The Sweet Grass Hills (Blackfoot: kátoyissiksi, Cheyenne: vé'ho'ôhtsévóse, Kalispel-Pend d'Oreille: ččaɫalqn, "three peaks"[1]) are a small group of low mountains rising more than 3,000 feet (910 m) above the surrounding plains southwest of Whitlash, Montana, in Liberty and Toole County, Montana.[2][3] The tallest point in the hills is West Butte at 6,983 feet (2,128 m).[4] Quite prominent in the local area, they are clearly visible from US Highway 2 to the south, I-15, and can sometimes be seen as far North as the Crowsnest Highway (Highway 3) near Medicine Hat in Alberta as well as from the West, near Glacier National Park and Browning, Montana. Visibility may vary depending on local air temperatures or heat domes that may increase or decrease the apparent height of the features. Other named peaks in the small group are Gold Butte (6,512 ft [1,985 m]), East Butte (with two peaks, the taller of which is Mount Brown at 6,958 ft [2,121 m]), and Mount Lebanon (5,807 ft [1,770 m]). The Sweet Grass Hills are an example of the island ranges that dot the central third portion of the state of Montana. These island ranges, completely surrounded by the 'sea' of plains and not geographically (or often geologically) part of the Rocky Mountains to the west, are "biological hotspots", containing more species than the prairie below.
| Sweet Grass Hills | |
|---|---|
 Sweet Grass Hills in Montana from Red Rock Coulee, Alberta | |
| Highest point | |
| Peak | West Butte |
| Elevation | 6,983 ft (2,128 m) |
| Coordinates | 48°52′N 111°22′W / 48.867°N 111.367°W |
| Geography | |
  Sweet Grass Hills | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Montana |
Formation and natural features
edit
The hills were formed in the early Paleogene period, and geologically are known as stocks - intrusive igneous rock forced up from below and solidified. Because of uplift and erosion, the overlying rock formations have disappeared. The upper slopes of the hills have not been glaciated and would have stood above the ice sheet that covered the area during the last ice age.[5] Since the Sweet Grass Hills are at a higher elevation than the surrounding prairie, temperatures are cooler and precipitation is higher. Forested areas, consisting mainly of Douglas fir, are therefore able to grow on the hills' slopes.[5]
Climate
editGoldbutte 7 N is a weather station 5.5 miles (8.9km) northeast of West Butte (Montana).
| Climate data for Goldbutte, Montana, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1907–present | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °F (°C) | 66 (19) |
73 (23) |
78 (26) |
90 (32) |
93 (34) |
104 (40) |
105 (41) |
105 (41) |
97 (36) |
88 (31) |
74 (23) |
67 (19) |
105 (41) |
| Mean maximum °F (°C) | 55.0 (12.8) |
55.6 (13.1) |
64.1 (17.8) |
75.3 (24.1) |
82.3 (27.9) |
85.7 (29.8) |
93.6 (34.2) |
93.6 (34.2) |
87.8 (31.0) |
76.8 (24.9) |
62.5 (16.9) |
54.7 (12.6) |
95.8 (35.4) |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 33.2 (0.7) |
34.9 (1.6) |
43.9 (6.6) |
55.2 (12.9) |
64.3 (17.9) |
70.8 (21.6) |
80.4 (26.9) |
80.1 (26.7) |
69.9 (21.1) |
55.2 (12.9) |
42.1 (5.6) |
33.7 (0.9) |
55.3 (13.0) |
| Daily mean °F (°C) | 21.4 (−5.9) |
23.1 (−4.9) |
31.2 (−0.4) |
41.1 (5.1) |
50.1 (10.1) |
56.9 (13.8) |
63.9 (17.7) |
63.0 (17.2) |
54.4 (12.4) |
42.1 (5.6) |
30.4 (−0.9) |
22.4 (−5.3) |
41.7 (5.4) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 9.5 (−12.5) |
11.2 (−11.6) |
18.5 (−7.5) |
27.0 (−2.8) |
35.8 (2.1) |
43.1 (6.2) |
47.4 (8.6) |
45.8 (7.7) |
38.9 (3.8) |
29.1 (−1.6) |
18.7 (−7.4) |
11.0 (−11.7) |
28.0 (−2.2) |
| Mean minimum °F (°C) | −23.2 (−30.7) |
−14.3 (−25.7) |
−7.6 (−22.0) |
9.5 (−12.5) |
19.9 (−6.7) |
31.7 (−0.2) |
35.4 (1.9) |
