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List of Symphyotrichum species

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Symphyotrichum is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Astereae which includes the commonly cultivated New York aster (S. novi-belgii) and New England aster (S. novae-angliae). Its species are widespread in the Americas, including as far north as subarctic North America to as far south as Chile, Argentina, and the Falkland Islands. One species has a native range extending into eastern Eurasia.

Symphyotrichum genus
Collage image of nine Symphyotrichum species: S. carnerosanum (light purple rays with yellow centers), S. chilense (long bright purple rays with yellow centers), S. adnatum (short light purple rays with brownish-yellow centers), S. lateriflorum (very short white rays with yellow and bright pink centers), S. concolor (bright purple rays with pale yellow centers), S. ericoides (short white rays with yellow centers), S. defoliatum (medium-length bright light purple rays with bright yellow centers), S. ciliatum (no rays with bright yellow centers and many green bracts surrounding the flower heads), and S. novae-angliae (very bright and strong purple rays with yellow centers)
Some Symphyotrichum species left–right, top–bottom are shown: S. carnerosanum, S. chilense, S. adnatum, S. lateriflorum, S. concolor, S. ericoides, S. defoliatum, S. ciliatum, S. novae-angliae.
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Asterales
Family: Asteraceae
Subfamily: Asteroideae
Tribe: Astereae
Subtribe: Symphyotrichinae
Genus: Symphyotrichum
Nees

Most of the species in the genus are perennials. The flower heads have white, pink, purple, or blue ray florets surrounding white to yellow disk florets. The disk floret corollas become pink, purple, or brown after pollination. The three species in section Conyzopsis have reduced or absent ray florets.

Symphyotrichum is the type genus of subtribe Symphyotrichinae. There are 98 species in the genus, some with varieties, and thirteen named hybrids. The genus is split into five subgenera: Chapmaniana, Astropolium, Virgulus, Ascendentes, and Symphyotrichum. Most of the species had been classified within the genus Aster until it was confirmed to be polyphyletic. The American asters now are separated into monophyletic genera based on multiple phylogenetic studies.

Conventions

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NatureServe conservation categories
  • NatureServe conservation categories
    Conservation status
     GX Presumed Extinct (0 species)
     GH Possibly Extinct (0 species)
     G1 Critically Imperiled (3 species)
     G2 Imperiled (9 species)
     G3 Vulnerable (7 species)
     G4 Apparently Secure (21 species)
     G5 Secure (37 species)
    Other categories
     GNA Not Applicable (8 species)
     GNR Not Ranked (0 species)
     NL Not listed (25 species)

Conservation status codes follow the NatureServe conservation (NS) rounded global status scheme. Hybrids have a column for parents in place of conservation status. Not listed (NL) is not a NatureServe category but is used here to represent those left out of global status rankings up to G5 (including GNA and GNR) and those not in NatureServe. Type species for each clade are in a separate table.

Legend
Scientific name
and picture 		Author citation Basionym Year Common name(s) [and varieties] NS Habitat Distribution
Abbreviated scientific name, link to species article,[a] and picture, if available Author citation Basionym Year of the original species description Common name(s) and varieties, if applicable NatureServe rounded global conservation status Habitat Distribution map

Classification

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Classification of Symphyotrichum

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Classification within Symphyotrichum

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Most of the species had been classified within the genus Aster until it was confirmed to be polyphyletic – as previously defined, the genus Aster contained groups of species with different most recent ancestors. The American asters were then separated into several genera based on morphological characteristics and phylogenetic studies.[5][6]

Within Symphyotrichum, S. novae-angliae and S. turbinellum are monotypic within sections. S. novae-angliae is classified in the subgenus Virgulus. In 1994, it was placed in section Grandiflori, subsection Polyligulae.[7] In 2002, it was segregated within its own section Polyliguli.[8] The list follows the 2002 circumscription of section Polyliguli for the species. S. turbinellum is classified in the subgenus Symphyotrichum. It has been placed within its own section Turbinelli.[8] It was previously placed in section Symphyotrichum, subsection Turbinelli.[9] The list follows the more recent circumscription of section Turbinelli for the species.


