Sun Liang (243[1] – 260), courtesy name Ziming, was the second emperor of the state of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period of China. He was the youngest son and heir of Sun Quan, the founding emperor of Wu. He is also known as the Prince of Kuaiji or (less frequently) Marquis of Houguan (候官侯), which were his successive titles after he was deposed in November 258 by the regent Sun Chen and is sometimes known as the Young Emperor.[2][3] He was succeeded by his brother Sun Xiu, who managed to oust Sun Chen from power and kill him. Two years after Sun Liang's dethronement, he was falsely accused of treason and demoted from a prince to a marquis, after which he killed himself.
| Sun Liang 孫亮 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emperor of Eastern Wu | |||||||||
| Reign | 21 May 252 – 9 November 258 | ||||||||
| Predecessor | Sun Quan | ||||||||
| Successor | Sun Xiu | ||||||||
| Crown Prince of Eastern Wu | |||||||||
| Tenure | December 250 or January 251 – 21 May 252 | ||||||||
| Predecessor | Sun He | ||||||||
| Successor | Sun Wan | ||||||||
| Prince of Kuaiji (會稽王) | |||||||||
| Tenure | 9 November 258 – 260 | ||||||||
| Marquis of Houguan (候官侯) | |||||||||
| Tenure | 260 | ||||||||
| Born | 243 | ||||||||
| Died | 260 (aged 17) | ||||||||
| Consort | Empress Quan | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| House | House of Sun | ||||||||
| Father | Sun Quan | ||||||||
| Mother | Empress Pan | ||||||||
Early life
editSun Liang was born in 243, to Sun Quan and one of his favourite consorts, Consort Pan. As Sun Quan's youngest son, he was well-cared for by his father, who was very happy to have a son in his old age[4] (60 at the time of Sun Liang's birth). He was also born in a palace atmosphere where officials were aligning themselves with either of his two older brothers who were fighting for supremacy – Sun He, the Crown Prince, and Sun Ba, the Prince of Lu, who had designs on the position.[5] In September or October 250,[6] fed up with Sun Ba's constant attacks against Sun He, Sun Quan ordered Sun Ba to kill himself and deposed Sun He. At the urging of his eldest daughter Sun Luban, who had been making false accusations against Sun He and his mother Lady Wang and therefore wanted to see Sun He deposed, he made Sun Liang the new Crown Prince in December 250 or January 251.[7][8][9] Sun Luban then had Sun Liang married to Quan Huijie, a grandniece of her husband, Quan Cong and connecting Sun Liang to a powerful local family.[10][11] In 251, Sun Quan instated Sun Liang's mother, Consort Pan, as the Empress.[12]
In 252, Sun Liang lost both his parents in rapid succession. Early that year, Empress Pan was murdered and in the winter Sun Quan died, so Sun Liang became the new emperor.[13][14]
Reign
editZhuge Ke's regency
editPrior to his death, Sun Quan had selected Zhuge Ke as the regent for Sun Liang, on the advice of trusted kinsman Sun Jun,[15] but he would last only eighteen months.[16][17] In 17th February 253 Lady Quan was chosen to be his Empress.[18] That same year Zhuge Ke launched a major campaign against the larger rival state of Cao Wei at Hefei but suffered a disastrous defeat which, combined with his handling of the aftermath, led to Zhuge Ke becoming vulnerable. Sun Jun turned against Zhuge Ke, he told Sun Liang that Zhuge Ke was plotting treason, and he set up a trap at a feast for Zhuge Ke.[19] (How much the young emperor knew of Sun Jun's plans and whether he concurred is unclear; traditional historians implied that Sun Liang knew and concurred, but he was just 10 years old at this point.[citation needed] The Wu lu by Zhang Bao, the son of a Wu minister,[20] claims Sun Liang denied responsibility for the order and had to be taken away by his wet-nurse[21] but Pei Songzhi dismisses the claim as Sun Jun would have been relying on Sun Liang's authority and needed him there at the banquet.[22]) During the middle of the feast, assassins that Sun Jun had arranged for killed Zhuge Ke, and Sun Jun's forces then wiped out the Zhuge family.[23][24][25]
Sun Jun's regency
