Wikipedia

Suphannabhum

Suphannabhum or Suvarnbhumi; later known as Suphan Buri (Thai: สุพรรณภูมิ or สุพรรณบุรี) was a city-state, that emerged in the early "Siam proper" which stretched from present-day west central Thailand to the north of the Kra Isthmus, with key historical sites at Uthong,[1]: 4–6  Nakhon Pathom,[2]: 140 [3] Suphan Buri,[4]: 40  and Ban Don Ta Phet [th].[5] The kingdom is referred to as Xiān in the Chinese records since 1349,[4]: 40  but according to the archaeological evidence, it was speculated to have emerged around the mid-12th century.[6]: 276–7 

Suphannabhum Kingdom
แคว้นสุพรรณภูมิ (Thai)
Kwaen Suphannabhum
c. mid-12th century–1438
Suphannabhum is located in Thailand
Suphanburi
Suphanburi
Uthong
Uthong
Location of Suphanburi, the center of Suphannabhum (red pog), and the preceding Mueang Uthong (blue pog)
CapitalSuphanburi
Monarch 
• Unknown (first)
Phra Chao Uthong
• 1408–1424 (last)
Chao Ai Phraya
Historical eraPost-classical era
• Establishment
Mid-12 century
• Tributary of Sukhothai
1283–1298
• Foundation of Ayutthaya
1351
• Claimed Ayutthaya throne
1370
• Lost Ayutthaya to Lavo
1388
• Reclaimed Ayutthaya
1424
• Annexed to Ayutthaya
1438
1569
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Lavo
Phetchaburi
Dvaravati
Ayutthaya Kingdom
Today part ofThailand

Suphannabhum became the center of Xiān, succeeding Phip Phli [th], no later than 1349, when Xiān was defeated by Luó hú (Lavo) and the tribute sent to China under the name of Xiānluó hú (Siam-Lavo or Ayutthaya Kingdom) was led by Xiān's King of Su-men-bang, in which Su-men-bang has been identified with Suphanburi.[4]: 40  Since then, it was one of the states under the mandala confederatin of Ayutthaya Kingdom and was completely merged to the Ayutthaya in 1438.[6]: 282 

Under the name of Xiānluó hú or Xiānluó, the state performed 41 tributary missions to the Chinese court during the Hongwu era, 33 in the name of Xiānluó hú and as Xiānluó for the remaining.[4]: 40 [7]: 70  In the era of Ankorian king Jayavarman VII (r.1181–1218), an inscription called Prasat Phra Khan (จารึกปราสาทพระขรรค์) was made. Among others, the name Suvarnapura is mentioned, which has been identified with Suphanburi.[8]

History

edit

According to the local legends, Suphannabhum is the succeeding state of an ancient port city of Mueang Uthong,[9][10] which evolved into complex state societies around 300 C.E.[11]: 300, 302, 306–307  Since the river leading to the sea was dried up in places, shallow, and consequently not navigable, and also due to some pandemics, Uthong lost its influence as the trading hub; the city was then abandoned around the 11th century and the people then moved to resettle in the present day Suphanburi.[9][10][12]: 6, 27–9  This timeline corresponds with that the Tambralinga's king Sujita seized Lavo and was said to conquer the Mons of the Menam Valley and the upper Malay peninsula in the 10th century,[13]: 283 [12]: 16  the 9-year civil wars in the Angkor in the early 11th century, which led to the devastation of Lavo,[14] as well as the Pagan invasion of Lavo around the mid-11th century.[12]: 41 [15]: 4  All of these are probably the causes of the fall of Mueang Uthong.[13]: 283 [12]: 41 

After the end of the ancient maritime-oriented port era and the decline of Dvaravati, Suphannabhum then emerged around the mid-12th century following the prosperity of Lavo Kingdom and the Ankorian during the reign of Jayavarman VII and the influx of people from the north.[6]: 276–7  This has been supported by several ancient ruins in the area that dates before the Ayutthaya period;[16]: 4  two of them are the Ankorian Bayon style and the other two are the Indian Pala-Sena architects, which are also found in Lavo, Pagan, and Haripuñjaya.[6]: 276–7  Suphannabhum gradually controlled the economy of all Tha Chin Rivers and raised its power until being annexed to the Sukhothai Kingdom in 1283, as recorded in the Ram Khamhaeng Inscription.[16] : 3 

