Suzhounese (Suzhounese: 蘇州閒話; sou1 tseu1 ghe2 gho6), also known as the Suzhou dialect, is the variety of Chinese traditionally spoken in the city of Suzhou in Jiangsu, China. Suzhounese is a variety of Wu Chinese, and was traditionally considered the Wu Chinese prestige dialect. Suzhounese has a large vowel inventory and it is relatively conservative in initials by preserving voiced consonants from Middle Chinese.[citation needed]
| Suzhounese | |
|---|---|
| 蘇州閒話；苏州闲话 Sou-tseu ghé-ghô | |
| Pronunciation | [soʊ˥tsøʏ˨˩ ɦɛ˩˧ɦʊ˧] or [səu˥tsøʏ˥ ɦɛ˨˨˦ɦo˨˧˩] |
| Native to | China |
| Region | Suzhou and southeast Jiangsu province |
| Chinese characters | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| ISO 639-6 | suji |
wuu-suh | |
| Glottolog | suzh1234 |
| Linguasphere | 79-AAA-dbb |
| Suzhou dialect | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Traditional Chinese | 蘇州話 | ||||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 苏州话 | ||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||
| Alternative Chinese name | |||||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 蘇州閒話 | ||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||
Distribution
editSuzhou dialect is spoken within the city itself and the surrounding area, including migrants living in nearby Shanghai.
The Suzhou dialect is mutually intelligible with dialects spoken in its satellite cities such as Kunshan, Changshu, and Zhangjiagang, as well as those spoken in its former satellites Wuxi and Shanghai. It is also partially intelligible with dialects spoken in other areas of the Wu cultural sphere such as Hangzhou and Ningbo. However, it is not mutually intelligible with Cantonese or Standard Chinese; but, as all public schools and most broadcast communication in Suzhou use Mandarin exclusively, nearly all speakers of the dialect are at least bilingual. Owing to migration within China, many residents of the city cannot speak the local dialect but can usually understand it after a few months or years in the area.[citation needed]
History
editThis section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (October 2022) |
Grammar
edit| Pronoun | Number | Word | Pinyin | IPA |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st | Singular | 吾 | ngou6 | ŋəu |
| Plural | 伲 | gni6 | nʲi | |
| 2nd | Singular | 倷 | ne6 | ne |
| Plural | 唔笃 | n6 toq7 | n toʔ | |
| 3rd | Singular | 俚 | li1 | li |
| 俚倷 | li1 ne6 | li ne | ||
| 唔倷 | n1 ne6 | n ne | ||
| Plural | 俚笃 | li1 toq7 | li toʔ |
Second and third-person pronouns are suffixed with 笃 [toʔ] for the plural. The first-person plural is a separate root, 伲 [nʲi].[3]
Demonstrative
edit| Proximal | Neutral | Distal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 哀 | e1 | 搿 | geq8 | 弯 | ue1 |
| 该 | ke1 | 归 | kue1 | ||
哀 with 该 and 弯 with 归 means the exact same thing and only differ in pronunciation. The use of neutral demonstrative pronoun became clear once proximal and neutral demonstrative pronouns are used.
- 哀杯茶是吾葛，掰杯茶是僚葛，弯杯茶是俚葛。
When "搿" refers to time, there is no need to use the proximal and distal in opposition. The role of the neutral demonstrative is very obvious.
- 抗战是民国二十六年到民国三十四年，掰歇(弯歇)辰光日脚勿好过。
In this sentence, "掰歇(弯歇)" cannot be replaced by "哀歇" because the Anti-Japanese War happened more than fifty years ago, so only the neutral or distal demonstrative can be used, not proximal.
When not referring to time, the proximal "哀" and the neutral demonstrative "掰" can be interchanged. For example, the "掰" in "掰个人勿认得" can be replaced by "哀".