Clades

  • Symphyotrichum subg. Chapmaniana (Semple) Semple[8]
  • Symphyotrichum subg. Astropolium (Nutt.) Semple[8]
  • Symphyotrichum subg. Virgulus (Raf.) G.L.Nesom[10]
    • sect. Ericoidei (Torr. & A.Gray) G.L.Nesom[11]
    • sect. Patentes (Torr. & A.Gray) G.L.Nesom[11]
      • subsect. Brachyphylli (Torr. & A.Gray) G.L.Nesom[11]
      • subsect. Patentes[11]
    • sect. Grandiflori (Torr. & A.Gray) G.L.Nesom[7]
      • subsect. Mexicanae G.L.Nesom[7]
      • subsect. Grandiflori (Torr. & A.Gray) G.L.Nesom[7]
    • sect. Polyliguli (Semple & Brouillet) Semple[8]
    • sect. Concolores (Torr. & A.Gray) G.L.Nesom[12]
  • Symphyotrichum subg. Ascendentes (Rydb.) Semple[8]
  • Symphyotrichum subg. Symphyotrichum[13]
    • sect. Conyzopsis (Torr. & A.Gray) G.L.Nesom[14]
    • sect. Occidentales (Rydb.) G.L.Nesom[14]
    • sect. Turbinelli (Rydb.) Semple[8]
    • sect. Symphyotrichum[15]
      • subsect. Dumosi (Torr. & A.Gray) G.L.Nesom[9]
      • subsect. Heterophylli (Nees) Semple[8]
      • subsect. Porteriani (Rydb.) G.L.Nesom[16]
      • subsect. Symphyotrichum
        • series Punicei (House) Semple[8]
        • series Symphyotrichum
Type species
Clade Type species Source
Genus Symphyotrichum S. novi-belgii [13]
Subgenus Chapmaniana S. chapmanii [8]
Subgenus Astropolium S. tenuifolium [8]
Subgenus Virgulus S. concolor [10]
Section Ericoidei S. ericoides [11]
Section Patentes S. patens [11]
Subsection Brachyphylli S. walteri [11]
Subsection Patentes S. patens [11]
Section Grandiflori S. grandiflorum [7]
Subsection Mexicanae S. moranense [7]
Subsection Grandiflori S. grandiflorum [7]
Section Polyliguli S. novae-angliae [8]
Section Concolores S. concolor [12]
Subgenus Ascendentes S. ascendens [8]
Subgenus Symphyotrichum S. novi-belgii [15]
Section Conyzopsis S. ciliatum [14]
Section Occidentales S. spathulatum [14]
Section Turbinelli S. turbinellum [8]
Section Symphyotrichum S. novi-belgii [15]
Subsection Dumosi S. dumosum [9]
Subsection Heterophylli S. cordifolium [8]
Series Concinni S. laeve [8]
Series Cordifolii S. cordifolium [8]
Subsection Porteriani S. porteri [16]
Subsection Symphyotrichum S. novi-belgii
Series Punicei S. puniceum [8]
Series Symphyotrichum S. novi-belgii
Species classifications


Species list

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Subgenus Chapmaniana

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Subgenus Chapmaniana (Semple) Semple[8] – one species
Scientific name
and picture 		Author citation
[17] 		Basionym
[18] 		Year
[18] 		Common name(s)
[19] 		NS
[20] 		Habitat
[19] 		Distribution
S. chapmanii
 
 (Torr. & A.Gray)
Semple & Brouillet 		Aster chapmanii 1841 Savanna aster  G2  Wetlands, bogs, acid swamps
0–30 m (0–100 ft)
 
[21]

Subgenus Astropolium

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Subgenus Astropolium (Nutt.) Semple[8] – twelve species
Scientific name
and picture 		Author citation
[17] 		Basionym
[18] 		Year
[18] 		Common name(s) and varieties NS
[20] 		Habitat Distribution
[17]
S. divaricatum
 
 (Nutt.)
G.L.Nesom 		Tripolium divaricatum 1840 Southern annual saltmarsh aster[22]  G5  Marshy habitats, roadsides, lawns, and waste places
0–1,500 m (0–4,921 ft)[19]
 
[23][22]
S. glabrifolium
 
 (DC.)
G.L.Nesom 		Erigeron glabrifolius 1836  NL  Wet meadows and stream edges
1,500–2,400 m (4,920–7,870 ft)[24]
 
[24]
S. graminifolium
 
 (Spreng.)
G.L.Nesom 		Conyza graminifolia 1826  NL  Humid places[25]
 
S. martii
 
 (Baker)
G.L.Nesom 		Aster martii 1882  NL  Cerrado savanna, grasslands[26]
 
[26]
S. parviflorum
 
 (Nees)
G.L.Nesom 		Aster parviflorus 1818 Southwestern annual saltmarsh aster[27]  NL  Marshy habitats and roadsides
0–1,100 m (0–3,609 ft)[28]
 
