel 1 36.61 km 172m Te Wera 42.68 km 192m Ngatimaru 261m Pohukura Tunnel 2 50.74 km 197m Pohukura 615m Whangamōmona Tunnel 3 Bridge 33 Whangamōmona River 60.42 km 155m Whangamōmona 67.9 km 183m Kohuratahi 488m Tunnel 4 272m Tunnel 5 75.94 km 177m Tahora 125m Tunnel 6 188m Tāngarākau Tunnel 7 81.38 km 130m Tāngarākau Bridge 52 Tāngarākau River 604m Tunnel 8 1095m Tunnel 9 1293m Tunnel 10 1056m Mangatete Tunnel 11 164m Tunnel 12 140m Tunnel 13 94.94 km 157m Heao 552m Kokopu Tunnel 14 99.89 km 132m Tokirima 666m Tokirima Tunnel 15 57m Tunnel 16 426m Tunnel 17 108.08 km 141m Мапgараrо (or Mahorahora) 155m Ōhura Tunnel 18 156m Mangatawo Tunnel 19 112.78 km 151m Ōhura 114.87 km 152m Waitewhena (or Waitawhenua Siding) 117.94 km 150m Toi Toi (or Toi, or Toi Road) Bridge 74 Ōhura River Bridge 75 Ōhura River Bridge 76 Ōhura River 122.1 km 152m Niho Niho (or Nihoniho) 127 Km John Endean & Co Tramway 127.04 Km 161m Matiere 154m Matiere Tunnel 20 155m Tunnel 21 80m Tunnel 22 133.84 km 176m Tuhua 96m Tunnel 23 1525m Okahukura Tunnel 24 79m Bridge 95 Ongarue River NIMT 143.49 km 178m Okahukura NIMT

Construction

Original construction

1901 map of proposed routes between Stratford and NIMT

The line from Stratford to Whangamōmona (of about 48 miles or 77 km) was authorised by the Railways Authorisation Act, 1900 The Hon William Hall-Jones turned the first sod of the Stratford-Okahukura Railway at Stratford on 28 March 1901.

Okahukura, south of Ongarue, was to be the junction point with the North Island Main Trunk Line. Construction took nearly 32 years, and the western part, from Stratford, was operated as the Toko Branch from 9 August 1902. The SOL was nearly complete before the onset of the Great Depression, so work was not halted, unlike on many public works projects such as the East Coast Main Trunk Railway beyond Taneatua.

The section from Okahukura to Matiere was officially opened on Tuesday 23 May 1922, although the bridges to the west of Tuhua were temporary rather than the final and stronger structures. At the opening ceremony, the Minister for Public Works, the Hon Gordon Coates (subsequently Prime Minister, 1925-1928) said the cost of building that segment of the line was £33,000 per mile. At the same time, a separate report indicates that the track had been laid from Stratford for 47 miles (76 km) up to Tahora, leaving a 31-mile (50 km) gap between Tahora and Matiere. Ōhura had passenger and goods trains run by PWD from 18 December 1926, when the Public Works Minister, K J Williams, officially opened the line from Okahukura.

The Mayor of Stratford celebrated the piercing of the last tunnel (52.5 chains or 3,460 ft or 1,060 m No.4 Mangatiti) on 2 August 1932 and, on 7 November 1932, the last spike was driven at Heao by the Prime Minister, the Right Hon. George Forbes, with Rt. Hon. Gordon Coates driving the first train. He said the line had cost £2.9m and had 265,000 sleepers. Goods traffic started on 12 December 1932, though the SOL was not handed over by the Public Works Department to the New Zealand Railways Department until 3 September 1933.

Signalling

The line was unsignalled and worked under "open section working" when two trains collided at the northern portal to the Whangamomona Tunnel on 21 December 1934; Train No 521 was due to cross with No 556 at Pohokura but departed without the guard as the engine crew claimed they saw his arm horizontal at the rear of the train indicating the train was to proceed; the crews were fortunate that they did not collide in the tunnel.

Although generally understood to have trains operating, especially in the later years, on a warrant control basis, mention is made in the 1939 Railways Report to Parliament of the completion of automatic single-line signalling on the line. The final section was from Whangamōmona to Okahukura, in those days a distance of 51 miles 52 chains (83.1 km) and consistent with modern distance measurements.

1950s upgrades and maintenance

Upgrades and maintenance to the track were undertaken in 1959–60. Some of the track was replaced with 75 lbs/yd rail that at some point was made into a continuously welded rail. This work also involved a deviation at Stratford in conjunction with the shifting of that station to the southern edge of town (and the current station building being built).

Crossing loops

Crossing loops were established at Te Wera, Whangamōmona, Tangarakau, and Ōhura. Three stations (Te Wera, Whangamōmona, and Ōhura) had stationmasters. The short loops meant that long trains had to be split to fit into the loop and siding.