"哀", "该", "掰", "弯" and "归" cannot be used as subjects or objects alone, but must be combined with the following quantifiers, locative words, etc.
| Suzhou | Mandarin | English | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 哀葛 | e1 keq7 | 这个 | this (thing) |
| 哀点 | e1 tie3 | 这些 | these |
| 哀歇 | e1 shieq3 | 这时候 | this (moment) |
| 哀呛 | e1 tie3 | 这阵子 | this (period) |
| 哀面 | e1 mie6 | 这边 | this (side) |
| 哀搭 | e1 taeq7 | 这里 | this place (here) |
Example phrases:
- 哀歇啥辰光则？
现在什么时候了？ What time is it now?
- 哀呛倷身体好啘？
现阵子你身体好吗？ How are you now?
Varieties
editSome non-native speakers of Suzhou speak the Suzhou dialect in a "stylized variety" to tell tales.[4]
Phonology
editInitials
editThe Suzhou dialect has series of voiced, voiceless, and aspirated stops, and voiceless and voiced fricatives. Moreover, palatalized initials also occur.
Finals
edit| Front | Central | Back | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unrounded | Rounded | |||
| Apical | /ɿ/ | /ʮ/ | ||
| Fricated | /i/ | /y/ | /u/ | |
| Close | /ɪ/ | /ʏ/ | ||
| Near-close | /ɵ/ | /o/ | ||
| Mid | /ɛ/ | /ə/ | ||
| Open | /æ/ | /a/ | /ɑ/ | |
| Diphthong | /øʏ, oʊ/ | |||
| Coda | Open | Nasal | Glottal stop | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Medial | ∅ | j | w | ∅ | j | w | ɥ | ∅ | j | w | ɥ | |
| Nucleus | ɿ [z̩] | z̩ | ||||||||||
| ʮ [z̩ʷ] | z̩ʷ | |||||||||||
| u | u | |||||||||||
| i | i | iɲ | ||||||||||
| y | y | |||||||||||
| ɪ | jɪ | |||||||||||
| ʏ | ʏ~øʏ | jʏ | ʏɲ | |||||||||
| ɵ | ɵ | jɵ | wɵ | |||||||||
| ɛ | ɛ | wɛ | ||||||||||
| ə | ən | wən | ɥən | əʔ | jəʔ | wəʔ | ɥəʔ | |||||
| o | o | jo | oŋ | joŋ | oʔ | joʔ | ||||||
| oʊ | oʊ | |||||||||||
| æ | æ | jæ | ||||||||||
| a | ã | jã | wã | aʔ | jaʔ | waʔ | ɥaʔ | |||||
| ɑ | ɑ | jɑ | wɑ | ɑ̃ | jɑ̃ | wɑ̃ | ɑʔ | jɑʔ | ||||
- Syllabic continuants: /ɿ/ [z̩] /ʮ/ [z̩ʷ] /u/ [β̩~v̩] [m̩] [ŋ̩] [l̩]
Notes:
- The Suzhou dialect has a rare contrast between "fricative vowels" [i, y] and ordinary vowels [ɪ, ʏ].
- /j/ is pronounced [ɥ] before rounded vowels.
- /ɛ/ is a true mid vowel, [ɛ̝]. May also be transcribed with the Sinological symbol /ᴇ/.
- In open syllables, /o/ is articulated close to a position for a close back vowel [o̝]
- Depending on the source, transcriptions differ:
- /oʊ/ may also be transcribed as /əu/
- /ɵ/ may also be transcribed as /ø/; also applies to on-glide final rhymes /jɵ/ (/iø/) and /wɵ/ (/uø/)
- /øʏ/ may also be transcribed as /ʏ/
- Close vowels /ɪ ʏ/ may be analyzed as diphthongs and transcribed as /iɪ iʏ/
The Middle Chinese [-ŋ] rimes are retained, while [-n] and [-m] are either retained or have disappeared in the Suzhou dialect. Middle Chinese [-p -t -k] rimes have become glottal stops, [-ʔ].