[29]
S. patagonicum
 (Cabrera)
G.L.Nesom 		Aster patagonicus 1971  NL  Mallines and lagoon edges
500–2,500 m (1,640–8,200 ft)[30]
 
[30]
S. peteroanum
 
 (Phil.)
G.L.Nesom 		Aster peteroanus 1894  NL  Humid montane ecosystems
1,000–2,200 m (3,280–7,220 ft)[31]
 
[31]
S. potosinum
 
 (A.Gray)
G.L.Nesom 		Aster potosinus 1880 Santa Rita Mountain aster[19]  G2  Muddy and wet soils on stream banks
1,500–1,900 m (4,920–6,230 ft)[19]
 
[20][32]
S. regnellii
 
 (Baker)
G.L.Nesom 		Aster regnellii 1882  NL  Swamps or damp savanna soils[33]
 
[33][17]
S. subulatum
 
 (Michx.)
G.L.Nesom 		Aster subulatus 1803
  • Annual saltmarsh aster
  • Eastern annual saltmarsh aster[19]

Three varieties[34]
  • S. s. var. subulatum
  • S. s. var. elongatum (Bahaman aster)
  • S. s. var. squamatum (southeastern annual saltmarsh aster)
 G5  Brackish marshes, salt marshes, roadsides
0–4,000 m (0–13,120 ft)[34]
 
S. tenuifolium
 
 (L.)
G.L.Nesom 		Aster tenuifolius 1753 Perennial saltmarsh aster[19]

Two varieties[35]
  • S. t. var. tenuifolium
  • S. t. var. aphyllum (Brace’s aster)
 G5  Coastal salt marshes, brackish marshes, low pine woods
0–10 m (0–30 ft)[35]
 
S. vahlii
 
 (Gaudich.)
G.L.Nesom 		Erigeron vahlii 1825
  • Margarita
  • Marsh daisy[36]

Two varieties[17]
  • S. v. var. vahlii
  • S. v. var. tenuifolium
 NL  Grassland, heathland, peaty soil, sandy soil
20–1,200 m (70–3,940 ft)[37]
 

Subgenus Virgulus

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Subgenus Virgulus (Raf.) G.L.Nesom[10]

Section Ericoidei

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Section Ericoidei (Torr. & A.Gray) G.L.Nesom[11] – two species
Scientific name
and picture 		Author citation
[17] 		Basionym
[18] 		Year
[18] 		Common name(s) and varieties
[19] 		NS
[20] 		Habitat Distribution
S. ericoides
 
 (L.)
G.L.Nesom 		Aster ericoides 1753 White heath aster

Two varieties[17]
  • S. e. var. ericoides
  • S. e. var. pansum
 G5  Open locations with sandy, gravelly, or disturbed soil
30–2,400 m (100–7,870 ft)[38]
 
[17][39]
S. falcatum
 
 (Lindl.)
G.L.Nesom 		Aster falcatus 1834
  • Western heath aster
  • White prairie aster

Two varieties[17]
  • S. f. var. falcatum
  • S. f. var. commutatum
 G5  Well-drained soils, stream banks and slopes, and others
200–2,500 m (660–8,200 ft)[38]
 
[17][40]

Section Patentes

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Section Patentes (Torr. & A.Gray) G.L.Nesom[11]

Subsection Brachyphylli
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Subsection Brachyphylli (Torr. & A.Gray) G.L.Nesom[11] – two species
Scientific name
and picture 		Author citation
[17] 		Basionym
[18] 		Year
[18] 		Common name(s)
[19] 		NS
[20] 		Habitat
[19] 		Distribution
[17]
S. adnatum
 
 (Nutt.)
G.L.Nesom 		Aster adnatus 1834 Scaleleaf aster  G4  Sandy soils, scrub, woods
0–100 m (0–330 ft)
 
S. walteri
 
 (Alexander)
G.L.Nesom 		Aster walteri 1933 Walter's aster  G4  Sandy and clay soils, woods edges, open areas
0–100 m (0–330 ft)
 
Subsection Patentes
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Subsection Patentes – three species
Scientific name
and picture 		Author citation
[17] 		Basionym
[18] 		Year
[18] 		Common name(s) and varieties
[19] 		NS
[20] 		Habitat
[19] 		Distribution
[17]
S. georgianum
 
 (Alexander)
G.L.Nesom 		Aster georgianus 1933 Georgia aster  G3  Sandy or clay soil, woodlands, mostly Piedmont
0–300 m (0–980 ft)
 