editSun Jun's rise to regent brought no stability to the Wu court, as there were almost annual coup attempts. Sun Jun had ordered the suicide of Sun He[26] while his overall behaviour was arrogant, violent, and he would defile the women of Sun Liang's palace, earning him many an enemy.[27] In the Autumn of 254 the plot of Sun Ying (孫英), the Marquis of Wu and son of former Crown Prince Sun Deng, and the army officer Huan Lü (桓慮) was exposed, and they were destroyed.[28] In 255 Sun Lin sought to intervene in a rebellion by the Wei generals Guanqiu Jian and Wen Qin against the Wei controller Sima Shi, but though they would take in Wen Qin, Sun Jun withdrew after Sima Shi quickly put down the rebellion. That year would the plot of some military officers plot discovered[29] which would strike at the Sun family as Sun Luban, the lover of Sun Jun and aunt of Sun Liang, falsely implicated her sister Sun Luyu in the plot.[30]
In 256, Sun Jun, at Wen Qin's urging, was planning an attack against Cao Wei, when he suddenly fell mortally ill, and he commissioned his cousin Sun Chen to succeed him as regent.[25]
Sun Chen's regency
editSun Jun's death would not bring an end to the court intrigue, as the northern families would continue to be forced out by southern magnates. Sun Chen seeing off some powerful opponents, including senior minister Teng Yin and the General Lü Ju,[31] within the court and become extremely arrogant.[32] Wu did have to send an envoy Diao Xuan (刁玄) to their allies Shu-Han to explain the recent troubles at court[33]
In 257, at the age of 14, Sun Liang began to personally handle some important matters of state.[34] He established a personal guard corps that he trained with every day, consisting of 3,000 young relatives of soldiers between 15 and 18 led by brave relatives of officers, stating that he intended to grow up with them.[35] Sun Chen began to be somewhat apprehensive of the young emperor who was asking awkward questions, with Sun Liang showing signs of discontent at simply being required to rubber stamp rather than rule as his father had.[36][37]
There was a problem with his cousin Sun Ji, son of Sun Ba, who served in the palace and was arrested for stealing a horse. Sun Liang asked Diao Xuan what the punishment for this was, he was informed it was death but Diao Xuan thought given Sun Ba had been executed while young, Sun Liang might show pity. Sun Liang wanted to spare Sun Ji but did not wish to undermine the law by favouring a relative and gratefully seized upon Diao Xuan's suggestion of an amnesty for those in the palace.[38]
Two sources tell a tale of Sun Liang's intelligence at that age. In the Wuli, by contemporary Hu Chong who served Wu and had access to the imperial archives,[39] tells of Sun Liang asking for honey to go with his plums but when it was brought to him, there were rat droppings in it. Sun Liang interrogated the eunuch assigned to bring the honey and the official in charge of managing the storehouse, both denied responsibility. Rather than have them both arrested and a full investigation start, the young Emperor broke open the droppings and, on seeing they were dry inside, knew they had only recently been added, and it was the eunuch to blame.[40] Liu Song historian Pei Songzhi notes that had the eunuch added feces to the honey then it would have got wet anyway so the story isn't realistic but to display Sun Liang's intelligence.[41] The alternative account is the Jiangbiao zhuan by Jin official Yu Pu, who collected tales in the area after Wu's fall,[42] which tells of Sun Liang sending the eunuch to collect sugarcane that had been sent from Jiaozhi (modern day Vietnam) from the storehouse. An expensive process of refinement for sugar at the time and quite rare.[43] Given the eunuch had been sent with a silver bowl and a lid, the Emperor was surprised to discover rat droppings when it was presented with the eunuch accusing the official of being negligent. Sun Liang summoned the storehouse official and asked if the eunuch had a grudge, on turning out the official had rejected a past request from the eunuch, Sun Liang's suspicions about the eunuch were confirmed. The eunuch was whipped and sent for punishment.[44]
Removal
editLater that year, the Cao Wei general Zhuge Dan declared a rebellion against the regent Sima Zhao (Sima Shi's brother) and requested Eastern Wu assistance but Sun Chen's efforts to reinforce would prove ineffective. Zhuge Dan's rebellion failed in 258 with a major opportunity lost,[25] and the Eastern Wu forces suffered a series of setbacks, the famed general Zhu Yi was executed by Sun Chen after retreating when supplies ran out,[45] members of Quan clan surrendered to Sima Zhao[46] and Wen Qin was executed by Zhuge Dan.[47]