After the death of Sukhothai's Ram Khamhaeng in 1298, several tributary states of Sukhothai, which included Suphannabhum, began to break away rapidly.[17] Via Royal intermarriage, Suphannabhum united with the eastern neighboring Lavo Kingdom, to establish a confederated polity seat in Ayodhya in 1351. Suphannabhum gained recognition in the mid-13th century when the state leaders named ‘Khun Laung Pao Ngouy’ (later Ayutthaya's Borommarachathirat I) and ‘Jao Nakhon In’ (later Ayutthaya's Intharacha) extended their political economy influence to Ayutthaya.[6]: 272–3 

In the early Ayutthaya period, Suphannabhum was ruled by the Ayutthaya's crown princes.[18] It was demoted to the frontier city and was completely annexed to Ayutthaya in 1438.[6]: 282  Since then, Suphannabhum has been completely restricted in terms of both economics and politics, particularly in terms of trade with China and establishing relations with other cities, because it was determined to have relations only with the capital, acting as a military base and producing tribute for the capital, transforming Suphannabhum into an agricultural area to supply Ayutthaya for export.[15]: 5–6 

Loe Thai
□
Uthong□Baromaraja IPrincessLithai
RamesuanThong LanSri ThephahuratIntharacha IPrincessLuethai
RamrachaChao Sam PhrayaDeviSaileuthai
TrailokPhaya RamBoromapan

Left chart shows the royal intermarriage between the Suphannabhum dynasty of Suphan Buri and the Uthong dynasty of Lavo Kingdom, which led to the formation of the Ayutthaya Kingdom.[16]: 4–6  The close connection between the Suphannabhum dynasty and the Sukhothai dynasty has also been observed.[19]

  Uthong dynasty of Lavo
  Suphannabhum dynasty of Suphanburi
  Phra Ruang (Sukhothai) dynasty of Sukhothai

Suphannabhum clan origin

edit

The origin of the Suphannabhum dynasty remains unclear. Previous scholars believed that the first king of the Ayutthaya Kingdom, later called by modern historians King Uthong, once ruled the city of Uthong,[12]: 1, 10  but the theory has been proven to be false.[12]: 103  It was expected that Khun Laung Pho Ngouy, who was later known as the 3rd Ayutthaya' king Borommarachathirat I – the first king from Suphannabhum clan, might have lineage from Sukhothai as he married to a princess in Sukhothai's Loe Thai and royal intermarriages between his descendants and the Sukhothai dynasty happened multiple times.[19] Furthermore, political movements and architectural styles in Suphanburi during the Ayutthaya period demonstrate a tight relationship between these two dynasties. The kinship between the royal families of Suphanburi and Sukhothai probably existed for a long time, at least since the reign of the Sukhothai's king Ramkhamhaeng.[20]

Local legends say Khun Laung Pho Ngouy is a descendant of Khun In (ขุนอิน), while the Ayutthaya Kingdom's 1st king, Uthong, is a descendant of Khun Kham Phong (ขุนคำผง) founder of Singhanavati's capital Yonok Nahaphan. Both Khun In and Khun Kham Phong are two of seven sons of Khun Borom,[21] a legendary progenitor of the Southwestern Tai-speaking peoples.[22] Simon de la Loubère's record, Du royaume de Siam, refers to the first Siamese king as a descendant of Chaiyasiri,[23][24][25][26] son of a legendary King Phrom of the Singhanavati clan.[27]