S. patens
 
 (Aiton)
G.L.Nesom 		Aster patens 1789
  • Late purple aster
  • Spreading aster

Three varieties[17]
  • S. p. var. patens
  • S. p. var. gracile
  • S. p. var. patentissimum
 G5  Dry woodlands, sandy or clay soils, fields
0–1,000 m (0–3,280 ft)[38]
 
[17][41]
S. phlogifolium
 
 (Muhl. ex Willd.)
G.L.Nesom 		Aster phlogifolius 1803 Thinleaf late purple aster  G5  Various soils, rich mesic hardwood forests
0–1,100 m (0–3,610 ft)
 

Section Grandiflori

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Section Grandiflori (Torr. & A.Gray) G.L.Nesom[7]

Subsection Mexicanae
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Subsection Mexicanae G.L.Nesom[7] – seven species
Scientific name
and picture 		Author citation
[17] 		Basionym
[18] 		Year
[18] 		Common name(s) NS
[20] 		Habitat Distribution
S. bimater
 
 (Standl. & Steyerm.)
G.L.Nesom 		Aster bimater 1944  NL  Pine-oak woods, ravines, slopes, grassy openings
1,000–2,150 m (3,280–7,050 ft)[42]
 
[42]
S. chihuahuense G.L.Nesom 2018  NL  Grassland, oak-pine woods
1,800–2,500 m (5,910–8,200 ft)[43]
 
[43]
S. hintonii
 
 (G.L.Nesom)
G.L.Nesom 		Aster hintonii 1989  NL  Oak and oak-pine woods
1,400–2,200 m (4,590–7,220 ft)[44]
 
[44]
S. moranense
 
 (Kunth)
G.L.Nesom 		Aster moranensis 1818  NL  Grassland, woodlands
1,000–2,750 m (3,280–9,020 ft)[45]
 
[45]
S. purpurascens (Sch.Bip.)
G.L.Nesom 		Aster purpurascens 1854  NL  Open woods
1,500–2,850 m (4,920–9,350 ft)[46]
 
[43]
S. trilineatum
 
 (Sch.Bip. ex Klatt)
G.L.Nesom 		Aster trilineatus 1884  NL  Mountains (sierra)[47]
975–2,840 m (3,200–9,320 ft)[48]
 
[48][17]
S. turneri
 
 (S.D.Sundb. & A.G.Jones)
G.L.Nesom 		Aster moranensis var. turneri 1986  NL  Woods, along waterways, and in wet pastures
2,050–2,750 m (6,730–9,020 ft)[44]
 
[44]
Subsection Grandiflori
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Subsection Grandiflori (Torr. & A.Gray) G.L.Nesom[7] – eight species
Scientific name
and picture 		Author citation
[17] 		Basionym
[18] 		Year
[18] 		Common name(s)
[19] 		NS
[20] 		Habitat
[19] 		Distribution
[17]
S. campestre
  		(Nutt.)
G.L.Nesom 		Aster campestris 1840 Western meadow aster  G5  Dry habitats, rocky and sandy soils near ponds and streams
1,500–2,500 m (4,920–8,200 ft)
 
S. estesii
  		Semple[49] 2019[49]
  • May Prairie aster
  • Estes's aster[50]
  G1  Hydroxeric soils in open, sunny, flat prairies
Approx. 330 m (1,070 ft)[b][51] 		May Prairie State
Natural Area
Coffee County,
Tennessee (US)[50]
 
S. fendleri
 
 (A.Gray)
G.L.Nesom 		Aster fendleri 1849 Fendler's aster  G4  Open, sandy, silty, shaly, often rocky soils and similar
600–2,000 m (1,970–6,560 ft)
 
S. fontinale
 
 (Alexander)
G.L.Nesom 		Aster fontinalis 1933 Florida water aster  G3  Marshes, sandhills, hammocks, flood plains, streams
0–50 m (0–160 ft)
 
[52][53][54]
S. grandiflorum
 
 (L.)
G.L.Nesom 		Aster grandiflorus 1753 Large-flowered aster  G4  Sandy soils and hills, thickets, roadsides
0–200 m (0–660 ft) and higher
 
S. oblongifolium
 
 (Nutt.)
G.L.Nesom 		Aster oblongifolius 1818
  • Aromatic aster
  • Oblong-leaved aster
  G5  Open and dry, rocky or sandy soils
100–1,500 m (330–4,920 ft)
 
[19]
S. pygmaeum
 
 (Lindl.)
Brouillet & Selliah 		Aster pygmaeus 1834 Pygmy aster  G4  Sandy or silty wet areas, gravelly tundra, tundra slopes
0–200 m (0–660 ft)
 