Sun Chen became unpopular due to the defeat[48] and was concerned by Sun Liang's asking of difficult questions in the last year so he chose not to return to Jianye on grounds of illness but instead sent his younger brothers to entrench military authority at the capital.[49] Sun Liang was not happy with his overpowerful minister's handling of the campaign, disrespectful attitude, refusing to follow orders or answer summons.[50] A further cause of friction occurred when he became investigating his aunt Sun Luyu's death. Sun Luban, despite her role in the death of her sister, declared no knowledge and shifted blame onto Sun Luyu's sons Zhu Xiong and Zhu Sun. Sun Chen tried to intervene as Zhu Sun was married to his younger sister but Sun Liang ordered Ding Feng to kill them both.[51][52]
Sun Liang plotted with his sister Sun Luban, the general Liu Cheng (劉丞), his father-in-law Quan Shang (全尚), and his brother-in-law Quan Ji (全紀), to have Sun Chen overthrown.[53] The Emperor told Quan Ji to have Quan Shang gather the Quan family's personal troops while Sun Liang would lead the palace guard, taking Sun Chen by surprise and surrounding them then using Sun Liang's authority to persuade Sun Chen's subordinates to submit without a fight. However, he warned that neither Quan Ji nor Quan Shang should not speak about the plan to Shang's wife as Sun Liang felt such matters were inappropriate for women and noted she was Sun Chen's cousin.[54] However the plan leaked out to Sun Chen, the Records of the Three Kingdoms blames the Empress, who was Sun Chen's niece,[55] but the Jiangbiao zhuan says Quan Shang did not keep the plot secret from his wife and she was the one who told Sun Chen. Jin era commentator Sun Sheng backs the latter, more detailed version of events from Yu Pu and it is the version generally used.[56][57]
During the evening of 9 November 258,[58] Sun Chen moved quickly, his men captured Quan Shang and killed Liu Cheng and by daybreak, the regent had the palace surrounded.[59] Sun Liang wanted to fight, mounting his horse and drawing his bow, declaring as the son of Sun Quan who had ruled for five years, nobody would disobey him. However his wet-nurses and eunuchs managed to stop the young ruler from charging out and over the next two days he refused to eat.[60] The young Emperor let it be known to his wife and to Quan Ji his displeasure with how Quan Shang had failed him, Quan Ji would take his own life.[61]
Sun Chen arranged a meeting with the high officials, declaring Sun Liang to be unintelligent and of poor moral character so he needed to be deposed, threatening the officials so only one man objected (and was promptly killed).[62] In justifying his actions to Sun Xiu, Liang's elder brother and Chen's chosen candidate to replace Sun Liang, Sun Chen accused Sun Liang of extravagance in building works and creating over three hundred small boats of silver and gold. Of seizing women for his harem and men for his guard core who became unruly with armaments destroyed, creating fear by such actions and the inappropriate killing of the Zhu brothers. He also accused Sun Liang of ignoring warnings that Quan Shang was in the service of the rival Cao Wei dynasty.[63] Similar charges to justify a change of a young Emperor were laid against Wei Emperor Cao Fang in 254 and Former Han Emperor Liu He in 74 BCE by their powerful controllers to justify the change of ruler.[64] As word of Sun Liang's "misdeeds" were spread, Sun Liang was demoted to Prince of Kuaiji while his supporters were killed or exiled.[65][66][67]
Death and legacy