33.5 (0.8) |
23.6 (−4.7) |
7.6 (−13.6) |
−8.0 (−22.2) |
−19.1 (−28.4) |
−30.5 (−34.7) |
| Record low °F (°C) | −42 (−41) |
−41 (−41) |
−37 (−38) |
−15 (−26) |
8 (−13) |
22 (−6) |
24 (−4) |
25 (−4) |
9 (−13) |
−19 (−28) |
−32 (−36) |
−46 (−43) |
−46 (−43) |
| Average precipitation inches (mm) | 0.45 (11) |
0.47 (12) |
0.63 (16) |
1.31 (33) |
1.89 (48) |
3.53 (90) |
1.25 (32) |
1.54 (39) |
1.41 (36) |
1.19 (30) |
0.64 (16) |
0.50 (13) |
14.81 (376) |
| Average snowfall inches (cm) | 12.4 (31) |
12.9 (33) |
15.1 (38) |
10.8 (27) |
3.7 (9.4) |
0.3 (0.76) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.4 (1.0) |
1.4 (3.6) |
5.2 (13) |
10.6 (27) |
13.1 (33) |
85.9 (216.76) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 6.7 | 6.0 | 6.8 | 8.2 | 9.4 | 11.9 | 6.8 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 6.9 | 6.7 | 6.2 | 89.0 |
| Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) | 5.7 | 5.3 | 5.6 | 3.2 | 0.8 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 2.2 | 4.4 | 5.5 | 33.3 |
| Source 1: NOAA[6] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: XMACIS2[7] | |||||||||||||
Cultural significance
editThe Sweet Grass Hills are a sacred site of the Blackfoot aboriginal people who live on both sides of the 49th parallel north which forms the Canada–United States border.[8][9][10] The Hills were the site of a battle between Native people and wolfers in 1872.[11] The Sweet Grass Hills Treaty of 1887 was signed between the Blackfeet and the United States, ceding 17,500,000 acres (71,000 km2) of land to the US Government, and dividing the remaining 6,000,000 acres (24,000 km2) into three separate reservations – The Blackfeet, Fort Belknap and Fort Peck. This is often referred to as the Sweet Grass Hills Treaty/Agreement and was ratified by congress in 1888.[12] In 1993, the Hills were listed as one of America's Most Endangered Places. Mineral claims were staked here by Manhattan Minerals in 1995.[13]
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ Pete, Tachini. Seliš Nyoʻnuntn = Medicine for the Salish Language: English to Salish Translation Dictionary. 2nd ed. Pablo, MT : Lincoln, NE: Salish Kootenai College Press; Distributed by University of Nebraska Press, 2010.
- ^ "Sweet Grass Hills". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior.
- ^ "Sweetgrass Hills". Peakbagger. Retrieved 2010-04-14.
- ^ "West Butte, Montana". Peakbagger.com. Retrieved 2010-04-14.
- ^ a b Beaty, Chester (1975). The Landscapes of Southern Alberta, A Regional Geomorphology. Lethbridge, Alberta: University of Lethbridge. pp.84-85.
- ^ "U.S. Climate Normals Quick Access – Station: Goldbutte 7 N, MT". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved November 29, 2023.
- ^ "xmACIS2". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved November 29, 2023.
- ^ Michael Hogue (Winter 2002). "Disputing the Medicine Line-The Plains Crees and the Canadian-American Border, 1876-1885". Montana The Magazine of Western History. 52 (1). Helena, Montana: Montana Historical Society Press: 2–17. Archived from the original on 2010-09-02.
- ^ LaDow, Beth (2001). The medicine line : life and death on a North American borderland. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-92764-1.
- ^ Turner, C. Frank (1973). Across the Medicine Line. Toronto, Ontario: McClellan and Stewart. ISBN 0-7710-8616-4.
- ^ Dempsey, Hugh A. (1957). "Sweetgrass Hills Massacre". Montana: The Magazine of Western History. 7 (2): 12–18. JSTOR 4516142.
- ^ "Fort Peck Reservation Timeline Sioux & Assiniboine Tribes" (PDF). March 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-08-01.
- ^ "Sweet Grass Hills saved - for two more years". Archived from the original on 2012-11-03.