[55]
S. yukonense
 
 (Cronquist)
G.L.Nesom 		Aster yukonensis 1945 Yukon aster  G3  Mud flats, rocky or silty lakeshores
300–1,500 m (980–4,920 ft)
 
[56]

Section Polyliguli

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Section Polyliguli (Semple & Brouillet) Semple[8] – one species
Scientific name
and picture 		Author citation
[17] 		Basionym
[18] 		Year
[18] 		Common name(s)
[19] 		NS
[20] 		Habitat
[19] 		Distribution
[19]
S. novae-angliae
 
 (L.)
G.L.Nesom 		Aster novae-angliae 1753 New England aster  G5  Open, typically moist habitats
0–1,600 m (0–5,250 ft)
 

Section Concolores

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Section Concolores (Torr. & A.Gray) G.L.Nesom[12] – five species
Scientific name
and picture 		Author citation
[17] 		Basionym
[18] 		Year
[18] 		Common name(s) and varieties
[19] 		NS
[20] 		Habitat
[19] 		Distribution
[17]
S. concolor
 
 (L.)
G.L.Nesom 		Aster concolor 1753 Eastern silver aster

Two varieties[17]
  • S. c. var. concolor
  • S. c. var. devestitum
 G5  Scrub, flatwoods, fields, roadsides
0–600 m (0–1,970 ft)[38]
 
S. lucayanum
 
 (Britton)
G.L.Nesom 		Aster lucayanus 1906 Pineland aster[57]  NL  Pine woodlands and wetland edges[57]
0–12 m (0–40 ft)[c] 		Endemic to the island of Grand Bahama[57]
 
S. plumosum
 
 (Small)
Semple 		Aster plumosus 1924  G2  Deep, sandy soils, pine flatwoods, pine-scrub oak woods
0–40 m (0–130 ft)
 
[20]
S. pratense
 
 (Raf.)
G.L.Nesom 		Aster pratensis 1817 Barrens silky aster  G4  Prairies and fields, woodland and scrub, roadsides
0–500 m (0–1,640 ft)
 
S. sericeum
 
 (Vent.)
G.L.Nesom 		Aster sericeus 1800 Western silvery aster  G5  Many open habitats
100–500 m (330–1,640 ft)
 

Subgenus Virgulus named hybrids

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Subgenus Virgulus named hybrids – three
Scientific name
and picture 		Author citation
[17] 		Basionym
[18] 		Year
[18] 		Common name(s) Parents Habitat Distribution
[17]
S. × amethystinum
 
 (Nutt.)
G.L.Nesom 		Aster amethystinus 1840 Amethyst aster[58] S. ericoides ×
S. novae-angliae[59] 		Prairies or fields, disturbed ground, near parent plants
200–400 m (660–1,310 ft)[58]
 
S. × batesii (Rydb.)
G.L.Nesom 		Aster batesii 1931 S. ericoides ×
S. oblongifolium[60]
 
S. × columbianum (Piper)
G.L.Nesom 		Aster columbianus 1913 S. campestre ×
S. ericoides[61]
 

Subgenus Ascendentes

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This subgenus contains two allopolyploid species derived from the historic hybridization of plants from the subgenera Symphyotrichum and Virgulus.[62]

Subgenus Ascendentes (Rydb.) Semple[8] – two species
Scientific name
and picture 		Author citation
[17] 		Basionym
[18] 		Year
[18] 		Common name(s)
[19] 		NS
[20] 		Habitat Distribution
S. ascendens
 
 (Lindl.)
G.L.Nesom 		Aster ascendens 1834
  • Long-leaved aster
  • Intermountain aster
  • Western aster
  G5  Grasslands, sagebrush steppe, meadows
500–3,200 m (1,640–10,500 ft)[19]
 
[17]
S. defoliatum
 
 (Parish)
G.L.Nesom 		Aster defoliatus 1904 San Bernardino aster  G2  Seeps, marshes, swamps, meadows, montane forests, coastal scrubs[63]
0–2,050 m (0–6,730 ft)[64]
 
[64]

Subgenus Symphyotrichum

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Section Conyzopsis

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The three species in section Conyzopsis have reduced or absent ray florets.[65]

Section Conyzopsis (Torr. & A.Gray) G.L.Nesom[14] – three species
Scientific name
and picture 		Author citation
[17] 		Basionym
[18] 		Year
[18] 		Common name(s)
[19] 		NS
[20] 		Habitat
[19] 		Distribution
[19]
S. ciliatum
 