editSun Chen then made Sun Xiu, the Prince of Langye, the new emperor. Several months later, Sun Xiu set a trap for Sun Chen and had him arrested and killed.[25] However, Sun Liang's position in exile did not become any safer, as Sun Xiu would prove ruthless in maintaining power. In July to November 260,[68] there were rumours in Kuaiji that Sun Liang would be emperor again and in an investigation, members of the palace suggested Sun Liang was aiming for the throne and turning to magic users to pray for him. Sun Xiu demoted Sun Liang to a marquis under the title "Marquis of Houguan" and sent him to his marquisate in Houguan (present-day Fuzhou, Fujian). Sun Liang died on the journey.[69] The records say Sun Liang killed himself on the journey there with his guards executed,[70] but the Wu lu says Sun Xiu had him poisoned.[71] After the civil war, during the Taikang era (280-289), the former Minister Zai Yong buried Sun Liang.[72]
Chen Shou, the author of the Records of the Three Kingdoms, noted Sun Liang had just been a young boy and blamed the poor quality of regents that led to Sun Liang's inevitable fate[73] Pei Songzhi suggested Sun Liang taking control as one of the potential key points that might have saved the dynasty as being a viable route in preventing the last Wu Emperor Sun Hao from taking the throne,[74] noted stories were made about Sun Liang's cleverness[41] while Sun Sheng ruled out one version of why Sun Liang's plot leaked out due to Sun Liang's reputation for being intelligent.[56]
There was said to be a letter by Sun Liang to Buddhist Monks expressing regret at the death of a major translator of Buddhist texts Zhi Qian but the authenticity of the letter has been questioned.[75]
Role in Fiction
editSun Liang appears in two scenes during the Records of the Three Kingdoms in Plain Language, a work published in the 13th century, as part of a series of historical fiction. Sun Liang is involved in the 215 Wu attack on Shu-Han for claim of Jingzhou where Wu generals Lu Su and Lü Meng are heavily defeated by Shu-Han strategist Zhuge Liang. So Sun Liang leads 30,000 troops into Jing, makes an oath proclaiming that while the provinces are close they have never cared for each other. Then gets beaten by Zhuge Liang. He only appears again following Zhuge Liang's 4th campaign against Wei when the Shu-Han court hears Sun Quan has died and Sun Liang has taken the throne.[76]
The 14th-century novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms mostly follows the historical texts when it does cover the young Emperor. However, during Zhuge Ke's fall, Sun Liang personally visits the regent who claims to be ill and tells the plotters against Zhuge Ke that he fears Zhuge Ke and wishes him removed. He gives Sun Jun exceptional authority and only becomes concerned during Sun Chen's time. For the tale of intelligence, it follows the main records rather than Yu Pu's account. Following his removal from the throne, he gets a poem bemoaning the unjust removal of a wise lord while the editor Mao Zonggang notes the parallel of Sun Liang's fall due to the in-laws with Han Emperor Xian's failed Girdle Decree plot against his controller Cao Cao.[77]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ According to Sun Liang's biography in Sanguozhi, he was 16 (by East Asian reckoning) when he was demoted to Prince of Kuaiji in Nov 258. Thus by calculation, his birth year should be 243. Vol.03 of Jiankang Shilu indicated that Sun Liang was born in the 7th year of the Chi'wu era, which corresponds to 244 in the Julian calendar.
- ^ Hua He's memorial in Sanguozhi vol.53.
- ^ Tian, Xiaofei (2016). "Remaking History: The Shu and Wu Perspectives in the Three Kingdoms Period" (PDF). Journal of the American Oriental Society. 4 (136): 720 – via JSTOR.
- ^ 孫亮字子明，權少子也。權春秋高，而亮最少，故尤留意。Sanguozhi vol.48.
- ^ De Crespigny, Rafe (2019). Dien, Albert; Knapp, Keith (eds.). The Cambridge History of China: Volume 2, the Six Dynasties, 220-589. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 60–61. ISBN 9781107020771.
- ^ According to Sun Quan's biography in Sanguozhi, Sun He was deposed as crown prince and Su Ba died in the 8th month of the 13th year of the Chiwu era of his reign. This corresponds to 14 Sep to 12 Oct 250 in the Julian calendar. ([赤烏十三年]八月， ... 廢太子和，處故鄣。魯王霸賜死。) Sanguozhi vol. 47
- ^ According to Sun Quan's biography in Sanguozhi, Sun Liang was made crown prince in the 11th month of the 13th year of the Chiwu era of his reign. This corresponds to 11 Dec 250 to 9 Jan 251 in the Julian calendar. ([赤烏十三年]十一月，立子亮為太子。) Sanguozhi vol. 47
- ^ De Crespigny, Rafe (1997). Generals Of The South: The Foundation And Early History Of The Three Kingdoms State Of Wu (2018 ed.). pp. 376–377. ISBN 9780731509010.