In the Suzhou dialect, [gə] is a very special demonstrative that is used alongside a separate set of proximal and distal demonstratives. [gə] can indicate referents appearing in a speech situation, which may be close to or far away from the deictic center, and under these conditions, [gə] is always used in combination with gestures. Hence [gə] can serve both proximal and distal functions.[6]
Tones
editSuzhou is considered to have seven tones. However, since the tone split dating from Middle Chinese still depends on the voicing of the initial consonant. Yang tones are only found with voiced initials, namely [b d ɡ z v dʑ ʑ m n nʲ ŋ l ɦ], while the yin tones are only found with voiceless initials. These constitute just three phonemic tones: ping, shang, and qu. (Ru syllables are phonemically toneless.)
| Tone number | Wugniu Tone | Tone name | Tone letters | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1 | yin ping (阴平) | ˦ (44) | high |
| 2 | 2 | yang ping (阳平) | ˨˨˦ (224) | level-rising |
| 3 | 3 | shang (阴上) | ˥˨ (52) | high falling |
| 4 | 5 | yin qu (阴去) | ˦˩˨ (412) | dipping |
| 5 | 6 | yang qu (阳去) | ˨˧˩ (231) | rising-falling |
| 6 | 7 | yin ru (阴入) | ˦ʔ (4) | high checked |
| 7 | 8 | yang ru (阳入) | ˨˧ʔ (23) | rising checked |
In Suzhou, the Middle Chinese 阴上 tone has partially merged with the modern 阴去 tone. Meanwhile, the 阳上 tone has fully merged with 阳去 tone. Therefore, 买 and 卖 has the exact same pronunciation in literary and colloquial readings.
Tone Sandhi
editThe tone sandhi present in Suzhou dialect introduces 4 completely new tones. ˧ (33), ˨˩ (21), ˨˩˨ (212), and ˨ʔ (2)
A. Stop final + stop final
The both two-character in this combination do not change tone.
- 脚色 tɕiɑʔ˦ səʔ˦
- 吃力 tɕʰiəʔ˨˧ liəʔ˨˧
- 白虱 bɑʔ˨˧ səʔ˦
- 特别 dəʔ˨˧ biəʔ˨˧
B. Stop final + clear final
The first character do not change tones. The second character do not change tone if it has a yin (阴) tone.
- 作兴 tsoʔ˦ ɕin˦
- 铁饼 tʰiəʔ˦ pin˥˨
- 国庆 kuəʔ˦ tɕʰin˦˩˨
If the second character is yangping (阳平), it becomes ˦ (44), the same as yinping (阴平).
- 失眠 səʔ˦ miɪ˦
- 黑魚 həʔ˦ ŋ˦
If the second character is yangqu (阳去), it becomes ˨˩ (21) or ˨˩˨ (212).
- 赤佬 tsʰəʔ˦ læ˨˩
- 吃饭 tɕʰiəʔ˦ ve˨˩˨
C. Clear final + stop final
The second character's tone becomes ˨ʔ (2). The first character does not change tone if it has a ping (平) or yinshang (阴上) tone.
- 书桌 sʮ˦ tsoʔ˨
- 牛角 nʲiʏ˨˨˦ koʔ˨
- 海蛰 he˥˨ zəʔ˨
If the first character is yinqu (阴去) it becomes ˦ (44) similar to yinping or ˥˨ (52) similar to yinshang.
- 信壳 sin˦ kʰoʔ˨
- 半日 pø˥˨ zəʔ˨
前字阳去多数变 ˨˨˦ (224) 调, 即与阳平同调; 少数不变。
- 料作 liæ˨˨˦ tsoʔ˨
- 满月 mø˨˨˦ ŋəʔ˨
- 技术 dʑi˦˩˨ zəʔ˨
D. Clear final + clear final
The first character does not change tone if it has a ping (平) or yinshang (阴上) tone.
