The Swedish 1-m Solar Telescope[1][2][3] (or SST) is a refracting solar telescope at Roque de los Muchachos Observatory, La Palma in the Canary Islands. It is run by the Institute for Solar Physics of Stockholm University. The primary element is a single fused silica lens, making it the largest optical refracting telescope in use in the world. The Swedish 1-m Solar Telescope, with a lens diameter of 43 inches, is technically larger than Yerkes Observatory, only 39 inches are clear for the aperture. The SST is most often used as a Schupmann telescope, thereby correcting the chromatic aberrations of the singlet primary.
 | |
| Alternative names | Swedish 1-m Solar Telescope |
|---|---|
| Part of | Roque de los Muchachos Observatory  |
| Location(s) | La Palma, Atlantic Ocean, international waters |
| Coordinates | 28°45′35″N 17°52′51″W / 28.759733333333°N 17.880736111111°W |
| Organization | Institute for Solar Physics Stockholm University |
| Altitude | 2,360 m (7,740 ft) |
| Built | –2001 |
| Telescope style | refracting telescope solar telescope |
| Diameter | 98 cm (3 ft 3 in) |
| Angular resolution | 0.13 arcsecond |
| Collecting area | 0.75 m2 (8.1 sq ft) |
| Focal length | 20.3 m (66 ft 7 in) |
| Mounting | altazimuth mount |
| Website | www |
  Location of Swedish Solar Telescope | |
 Related media on Commons | |
The SST is a vacuum telescope, meaning that it is evacuated internally to avoid disruption of the image from air inside. This is a particular problem with solar telescopes because of the heating from the large amounts of light collected being passed on to any air causing image degradation.
As of 2005 the SST has produced the highest resolution images on the Sun of any telescope. This is largely thanks to its adaptive optics system,[4] which was upgraded to an 85-electrode monomorph deformable mirror from CILAS[5] in 2013.
There are two modes of operation, selected by switching the beam from one optical table to another. One mode is a spectrograph mode, using the TRIPPEL spectrograph. The other mode is an imaging mode, where the beam is split up in a red and a blue part by a 500-nm dichroic beamsplitter. Both beams have dual Fabry-Pérot-based tunable filters,[6] CRISP in the red and CHROMIS in the blue. The image data are usually compensated for residual wavefront aberrations by use of the MOMFBD image reconstruction method.[7][8]
The SST superseded the SVST[9] – the Swedish Vacuum Solar Telescope – which was 47,5 cm in diameter.
Instruments
editCHROMIS
editThe CHROMospheric Imaging Spectrometer[10] (CHROMIS) was installed in 2016. It is similar to CRISP (but so far without polarimetry) and designed for use at wavelengths in the range 380–500 nm. In particular, CHROMIS is optimized for use in the Ca II H and K lines, which are formed in the upper chromosphere. The total system uses three 1920×1200-pixel Grasshopper 3 CMOS cameras from Point Grey (now FLIR). One camera is used for direct narrow-band observations and two, in a phase-diversity configuration, are collecting simultaneous wide-band image data.
CRISP
editThe CRisp Imaging SpectroPolarimeter[11][12][13] (CRISP) was installed in 2008. It operates from 510 to 860 nm and is able to measure polarization by using liquid crystal modulation combined with a polarizing beam splitter. The total system uses three 1k × 1k Sarnoff CCDs, two are used for direct narrow-band observations and the third is collecting simultaneous wide-band images.
TRIPPEL
editThe TRI-Port Polarimetric Echelle-Littrow[14] (TRIPPEL) is a Littrow spectrograph using a 79 grooves/mm echelle grating with a blaze angle of 63.43 degrees. TRIPPEL's wavelength range is about 380–1100 nm, and it has a moderate resolution for a solar telescope, with R being approximately 200,000. This corresponds to about 1.3 km/s on the solar surface.
TRIPPEL has a number of key useful features. It allows simultaneous observations at 3 different wavelengths, can in principle exploit the full spatial resolution of the SST, and has good polarimetric properties.
See also
edit
References
edit- ^ Scharmer, Göran; Owner-Petersen, M.; Korhonen, T.; Title, A. (1999). T. R. Rimmele; K. S. Balasubramaniam; R. R. Radick (eds.). "The New Swedish Solar Telescope". High Resolution Solar Physics: Theory, Observations, and Techniques. Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference series. 183: 157–168. Bibcode:1999ASPC..183..157S.