 (Ledeb.)
G.L.Nesom 		Erigeron ciliatus 1829
  • Rayless annual aster
  • Rayless alkali aster
  G5  Moist prairies, steppes, salty areas (natural or manmade)
0–2,000 m (0–6,560 ft)
 
[17]
S. frondosum
 
 (Nutt.)
G.L.Nesom 		Tripolium frondosum 1840 Short-rayed alkali aster  G4  Wet meadows, marshes, saline conditions
10–2,200 m (30–7,220 ft)
 
S. laurentianum
 
 (Fernald)
G.L.Nesom 		Aster laurentianus 1914 Gulf of St. Lawrence aster  G1  Brackish or salty marshes, shores, and dunes
Sea level (0 m (0 ft))
 

Section Occidentales

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Section Occidentales (Rydb.) G.L.Nesom[14] – eleven species
Scientific name
and picture 		Author citation
[17] 		Basionym
[18] 		Year
[18] 		Common name(s) and varieties
[19] 		NS
[20] 		Habitat
[19] 		Distribution
[17]
S. chilense
 
 (Nees)
G.L.Nesom 		Aster chilensis 1832
  • Pacific aster
  • Common California aster
  G5  Coastal salt marshes, dunes and banks, grasslands, coniferous forests
0–500 m (0–1,640 ft)
 
[19][66]
S. eatonii
 
 (A.Gray)
G.L.Nesom 		Aster foliaceus var. eatonii 1884 Eaton's aster  G5  Sunny wetlands
500–3,100 m (1,640–10,170 ft)
 
S. foliaceum
 
 (Lindl. ex DC.)
G.L.Nesom 		Aster foliaceus 1836
  • Alpine leafybract aster
  • Leafy aster
  • Leafy-bracted aster

Five varieties[17]
  • S. f. var. foliaceum
  • S. f. var. apricum
  • S. f. var. canbyi
  • S. f. var. cusickii (Cusick's aster)[d][67]
  • S. f. var. parryi
 G5  Meadows, open areas in woods, slopes, grasslands
1,000–3,600 m (3,280–11,810 ft)[38][67]
 
S. greatae
 
 (Parish)
G.L.Nesom 		Aster greatae 1902 Greata's aster[68]  G2  Damp places in canyons of the south slopes of the San Gabriel Mountains of California
300–2,000 m (980–6,560 ft)[68]
 
[68]
S. hallii
 
 (A.Gray)
G.L.Nesom 		Aster hallii 1872 Hall's aster  G4  Grasslands and meadows with summer dryness
0–500 m (0–1,640 ft)
 
[69][19]
S. hendersonii
 
 (Fernald)
G.L.Nesom 		Aster hendersonii 1895 Henderson's aster  G4  Meadows, forest openings, banks
1,000–1,500 m (3,280–4,920 ft) and higher
 
[19]
S. jessicae
 
 (Piper)
G.L.Nesom 		Aster jessicae 1898 Jessica's aster  G2  Dry grasslands, meadows, banks, woodland openings
500–1,200 m (1,640–3,940 ft)
 
[19][70]
S. lentum
 
 (Greene)
G.L.Nesom 		Aster lentus 1894 Suisun marsh aster  G2  Freshwater marshes and swamps[71]
0–300 m (0–980 ft)[72]
 
[71]
S. molle
 
 (Rydb.)
G.L.Nesom 		Aster mollis 1901 Soft aster  G3  Dry montane meadows
2,000–3,000 m (6,560–9,840 ft)
 
[73][19]
S. spathulatum
 
 (Lindl.)
G.L.Nesom 		Aster spathulatus 1834 Western mountain aster

Three varieties[74]
  • S. s. var. spathulatum
  • S. s. var. intermedium
  • S. s. var. yosemitanum (western bog aster)
 G5  Montane meadows, open woodlands
100–2,900 m (330–9,510 ft)[74]
 
S. subspicatum
 
 (Nees)
G.L.Nesom 		Aster subspicatus 1832 Douglas's aster  G5  Disturbed and weedy open areas, marshes, thickets
0–1,000 m (0–3,280 ft)
 

Section Turbinelli

edit
Section Turbinelli (Rydb.) Semple[8] – one species
Scientific name
and picture 		Author citation
[17] 		Basionym
[18] 		Year
[18] 		Common name(s)
[19] 		NS
[20] 		Habitat
[19] 		Distribution
[19]
S. turbinellum
 
 (Lindl.)
G.L.Nesom 		Aster turbinellus 1835 Prairie aster  G4  Generally dry, acidic soils
60–900 m (200–2,950 ft)
 