- ^ De Crespigny, Rafe (2019). "Wu: The Succesion to Sun Quan and the Fall of Wu (252-280)". In E.Dien, Albert; N.Knapp, Keith (eds.). The Cambridge History of China: Voume 2 The Six Dynasties 220-589. Cambridge University Press. pp. 60–61. ISBN 978-1-107-02077-1.
- ^ 姊全公主嘗譖太子和子母，心不自安，因倚權意，欲豫自結，數稱述全尚女，勸為亮納。赤烏十三年，和廢，權遂立亮為太子，以全氏為妃 Sanguozhi vol.48.
- ^ Joe Cutter, Robert; Gordon Crowell, William (1999). Empresses and Consorts: Selections from Chen Shou's Records of the Three States with Pei Songzhi's Commentary. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. pp. 51, 223, 224. ISBN 0824819454.
- ^ 太元元年夏，亮母潘氏立為皇后 Sanguozhi vol.48.
- ^ 權不豫，夫人使問中書令孫弘呂后專制故事。侍疾疲勞，因以羸疾，諸宮人伺其昏臥，共縊殺之，託言中惡。後事泄，坐死者六七人。權尋薨，合葬蔣陵。Sanguozhi vol.50.
- ^ 夏四月，權薨，時年七十一，謚曰 大皇帝 Sanguozhi vol. 47.
- ^ 吳書曰：權寢疾，議所付託。時朝臣咸皆注意於恪，而孫峻表恪器任輔政，可付大事。權嫌恪剛很自用，峻以當今朝臣皆莫及，遂固保之，乃徵恪 Wushu annotation to Sanguozhi vol. 64.
- ^ 冬，權寢疾，徵大將軍諸葛恪為太子太傅，會稽太守滕胤為太常，並受詔輔太子 Sanguozhi vol.48.
- ^ 久之，權不豫，而太子少，乃徵恪以大將軍領太子太傅，中書令孫弘領少傅。權疾困，召恪、弘及太常滕胤、將軍呂據、侍中孫峻，屬以後事 Sanguozhi vol.64.
- ^ 二年春正月丙寅，立皇后全氏，大赦 Sanguozhi vol.48.
- ^ 孫峻因民之多怨，眾之所嫌，搆恪欲為變，與亮謀，置酒請恪 Sanguozhi vol.64.
- ^ De Crespigny, Rafe (1997). Generals Of The South: The Foundation And Early History Of The Three Kingdoms State Of Wu (2018 ed.). pp. 343–344. ISBN 9780731509010.
- ^ 吳錄曰：峻提刀稱詔收恪，亮起立曰：「非我所為！非我所為！」乳母引亮還內 Wulu annotation Sanguozhi vol.64.
- ^ 吳歷云：峻先引亮入，然後出稱詔。與本傳同。臣松之以為峻欲稱詔，宜如本傳及吳歷，不得如吳錄所言。Pei Songzhi's commentary to the wu lu and the wu li in Sanguozhi vol.64.
- ^ 中子竦，長水校尉。少子建，步兵校尉。聞恪誅，車載其母而走。峻遣騎督劉承追斬竦於白都。建得渡江，欲北走魏，行數十里，為追兵所逮。恪外甥都鄉侯張震及常侍朱恩等，皆夷三族。Sanguozhi vol.64.
- ^ De Crespigny, Rafe (1997). Generals Of The South: The Foundation And Early History Of The Three Kingdoms State Of Wu (2018 ed.). pp. 367–377. ISBN 9780731509010.
- ^ a b c d De Crespigny, Rafe (2019). "Wu: The Succesion to Sun Quan and the Fall of Wu (252-280)". In E.Dien, Albert; N.Knapp, Keith (eds.). The Cambridge History of China: Voume 2 The Six Dynasties 220-589. Cambridge University Press. p. 61. ISBN 978-1-107-02077-1.
- ^ 及恪被誅，孫峻因此奪和璽綬，徙新都，又遣使者賜死 Sanguozhi vol.59.
- ^ 峻素無重名，驕矜險害，多所刑殺，百姓囂然。又姦亂宮人，與公主魯班私通 Sanguozhi vol. 64.
- ^ 秋，吳侯英謀殺峻，覺，英自殺 Sanguozhi vol.48.