Lists of rulers

edit
Rulers Clan Reign Notes/Contemporary events
Romanized name Thai name
Unknown
Phra Chao Uthong[a] พระเจ้าอู่ทอง
Phraya Uthong[a] พระยาอู่ทอง ?–1351
Khun Laung Pho Ngouy (formerly Wattidet[6]: 274 ) ขุนหลวงพ่องั่ว/วัตติเดช Suphannaphum 1351–1370
Sri Thephahurat [th]?[29]: 31–2  ศรีเทพาหูราช? Suphannaphum 1370–1374
Chao Nakhon In
Zhao Lu-qun Ying		 เจ้านครอินทร์ Suphannaphum 1374–1408
Sent several tributes to China, sometimes in the name of Suphanburi.
  • An emissary Zhao Xi-li Zhi from Xiānluó visit China in 1374.[18]
  • The crown prince, Zhao Lu-qun Ying, as Xiānluó's envoy, visit China in 1377.[32]
  • King Can-lie Bao Pi-ya Si-li Duo-luo-lu of Xiānluó sent Ya-la-er Wen-zhi-li and others to present the tribute to China in 1379.[30]
  • Ya-la-er Wen-zhi-li was sent by the crown prince to China in 1389.[31]
  • The minister Nai Po-lang-zhi-shi-ti and others were sent by the crown prince to China in January 1396.[33]
  • Death of Xiānluó's king Can-lie Bao Pi-ya Si-li Duo-luo-lu. In 8 February 1396, Zhao Da and Zhu Fu were sent by China to offer sacrifices for the deceased king and authenticate Zhao Lu-qun Ying as the successor.[34]
  • Zhao Lu-qun Ying as the Su-men-bang Prince sent envoy to China in 1398.[35]
Chao Ai Phraya เจ้าอ้ายพระยา Suphannaphum 1408–1424
Note
  1. ^ a b U Thong is a title used to refer to the kings or rulers of Mueang Uthong of Lavo-Suphanburi,[12]: 30  similar to the titles Phra Ruang (พระร่วง), the rulers of the Sukhothai Kingdom, and Phra Chao Sri Thammasokaraja (พระเจ้าศรีธรรมาโศกราช) of the Sri Thammasokaraja Kingdom.[28]: 39 