Operation

Passenger services

The SOL was initially served by the New Plymouth Night Express between New Plymouth and Auckland and by Stratford–Taumarunui passenger trains. When the line opened, it was reported that overnight express trains between Auckland and New Plymouth could now complete the journey in less than 12 hours. On Sundays, Tuesdays and Thursdays trains left Auckland at 7pm, Taumarunui at 12.45am and reached New Plymouth at 6.1am. The trains returned on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays, leaving New Plymouth at 7.10pm, Stratford 8.31pm and arriving at Auckland at 7.6am. Whangamōmona had refreshment rooms from 1933 to 1965.

Fiat or "88 seater" railcars replaced the Auckland-New Plymouth express trains from 1956, but were cut back to New Plymouth-Taumarunui in 1971. Mixed trains were withdrawn in 1975.

Scheduled passenger trains ceased in January 1983 as roads in the rugged and isolated northern Taranaki were improved and passengers switched to cars, though the line was not closed to all passenger trains until January 2007, after an excursion to Whangamōmona's "Republic Day" celebrations. This terminated the operation of excursions, but efforts were made to have the line upgraded to a standard where excursions will again be possible. A working party of stakeholders was formed in June 2007 to investigate the current state of the line and to develop a case for upgrading it. Considerable maintenance was required to bring the line up to safety standards required for passenger trains at a cost of approximately NZ$6 million to complete, according to Stratford Mayor Brian Jeffares.

Freight services

Most freight was for the rural hinterland, but along the SOL there were coal mines near Ōhura and Tangarakau, and also sawmills. One freight train operated each weeknight each way along the line carrying freight between New Plymouth and Auckland, interchanging at Taumarunui. In the late 1990s and early 2000s deferred maintenance issues meant these services operated under heavy speed restrictions.

In conjunction with the Marton - New Plymouth Line the SOL also provided an alternative route when the North Island Main Trunk was closed between Marton and Taumarunui. In 1953 the Tangiwai disaster closed the NIMT for a period.

Mothballing

The SOL suffered from a lack of investment and maintenance, leading to a number of speed restrictions being put in place. In July 2002 a fatal derailment occurred at Te Wera, and a number of other incidents also plagued operations. In November 2009 a serious partial derailment of a wagon occurred, damaging some 8 km of line preventing use by trains without repairs. KiwiRail describes the damage as covering 9.5 km (5.9 mi) of track. Following this KiwiRail decided to mothball the 144 km (89 mi) line, with rail freight now being routed through Palmerston North. Ideas for preserving the line emerged, with hopes that customers and investment could be found to return the line to full service.

Adventure tourism operator Forgotten World Adventures reached an agreement with KiwiRail in 2012 to lease the line for their new venture using modified petrol rail carts for tourists to travel between the line's termini at Stratford and Okahukura, via a number of trip options, starting from Labour Weekend 2012. The 30-year lease makes the company responsible for the line's maintenance and access control but allows KiwiRail to use the line in emergencies and to resume control of the line depending on future circumstances and opportunities. The rail bridge over State Highway 4 at Okahukura has been removed making the track between the easternmost tunnel and Okahukura unusable.

In 2019 the Rail & Maritime Transport Union revealed that a review of the line is being undertaken to assess the viability of reopening for "Fonterra and log traffic." In July KiwiRail CEO Greg Miller stated that a $40 million project to reopen the line was a priority. Minister of Transport Michael Wood announced the government's 10-year plan for rail investment on 6 May 2021. Some specific plans could include re-opening the Stratford to Okahukura line.

See also

• Rail transport in New Zealand

External links

• The Snail Rail, New Plymouth's first railway
• Coal may save railway line (April 2011)
• Private operator on the line
• Slide show of the line
• News item on the initiative
• Journey to New Zealand's forgotten world (May 2015)
• 1909 photo of Kiore station
• 1923 photos of road/rail bridge under construction
• 1927 photo of PWD train at Ōhura
• 1929 photos of tunnel, pack horses and construction camp
• 1931 photo of No.4 tunnel portal during construction
• 1951 photo of coal wagons at Waitawhena opencast mine, near Ohura
• 1951 photo of goods train between Douglas and Whangamomona

Further reading

• The Stratford-Okahukura Line: Fifty Years of Service by R. B. Alexander (First Edition 1961; Second Edition, revised and enlarged 1983; New Zealand Railway and Locomotive Society Inc).
• Taranaki's First Railway by A. B. Scanlan (1977, New Plymouth)
• Down the Line by Karen Goa in Heritage New Zealand Issue 128, Autumn 2013 pp42–47 (about the Twenty Tunnel Tour)
• Bromby, Robin (2003). Rails that built a Nation: An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand Railways. Wellington: Grantham House. ISBN 1-86934-080-9.
• Conly, Geoff; Stewart, Graham (1986). Tragedy on the Track: Tangiwai & other New Zealand Railway Accidents. Wellington: Grantham House Publishing. ISBN 9781869340087.