- ^ 秋七月，將軍孫儀、張怡、林恂等謀殺峻，發覺，儀自殺，恂等伏辜 Sanguozhi vol.48.
- ^ Joe Cutter, Robert; Gordon Crowell, William (1999). Empresses and Consorts: Selections from Chen Shou's Records of the Three States with Pei Songzhi's Commentary. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. pp. 130, 225. ISBN 0824819454.
- ^ De Crespigny, Rafe (1997). Generals Of The South: The Foundation And Early History Of The Three Kingdoms State Of Wu (2018 ed.). pp. 377, 389, 398. ISBN 9780731509010.
- ^ 負貴倨傲，多行無禮 Sanguozhi vol.64.
- ^ 十二月，使五官中郎將刁玄告亂于蜀 Sanguozhi vol.48.
- ^ 夏四月，亮臨正殿，大赦，始親政事 Sanguozhi vol.48.
- ^ 綝所表奏，多見難問，又科兵子弟年十八已下十五已上，得三千餘人，選大將子弟年少有勇力者為之將帥。亮曰：「吾立此軍，欲與之俱長。」日於苑中習焉。Sanguozhi vol.48.
- ^ 綝以孫亮始親政事，多所難問，甚懼 Sanguozhi vol.64.
- ^ 吳歷曰：亮數出中書視孫權舊事，問左右侍臣: 先帝數有特制，今大將軍問事，但令我書可邪！Wuli in Sanguozhi vol.48.
- ^ 霸二子，基、壹。五鳳中，封基為吳侯，壹宛陵侯。基侍孫亮在內，太平二年，盜乘御馬，收付獄。亮問侍中刁玄曰：「盜乘御馬罪云何？」玄對曰：「科應死。然魯王早終，惟陛下哀原之。」亮曰：「法者，天下所共，何得阿以親親故邪？當思惟可以釋此者，柰何以情相迫乎？」玄曰：「舊赦有大小，或天下，亦有千里、五百里赦，隨意所及。」亮曰：「解人不當爾邪！」乃赦宮中，基以得免。Sanguozhi vol.59.
- ^ De Crespigny, Rafe (1997). Generals Of The South: The Foundation And Early History Of The Three Kingdoms State Of Wu (2018 ed.). pp. 435, 346. ISBN 9780731509010.
- ^ 亮後出西苑，方食生梅，使黃門至中藏取蜜漬梅，蜜中有鼠矢，召問藏吏，藏吏叩頭。亮問吏曰：「黃門從汝求蜜邪？」吏曰：「向求，實不敢與。」黃門不服，侍中刁玄、張邠啟：「黃門、藏吏辭語不同，請付獄推盡。」亮曰：「此易知耳。」令破鼠矢，矢裏燥。亮大笑謂玄、邠曰：「若矢先在蜜中，中外當俱溼，今外溼裏燥，必是黃門所為。」黃門首服，左右莫不驚悚。Wuli in Sanguozhi vol.48.
- ^ a b 臣松之以為鼠矢新者，亦表裏皆溼。黃門取新矢則無以得其姦也，緣遇燥矢，故成亮之慧。然猶謂《吳曆》此言，不如《江表傳》為實也 Pei Songzhi on Sanguozhi vol.48.
- ^ De Crespigny, Rafe (1997). Generals Of The South: The Foundation And Early History Of The Three Kingdoms State Of Wu (2018 ed.). p. 343. ISBN 9780731509010.
- ^ Milburn, Olivia (11 Sep 2020). "A Taste of Honey: Early Medieval Chinese Writings about Sweeteners". Early Medieval China Journal (26): 45.
- ^ 江表傳 曰：亮使黃門以銀碗并蓋就中藏吏取交州所獻甘蔗餳。黃門先恨藏吏，以鼠矢投餳中，啟言藏吏不謹。亮呼吏持餳器入，問曰：「此器旣蓋之，且有掩覆，無緣有此，黃門將有恨於汝邪？」吏叩頭曰：「嘗從某求宮中莞席，宮席有數，不敢與。」亮曰：「必是此也。」覆問黃門，具首伏。即於目前加髠鞭，斥付外署。Jiangbao Zhuan in Sanguozhi vol.48.
- ^ 朱異以軍士乏食引還，綝大怒，九月朔己巳，殺異於鑊里 Sanguozhi vol.48.