References

edit
  1. ^ Phrakhru Sophonweeranuwat; Phrakhru Wiboonjetiyanurak; Phrakhru Siribuddhisart; Phrakhru Baidika Sakdanal Netphra; Aekmongkol Phetchawong (2021). "การศึกษาวิเคราะห์เมืองอู่ทองในฐานะประวัติศาสตร์ในการเผยแผ่พระพุทธศาสนา" [An Analytical Study Of U-Thong City As A History Of Buddhist Propagation]. Journal of Buddhist Studies Vanam Dongrak (in Thai). 8 (1): 1–14.
  2. ^ Luce, G.H. (1958). "The Early Syam in Burma's History" (PDF). Journal of the Siam Society. 46: 123–213. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2024-07-01.
  3. ^ Keatkhamjorn Meekanon (14 July 2024). "ตามพรลิงค์: สมาพันธรัฐที่โลกลืม ตอน ความสัมพันธ์กับรัฐไทย" [Tambralinga: the World's Forgotten Confederation: The Relationship with the Thai State]. Manager Daily (in Thai). Retrieved 7 November 2024.
  4. ^ a b c d Yoneo Ishii (2004). "Exploring a New Approach to Early Thai History" (PDF). Journal of the Siam Society. 92: 37–42. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-07-15.
  5. ^ Phanomkorn Navasela (14 June 2018). "รายการ "อดีตในอนาคต" ตอนที่ ๑๓ อู่ทอง นครรัฐเมืองท่าสมัยฟูนัน" ["The Past in the Future" Episode 13: U Thong, a port city-state during the Funan period]. lek-prapai.org (in Thai). Retrieved 10 November 2024.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i Chantas Piantham (2017). "การสังเคราะห์องค์ความรู้ประวัติศาสตร์รัฐสุพรรณภูมิ จังหวัดสุพรรณบุรี ด้วยกระบวนการการมีส่วนร่วม" [Synthesis of Suphannabhume historical Knowledge in Suphanburi Province by Participatory Process] (PDF). Journal of Nakhonratchasima College (in Thai). 11 (1): 272–290. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-12-10.
  7. ^ Preecha Juntanamalaga (1988). "Thai or Siam?". Names a Journal of Onomastics. 36 (1–2): 69–84. doi:10.1179/nam.1988.36.1-2.69. Archived from the original on 2022-03-20.
  8. ^ เข้าใจถิ่นเข้าใจเที่ยว สุพรรณบุรี, การท่องเที่ยวแหงประเทศไทย, 2547, p.7 ISBN 978-974-7177-14-5 or Appriciate the Locality, Travel Knowaladgableably, Suphan Buri Tourism Authority of Thailand, 2000, p.7 ISBN 978-974-7177-45-9; * Wārunī ʻŌsathārom. Mư̄ang Suphan bon sēnthāng kan̄plīanplǣng thāng prawattisāt Phutthasattawat thī 8 - ton Phutthasattawat thī 25 (History, development, and geography of the ancient city of Suphan Buri Province, Central Thailand, 8th-25th B.E.), Samnakphim Mahāwitthayālai Thammasāt, Krung Thēp, 2547.
  9. ^ a b ชินาทร กายสันเทียะ. "ย้อนอดีตเมืองสุพรรณบุรี ทวารวดีศรีสุพรรณภูมิ" (in Thai). Sukhothai Thammathirat Open University. Archived from the original on 28 August 2023. Retrieved 28 August 2023.
  10. ^ a b "ประวัติศาสตร์จังหวัดสุพรรณบุรี" (PDF). Insian.com (in Thai). 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 August 2019.
  11. ^ Higham, C., 2014, Early Mainland Southeast Asia, Bangkok: River Books Co., Ltd., ISBN 9786167339443
  12. ^ a b c d e f g Fine Arts Department. โบราณวิทยาเรื่องเมืองอู่ทอง [Archaeology of U Thong City] (PDF) (in Thai). Bangkok. p. 232. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2024-11-10.
  13. ^ a b Lawrence Palmer Briggs (1950). "The Khmer Empire and the Malay Peninsula". The Far Eastern Quarterly. 9 (3). Duke University Press: 256–305. doi:10.2307/2049556. JSTOR 2049556. Archived from the original on 26 April 2024.
  14. ^ "เมื่อ ลวปุระ-ลพบุรี ถูกพระเจ้าสุริยวรมันที่ 1 ยกทัพบุกทำลายจนมีสภาพเป็นป่า" [When Lopburi was invaded and destroyed by King Suryavarman I until it became a forest.]. www.silpa-mag.com (in Thai). 6 November 2023. Retrieved 6 November 2023.
  15. ^ a b c Warunee Osatharom (1997). "วิวัฒนาการเมืองสุพรรณ: การศึกษาการพัฒนาชุมชนเมืองจากพุทธศตวรรษที่ 6 - ต้นพุทธศตวรรษที่ 24" [The evolution of Suphanburi: A study of urban community development from the 6th Buddhist century to the beginning of the 24th Buddhist century] (PDF) (in Thai).