Section Symphyotrichum

edit
Subsection Dumosi
edit
Subsection Dumosi (Torr. & A.Gray) G.L.Nesom[9] – seventeen species
Scientific name
and picture 		Author citation
[17] 		Basionym
[18] 		Year
[18] 		Common name(s) and varieties
[19] 		NS
[20] 		Habitat
[19] 		Distribution
[17]
S. boreale
 
 (Torr. & A.Gray)
Á.Löve & D.Löve 		Aster laxifolius var. borealis 1841
  • Rush aster
  • Slender white aster
  • Northern bog aster
  G5  Calcareous areas, wetland areas
0–1,500 m (0–4,920 ft)
 
S. bullatum
 
 (Klatt)
G.L.Nesom 		Aster bullatus 1894  NL  Wet ledges[75]
37–1,750 m (120–5,740 ft)[76]
 
S. burgessii
 
 (Britton)
G.L.Nesom 		Aster burgessii 1914  NL  Rocky river banks[77]
 
[78][17]
S. carnerosanum
 
 (S.Watson)
G.L.Nesom 		Aster carnerosanus 1891  NL  495–2,850 m (1,620–9,350 ft)[79]
 
S. dumosum
 
 (L.)
G.L.Nesom 		Aster dumosus 1753 Bushy aster  G5  Wetlands, muddy or mucky areas, sand, woods
0–700 m (0–2,300 ft)
 
S. eulae
 
 (Shinners)
G.L.Nesom 		Aster eulae 1950 Eula's aster  G4  Part shade, soils with clay or silt, bottom areas or stream banks
0–100 m (0–330 ft)
 
Endemic to Texas
[80][81][e]
S. lanceolatum
 
 (Willd.)
G.L.Nesom 		Aster lanceolatus 1803
  • Lance-leaved aster
  • Panicled aster
  • White panicled aster

Five varieties[83]
  • S. l. var. lanceolatum
  • S. l. var. hesperium
  • S. l. var. hirsuticaule
  • S. l. var. interior
  • S. l. var. latifolium
 G5  Stream banks, thickets, borders, ditches, meadows, mucky soils (depending on variety)
10–2,700 m (30–8,860 ft)[83]
 
[17][84]
S. lateriflorum
 
 (L.)
Á.Löve & D.Löve 		Solidago lateriflora 1753
  • Calico aster
  • White woodland aster
  • Side-flowering aster
  G5  Mostly shade, dry to humid soils, woodland edges
0–400 m (0–1,310 ft)
 
S. leone
 
 (Britton)
G.L.Nesom 		Aster leonis 1920  NL  Marshes[85]
 
S. nahanniense
 
 (Cody)
Semple 		Aster nahanniensis 1974 Nahanni aster  G3  Stream banks near hot mineral springs
About 1,000 m (3,280 ft) 		Nahanni National
Park Reserve
Northwest Territories
(Canada)[86][19]
 
S. ontarionis
 
 (Wiegand)
G.L.Nesom 		Aster ontarionis 1928
  • Ontario aster
  • Bottomland aster

Two varieties[17]
  • S. o. var. ontarionis
  • S. o. var. glabratum
 G5  Moist soils or shores, other wetlands, field edges
10–300 m (30–980 ft)[38]
 
S. praealtum
 
 (Poir.)
G.L.Nesom 		Aster praealtus 1811
  • Willowleaf aster
  • Willow aster
  G5  Usually moist and wet areas
0–400 m (0–1,310 ft)
 
[19]
S. racemosum
 
 (Elliott)
G.L.Nesom 		Aster racemosus 1823
  • Small white aster
  • Smooth white oldfield aster
  G4  Moist to wet, often brackish, soils
0–200 m (0–660 ft)
 
[19]
S. schaffneri
 
 (S.D.Sundb. & A.G.Jones)
G.L.Nesom 		Aster schaffneri 1986  NL  Disturbed oak forests, secondary vegetation areas, mountain mesophilic forests, rich black or brown soils[87]
120–2,500 m (390–8,200 ft)[88]
 
[89]
S. simmondsii
 
 (Small)
G.L.Nesom 		Aster simmondsii 1913 Simmonds' aster  G4  Moist to dry soils
0–50 m (0–160 ft)
 
[90]
S. tradescantii
 
 (L.)
G.L.Nesom 		Aster tradescantii 1753
  • Tradescant's aster
  • Shore aster
  G4  Shores, streams, freshwater estuaries
0–200 m (0–660 ft)
 