- ^ Scharmer, Göran; Bjelksjö, Klas; Korhonen, Tapio K.; Lindberg, Bo; Petterson, Bertil (February 2003). "The 1-meter Swedish solar telescope" (PDF). Proceedings of the SPIE. Innovative Telescopes and Instrumentation for Solar Astrophysics. 4853: 341–350. Bibcode:2003SPIE.4853..341S. doi:10.1117/12.460377.
- ^ "Swedish 1-meter Solar Telescope". SST Wiki. Institute for Solar Physics. Retrieved 28 May 2011.
- ^ Scharmer, Göran B.; Dettori, Peter M.; Löfdahl, Mats G.; Shand, Mark (February 2003). "Adaptive optics system for the new Swedish solar telescope" (PDF). Proceedings of the SPIE. Innovative Telescopes and Instrumentation for Solar Astrophysics. 4853: 370–380. Bibcode:2003SPIE.4853..370S. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.20.357. doi:10.1117/12.460387.
- ^ Sinquin, Jean-Christophe; Bastard, Arnaud; Beaufort, Emmanuel; Berkefeld, Thomas; Cadiergues, Laurent; Costes, Vincent; Cousty, Raphaël.; Dekhtiar, Charles; Di Gesu, Frédéric; Gilbert, Xavier; Grèzes-Besset, Catherine; Groeninck, Denis; Hartung, Markus; Krol, Hélène; Moreau, Aurélien; Morin, Pierre; Pagès, Hubert; Palomo, Richard; Scharmer, Göran; Soltau, Dirk; Véran, Jean-Pierre (2014). "Recent results and future DMs for astronomy and for space applications at CILAS". Proceedings of the SPIE. Adaptive Optics Systems IV. 9148: 91480G. Bibcode:2014SPIE.9148E..0GS. doi:10.1117/12.2056287.
- ^ Scharmer, G. B. (March 2006). "Comments on the optimization of high resolution Fabry-Pérot filtergraphs". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 447 (3): 1111–1120. Bibcode:2006A&A...447.1111S. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20052981. Retrieved 28 May 2011.
- ^ van Noort, Michiel; Rouppe van der Voort, Luc; Löfdahl, Mats G. (2005). "Solar Image Restoration By Use Of Multi-frame Blind De-convolution With Multiple Objects And Phase Diversity". Solar Physics. 228 (1–2): 191–215. Bibcode:2005SoPh..228..191V. doi:10.1007/s11207-005-5782-z.
- ^ Löfdahl, Mats G. (2002). Bones, Philip J.; Fiddy, Michael A.; Millane, Rick P. (eds.). "Multi-frame blind deconvolution with linear equality constraints". SPIE Proceedings. Image Reconstruction from Incomplete Data II. 4792: 146–155. arXiv:physics/0209004. Bibcode:2002SPIE.4792..146L. doi:10.1117/12.451791.
- ^ Scharmer, Göran B.; Brown, David S.; Pettersson, Lennart; Rehn, John (1985). "Concepts for the Swedish 50-cm vacuum solar telescope". Applied Optics. 24 (16): 2558–2564. Bibcode:1985ApOpt..24.2558S. doi:10.1364/AO.24.002558.
- ^ "CHROMIS". SST wiki. Institute for Solar Physics. Retrieved 26 September 2017.
- ^ "SST CRISP images". SST website. Institute for Solar Physics. Retrieved 28 May 2011.
- ^ Scharmer, G. B.; Narayan, G.; Hillberg, T.; de la Cruz Rodriguez, J.; Löfdahl, M. G.; Kiselman, D.; Sütterlin, P.; van Noort, M.; Lagg, A. (December 2008). "CRISP Spectropolarimetric Imaging of Penumbral Fine Structure". The Astrophysical Journal. 689 (1): L69–L72. arXiv:0806.1638. Bibcode:2008ApJ...689L..69S. doi:10.1086/595744.
- ^ "CRISP". SST wiki. Institute for Solar Physics. Retrieved 26 September 2017.
- ^ "TRIPPEL spectrograph". SST Wiki. Institute for Solar Physics. Retrieved 28 May 2011.
External links
edit- Information on the SST from the Institute for Solar Physics
- Information on the SST at the Institute for Solar Physics wiki
- SST APOD pictures of a sunspot, the Venus transit, spicules on the solar surface, and bright points in the solar granulation.
- APOD picture of the Roque de los Muchachos Observatory. The SST is the third from the right.
