The subarachnoid lymphatic-like membrane (SLYM) is a possible fourth meningeal layer that was proposed in 2023 in the brain of humans and mice.[1]
The SLYM is located in the subarachnoid space, the space between the middle reticular meninges and the innermost tender meninges that lie close to the brain.[1] It divides the subarachnoid space into an outer, superficial compartment and an inner, deeper area surrounding the brain.[1]
Structure
editThe SLYM is reported to be a thin monolayer of cells and contains its own immune cells.[1] The SLYM may inhibit larger molecules, such as peptides and proteins, from passing into the interior of the brain and could thus assume a barrier function.[1]
Discovery and interpretation
editSLYM was first reported as a possible novel anatomical structure in the human brain.[1] SLYM is impermeable to any molecule larger than 3,000 daltons.[1] It may have an immunological role, in which immune cell numbers change with aging or inflammation.[1]
In February 2023, research groups from Germany, Finland, Switzerland, South Korea and USA submitted comments to the eLetters section of the paper challenging the paper's conclusions for its methodology and conclusions as misinterpreted or by stating the structure was already known.[1] The SLYM investigators from Denmark, Germany Brazil, Poland, Japan, Spain and US argued that the textbook description of the meningeal layers is based on histology only. The subarachnoid space as well as the meningeal membranes are exposed to significant deformation during preparations of histological sections.[2][3] This was further probed by in vivo MRI and fresh dissection.[4] Only in vivo studies of brain fluid transport can reveal the dynamics of cerebrospinal fluid transport and its barriers. Pietilä et al., 2023 also described the existence of a Prox1+ cell layer located within the arachnoid beneath and separate from E-cadherin+ arachnoid barrier cells.[5][6]
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f g h i Møllgård, Kjeld; Beinlich, Felix R. M.; Kusk, Peter; et al. (2023). "A mesothelium divides the subarachnoid space into functional compartments". Science. 379 (6627): 84–88. Bibcode:2023Sci...379...84M. doi:10.1126/science.adc8810. PMID 36603070. S2CID 255440992.
- ^ Mestre, Humberto; Tithof, Jeffrey; Du, Ting; Song, Wei; Peng, Weiguo; Sweeney, Amanda M.; Olveda, Genaro; Thomas, John H.; Nedergaard, Maiken; Kelley, Douglas H. (2018-11-19). "Flow of cerebrospinal fluid is driven by arterial pulsations and is reduced in hypertension". Nature Communications. 9 (1): 4878. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-07318-3. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 6242982.
- ^ Mestre, Humberto; Mori, Yuki; Nedergaard, Maiken (July 2020). "The Brain's Glymphatic System: Current Controversies". Trends in Neurosciences. 43 (7): 458–466. doi:10.1016/j.tins.2020.04.003. PMC 7331945.
- ^ Plá, Virginia; Bitsika, Styliani; Giannetto, Michael J; Ladron-de-Guevara, Antonio; Gahn-Martinez, Daniel; Mori, Yuki; Nedergaard, Maiken; Møllgård, Kjeld (2023-12-14). "Structural characterization of SLYM—a 4th meningeal membrane". Fluids and Barriers of the CNS. 20 (1). doi:10.1186/s12987-023-00500-w. ISSN 2045-8118. PMC 10722698. PMID 38098084.
- ^ Pietilä, Riikka; Del Gaudio, Francesca; He, Liqun; Vázquez-Liébanas, Elisa; Vanlandewijck, Michael; Muhl, Lars; Mocci, Giuseppe; Bjørnholm, Katrine D.; Lindblad, Caroline; Fletcher-Sandersjöö, Alexander; Svensson, Mikael; Thelin, Eric P.; Liu, Jianping; van Voorden, A. Jantine; Torres, Monica (December 2023). "Molecular anatomy of adult mouse leptomeninges". Neuron. 111 (23): 3745–3764.e7. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2023.09.002. hdl:10852/108364.
- ^ Mapunda, Josephine A.; Pareja, Javier; Vladymyrov, Mykhailo; Bouillet, Elisa; Hélie, Pauline; Pleskač, Petr; Barcos, Sara; Andrae, Johanna; Vestweber, Dietmar; McDonald, Donald M.; Betsholtz, Christer; Deutsch, Urban; Proulx, Steven T.; Engelhardt, Britta (2023-09-20). "VE-cadherin in arachnoid and pia mater cells serves as a suitable landmark for in vivo imaging of CNS immune surveillance and inflammation". Nature Communications. 14 (1). doi:10.1038/s41467-023-41580-4. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 10511632. PMID 37730744.