If the first character is yinqu (阴去) it becomes ˦ (44) similar to yinping or ˥˨ (52) similar to yinshang.
If the first character is yangqu (阳去) it becomes ˨˨˦ (224) similar to yangping.
The second character becomes ˨˩ (21) after yinping tones.
The second character becomes ˧ (33), ˨˩ (21) after yinshang, yinqu, yangping, yangqu tones.
Suzhou dialect in literature
editBallad-narratives
A "ballad–narrative" (說唱詞話) known as "The story of Xue Rengui crossing the sea and Pacifying Liao" (薛仁貴跨海征遼故事), which is about the Tang dynasty hero Xue Rengui[7] is believed to have been written in the Suzhou dialect.[8]
Novels
Han Bangqing wrote The Sing-song Girls of Shanghai, one of the earliest novels in Wu dialect, in Suzhou dialect. Suzhou serves as an important drive for Han to write the novel. Suzhou dialect is used in innovative methods to demonstrate urban space and time, as well as the interrupted narrative aesthetics, making it an integral part of an effort, which is presented as a fundamental and self-conscious new thing.[9] Han's novel also inspired other authors to write in Wu dialect.
See also
edit
References
edit- ^ 叶, 祥苓 (1988). 蘇州方言詞典. 江苏教育出版社. p. 407.
- ^ 叶, 祥苓 (1993). 苏州方言志. 江苏教育出版社. p. 454.
- ^ Yue, Anne O. (2003). "Chinese Dialects: Grammar". In Thurgood, Graham; LaPolla, Randy J. (eds.). The Sino-Tibetan Languages (illustrated ed.). London: Routledge. p. 86. ISBN 0-7007-1129-5.
- ^ Clements, Clancy (2000). "Review of Creole and Dialect Continua". Language. 76 (1): 160. doi:10.1353/lan.2000.0054. JSTOR 417399. S2CID 141755433.
She also examines a stylized variety of Suzhou Wu as used to tell stories by native speakers of another dialect.
- ^ Ling, Feng (2009). A Phonetic Study of the Vowel System in Suzhou Chinese (PhD thesis). City University of Hong Kong.
- ^ Chen, Yujie (2015), Chappell, Hilary M (ed.), "The semantic differentiation of demonstratives in Sinitic languages", Diversity in Sinitic Languages, Oxford: Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198723790.001.0001, ISBN 978-0-19-872379-0, retrieved 2021-12-06
- ^ Idema, Wilt L. (2007). "Fighting in Korea: Two Early Narratives of the Story of Xue Rengui". In Breuker, Remco E. (ed.). Korea in the Middle: Korean Studies and Area Studies: Essays in Honour of Boudewijn Walraven (illustrated ed.). Leiden: CNWS Publications. p. 341. ISBN 978-90-5789-153-3.
A prosimetrical rendition, entitled Xue Rengui kuahai zheng Liao gushi 薛仁貴跨海征遼故事 (The story of Xue Rengui crossing the sea and Pacifying Liao), which shares its opening prose paragraph with the Xue Rengui zheng Liao shilüe, is preserved in a printing of 1471; it is one of the shuochang cihua 說唱詞話 (ballad-narratives
- ^ Idema, Wilt L. (2007). "Fighting in Korea: Two Early Narratives of the Story of Xue Rengui". In Breuker, Remco E. (ed.). Korea in the Middle: Korean Studies and Area Studies: Essays in Honour of Boudewijn Walraven (illustrated ed.). Leiden: CNWS Publications. p. 342. ISBN 978-90-5789-153-3.
for telling and singing) which were discovered in the suburbs of Shanghai in 1967. While these shuochang cihua had been printed in modern-day Beijing, their language suggests that they had been composed in the Wu Chinese area of Suzhou and surroundings,
- ^ Des Forges, Alexander (2007). Mediasphere Shanghai: The Aesthetics of Cultural Production. University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-3081-6. JSTOR j.ctt13x1jm2.