- ^ 十一月，全緒子禕、儀以其母奔魏。十二月，全端、懌等自壽春城詣司馬文王。Sanguozhi vol.48.
- ^ 三年春正月，諸葛誕殺文欽 Sanguozhi vol.48.
- ^ 綝旣不能拔出誕，而喪敗士衆，自戮名將，莫不怨之 Sanguozhi vol.64.
- ^ 綝以孫亮始親政事，多所難問，甚懼。還建業，稱疾不朝，築室於朱雀橋南，使弟威遠將軍據入蒼龍宿衞，弟武衞將軍恩、偏將軍幹、長水校尉闓分屯諸營，欲以專朝自固。亮內嫌綝，乃推魯育見殺本末，責怒虎林督朱熊、熊弟外部督朱損不匡正孫峻，乃令丁奉殺熊於虎林，殺損於建業。Sanguozhi vol.64.
- ^ 《江表傳》曰：亮召全尚息黃門侍郎紀密謀，曰 「孫綝專勢，輕小於孤。孤見勑之，使速上岸，為唐咨等作援，而留湖中，不上岸一步。又委罪朱異，擅殺功臣，不先表聞。築第橋南，不復朝見。此為自在，無復所畏，不可久忍。Jiangbiaozhuan in Sanguozhi vol.64.
- ^ Joe Cutter, Robert; Gordon Crowell, William (1999). Empresses and Consorts: Selections from Chen Shou's Records of the Three States with Pei Songzhi's Commentary. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. p. 130. ISBN 0824819454.
- ^ 亮內嫌綝，乃推魯育見殺本末，責怒虎林督朱熊、熊弟外部督朱損不匡正孫峻，乃令丁奉殺熊於虎林，殺損於建業。綝入諫不從，亮遂與公主魯班、太常全尚、將軍劉承議誅綝 Sanguozhi vol.64.
- ^ 綝入諫不從，亮遂與公主魯班、太常全尚、將軍劉承議誅綝 Sanguozhi vol.64.
- ^ 今規取之，卿父作中軍都督，使密嚴整士馬，孤當自出臨橋，帥宿衞虎騎、左右無難一時圍之。作版詔勑綝所領皆解散，不得舉手。正爾，自得之。 卿去，但當使密耳。卿宣詔語卿父，勿令卿母知之，女人旣不曉大事，且綝同堂姊，邂逅泄漏，誤孤非小也 Jiangbaozhuan in Sanguozhi vol.64.
- ^ 亮妃，綝從姊女也，以其謀告綝 Sanguozhi vol.64.
- ^ a b 孫盛曰：《亮傳》稱亮少聦慧，勢當先與紀謀，不先令妻知也。《江表傳》說漏泄有由，於事為詳矣 Sun Sheng comment in Sanguozhi vol. 64.
- ^ Joe Cutter, Robert; Gordon Crowell, William (1999). Empresses and Consorts: Selections from Chen Shou's Records of the Three States with Pei Songzhi's Commentary. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. p. 224. ISBN 0824819454.
- ^ Volume 77 of Zizhi Tongjian recorded that Sun Chen killed Liu Cheng on the wuwu day of the 9th month of the 3rd year of the Ganlu era of Cao Mao's reign. This corresponds to 9 Nov 258 on the Julian calendar. [(甘露三年)九月，戊午，𬘭夜以兵袭尚，执之，遣弟恩杀刘承于苍龙门外...] Zizhi Tongjian, vol.77
- ^ 亮妃，綝從姊女也，以其謀告綝。綝率衆夜襲全尚，遣弟恩殺劉承於蒼龍門外，遂圍宮。Sanguozhi vol.64.
- ^ 綝夜發嚴兵廢亮，比明，兵已圍宮。亮大怒，上馬，帶鞬執弓欲出，曰：「孤大皇帝之適子，在位已五年，誰敢不從者？」侍中近臣及乳母共牽攀止之，乃不得出，歎咤二日不食 Jiangbao zhuan in Sanguozhi vol.64.
- ^ 罵其妻曰：「爾父憒憒，敗我大事！」又呼紀，紀曰：「臣父奉詔不謹，負上，無面目復見。」因自殺。 Jiangbao zhuan in Sanguozhi vol.64.