  16. ^ a b c d Woraporn Promjairak (2018). "ย้อนรอยประวัติศาสตร์เมืองเก่าสุพรรณบุรีและพระเพทราชา ต้นราชวงศ์บ้านพลูหลวง" [Tracing the history of the old city of Suphan Buri and King Phetracha, the founder of the Ban Phlu Luang dynasty.] (PDF) (in Thai). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2024-11-10.
  17. ^ a b Tongjai Hutangkur (17 May 2024). "ปาไซ-สยามยุทธ์: "พ่อขุนแดนใต้" รบ "แขกสุมาตรา"" [Pasai-Siam Wars: "King of the South" fights the "Muslim"]. Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Anthropology Centre (in Thai).
  18. ^ a b c "Southeast Asia in the Ming Shi-lu: Hong-wu Year 7, Month 11, Day 16". epress.nus.edu.sg. Retrieved 9 November 2024.
  19. ^ a b Pramint Kreuathong (1 August 2021). "กรุงศรีปฏิวัติ : ศึกเจ้าพี่น้อง 2 ราชวงศ์ วงศ์พระรามรบวงศ์พระอินทร์ ใครได้ราชบัลลังก์" [Krung Sri Revolution: The Battle of the Two Royal Brothers, Phra Ram Dynasty vs Phra In Dynasty, Who will win the throne?]. www.silpa-mag.com (in Thai). Retrieved 11 November 2024.
  20. ^ Piseth Chiachanphong (26 August 2022). "สุพรรณภูมิ : ตําแหน่งที่ตั้งและความสัมพันธ์กับสุโขทัย" [Suphanburi: Location and relationship with Sukhothai]. www.silpa-mag.com (in Thai). Archived from the original on 2024-06-22.
  21. ^ a b "ราชวงศ์สุพรรณภูมิ" [Suphannabhum Dynasty]. www.rungsimun.com (in Thai). Retrieved 11 November 2024.
  22. ^ Wyatt, David K. (2003). Thailand: A Short History. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-08475-7.
  23. ^ de La Loubère, Simon (1693). "CHAP. III. Concerning the History and Origine of the Siameses.". A New Historical Relation of the Kingdom of Siam. Translated by A.P. Archived from the original on 5 April 2023.
  24. ^ Thanothai Sukthit (September 26, 2020). "พงศาวดารกรุงศรีอยุธยา ส่งถวายพระเจ้าหลุยส์ที่ 14 อยู่ที่ไหน?". Art & Culture (in Thai). Retrieved March 22, 2021.
  25. ^ Smithies, Michael; Na Pombejra, Dhiravat (2002). "Instructions Given to the Siamese Envoys Sent to Portugal, 1684" (PDF). Journal of the Siam Society. 90. Retrieved April 8, 2021.
  26. ^ de La Loubère, Simon (1967). "บทที่สาม: ว่าด้วยประวัติศาสตร์และต้นกำเนิดของชนชาวสยาม". จดหมายเหตุ ลา ลูแบร์ ราชอาณาจักรสยาม. Translated by Santa T. Komolabutra. pp. 41–42.
  27. ^ Rak-Yom (2017-07-23). ""พระฝาง" ไชยปราการ ศรัทธายิ่งยุคพระเจ้าพรหมมหาราช" ["Fang Buddha" of Chai Prakan, great faith in the era of King Phrom the Great]. Thairath (in Thai). Retrieved 2021-09-11.
  28. ^ Chatchai Sukrakarn (October 2005). "พระเจ้าศรีธรรมาโศกราช" [Sri Thammasokaraj] (PDF) (in Thai). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2024-08-12. Retrieved 6 November 2024.
  29. ^ a b c Rongroj Piromanukul (2018). "สมเด็จพระนครินทราธิราชในหมิงสือลู่" [The Record of King Nagarintharathiracha in Ming Shi–lu]. The Thammasat Journal of History (in Thai): 14–57. Archived from the original on 10 November 2024. Retrieved 10 November 2024.
  30. ^ a b "Southeast Asia in the Ming Shi-lu: Hong-wu Year 12, Month 10, Day 22". epress.nus.edu.sg. Retrieved 9 November 2024.
  31. ^ a b "Southeast Asia in the Ming Shi-lu: Hong-wu Year 22, Month 1, Day 16". epress.nus.edu.sg. Retrieved 9 November 2024.
  32. ^ "Southeast Asia in the Ming Shi-lu: Hong-wu Year 10, Month 9, Day 1". epress.nus.edu.sg. Retrieved 9 November 2024.
  33. ^ "Southeast Asia in the Ming Shi-lu: Hong-wu Year 28, Month 11, Day 24". epress.nus.edu.sg. Retrieved 9 November 2024.
  34. ^ "Southeast Asia in the Ming Shi-lu: Hong-wu Year 28, Month 12, Day 29". epress.nus.edu.sg. Retrieved 9 November 2024.
  35. ^ "Southeast Asia in the Ming Shi-lu: Hong-wu Year 31, Month 1, Day 7". epress.nus.edu.sg. Retrieved 9 November 2024.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suphannabhum&oldid=1256921478"