- ^ 使光祿勳孟宗告廟廢亮，召羣司議曰：「少帝荒病昏亂，不可以處大位，承宗廟，以告先帝廢之。諸君若有不同者，下異議。」皆震怖，曰：「唯將軍令。」綝遣中書郎李崇奪亮璽綬，以亮罪狀班告遠近。尚書桓彝不肯署名，綝怒殺之。Sanguozhi vol.64.
- ^ 綝以薄才，見授大任，不能輔導陛下。 頃月以來，多所造立，親近劉承，悅於美色；發吏民婦女，料其好者，留於宮內，取兵子弟十八已下三千餘人，習之苑中，連日續夜，大小呼嗟，敗壞藏中矛戟五千餘枚，以作戲具。 朱據先帝舊臣，子男熊、損皆承父之基，以忠義自立，昔殺小主，自是大主所創，帝不復精其本末，便殺熊、損，諫不見用，諸下莫不側息。 帝於宮中作小船三百餘艘，成以金銀，師工晝夜不息。 太常全尚，累世受恩，不能督諸宗親，而全端等委城就魏。尚位過重，曾無一言以諫陛下，而與敵往來，使傳國消息，懼必傾危社稷。 推案舊典，運集大王，輒以今月二十七日擒尚斬承。 Sanguozhi vol.64.
- ^ Leban, Carl; Dein, Albert (2010). "The Accession of Sima Yan, AD 265: Legitimation by Ritual Replication". Early Medieval China. 2010 (16): 17–18. doi:10.1179/152991010X12863647122280.
- ^ 九月戊午，綝以兵取尚，遣弟恩攻殺丞於蒼龍門外，召大臣會宮門，黜亮為會稽王，時年十六 Sanguozhi vol.48.
- ^ De Crespigny, Rafe (1997). Generals Of The South: The Foundation And Early History Of The Three Kingdoms State Of Wu (2018 ed.). p. 398. ISBN 9780731509010.
- ^ Joe Cutter, Robert; Gordon Crowell, William (1999). Empresses and Consorts: Selections from Chen Shou's Records of the Three States with Pei Songzhi's Commentary. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. p. 129. ISBN 0824819454.
- ^ Volume 77 of Zizhi Tongjian placed the events surrounding Sun Liang's death between the guihai day of the 6th month and the 10th month of the 1st year of the Jingyuan era of Cao Mao's reign. This corresponds to 6 Jul to 19 Nov 260 on the Julian calendar.
- ^ De Crespigny, Rafe (2019). Dien, Albert; Knapp, Keith (eds.). The Cambridge History of China: Volume 2, the Six Dynasties, 220-589. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 62. ISBN 9781107020771.
- ^ 會稽郡謠言王亮當還為天子，而亮宮人告亮使巫禱祠，有惡言。有司以聞，黜為候官侯，遣之國。道自殺，衞送者伏罪。Sanguozhi vol.48.
- ^ 《吳錄》曰：或云休鴆殺之 Wulu in Sanguozhi vol.48.
- ^ 至晉太康中，吳故少府丹楊戴顒迎亮喪，葬之賴鄉 Wulu in Sanguozhi vol.48.
- ^ 孫亮童孺而無賢輔，其替位不終，必然之勢也。Sanguozhi vol.48.
- ^ 設使亮保國祚，休不早死，則皓不得立。皓不得立，則吳不亡矣。Pei Songzhi commentary in Sanguozhi vol.47.
- ^ Zucher, Eric (1972). The Buddhist Conquest of China The Spread and Adaptation of Buddhism in Early Medieval China (3rd ed.). Leiden: Brill. pp. 49, 50, 335. ISBN 978 90 04 15604 3.
- ^ Unknown, Unknown (2016). Records of the Three Kingdoms in Plain Language. Translated by L. Idema, Wilt; H. West, Stephen (Internet ed.). Indianapolis/Cambridge: Hackett Publishing Company. ISBN 9781624665233.
- ^ Guanzhong, Luo (1994). Romance of the Three Kingdoms. Translated by Roberts, Moss. Berkley: California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-22503-9.
- Chen, Shou (3rd century). Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi).
- Pei, Songzhi (5th century). Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi zhu).