S. welshii
 
 (Cronquist)
G.L.Nesom 		Aster welshii 1994 Welsh's aster  G2  Wet soils in dry areas
1,300–2,300 m (4,270–7,550 ft)
 
Subsection Heterophylli
edit

Subsection Heterophylli (Nees) Semple[8]

Series Concinni
edit
Series Concinni (Nees) Semple[8] – two species
Scientific name
and picture 		Author citation
[17] 		Basionym
[18] 		Year
[18] 		Common name(s) and varieties
[19] 		NS
[20] 		Habitat
[19] 		Distribution
S. laeve
 
 (L.)
Á.Löve & D.Löve 		Aster laevis 1753 Smooth aster

Four varieties[91]
  • S. l. var. laeve
  • S. l. var. concinnum
  • S. l. var. geyeri (Geyer’s aster)
  • S. l. var. purpuratum
 G5  Open and dry habitats
0–2,400 m (0–7,870 ft)
 
[17][92][93]
S. oolentangiense
 
 (Riddell)
G.L.Nesom 		Aster oolentangiensis 1835
  • Azure aster
  • Skyblue aster
  G5  Dry or dry to wet habitats
50–500 m (160–1,640 ft)
 
[17][19]
Series Cordifolii
edit
Series Cordifolii (G.Don in Loudon) Semple[8] – seven species
Scientific name
and picture 		Author citation
[17] 		Basionym
[18] 		Year
[18] 		Common name(s) and varieties
[19] 		NS
[20] 		Habitat
[19] 		Distribution
[17]
S. anomalum
 
 (Engelm.)
G.L.Nesom 		Aster anomalus 1843 Manyray aster  G4  Dry soils over limestone, acid soils
50–500 m (160–1,640 ft)
 
[19]
S. ciliolatum
 
 (Lindl.)
Á.Löve & D.Löve 		Aster ciliolatus 1836
  • Lindley's aster
  • Fringed blue aster
  G5  Rich, open deciduous forests, trails, stream banks
0–2,000 m (0–6,560 ft)
 
S. cordifolium
 
 (L.)
G.L.Nesom 		Aster cordifolius 1753
  • Heartleaf aster
  • Common blue wood aster
  G5  Mostly rich, moist soils and woods
0–1,200 m (0–3,940 ft)
 
S. drummondii
 
 (Lindl.)
G.L.Nesom 		Aster drummondii 1835 Drummond's aster

Two varieties[94]
  • S. d. var. drummondii
  • S. d. var. texanum (Texas aster)
 G5  Old fields, woodlands, savannas depending on variety[95]
0–500 m (0–1,640 ft)[94]
 
[17][38]
S. shortii
 
 (Lindl.)
G.L.Nesom 		Aster shortii 1834 Short's aster  G5  Thin rocky soils of woodlands and thickets often around limestone bluffs
100–500 m (330–1,640 ft)
 
S. undulatum
 
 (L.)
G.L.Nesom 		Aster undulatus 1753 Wavyleaf aster  G5  Dry or well-drained loamy or rocky soils
200–1,500 m (660–4,920 ft)
 
S. urophyllum
 
 (Lindl.)
G.L.Nesom 		Aster urophyllus 1836
  • White arrowleaf aster
  • Arrowleaf aster
  G4  Open, dry to mesic habitats
40–300 m (130–980 ft) and higher
 
Subsection Porteriani
edit
Subsection Porteriani (Rydb.) G.L.Nesom[16] – five species
Scientific name
and picture 		Author citation
[17] 		Basionym
[18] 		Year
[18] 		Common name(s) and varieties
[19] 		NS
[20] 		Habitat
[19] 		Distribution
[17]
S. depauperatum
 
 (Fernald)
G.L.Nesom 		Aster depauperatus 1908
  • Serpentine aster
  • Starved aster
  G2  Serpentine or diabasic soils
400–1,000 m (1,310–3,280 ft)
 
[96][20][17]
S. kentuckiense
 
 (Britton)
Medley[97] 		Aster kentuckiensis 1901
 G4 
[100] 		Limestone cedar glades and limestone roadsides[101]
 
[102][101]
S. parviceps
 
 (E.S.Burgess)
G.L.Nesom 		Aster ericoides var. parviceps 1898
  • Smallhead aster
  • Small white aster
  G4  Dry, sandy, or loamy soils; barrens, fields, roadsides, old cemeteries
200–400 m (660–1,310 ft)
 
S. pilosum
 
 (Willd.)
G.L.Nesom 		Aster pilosus 1803
  • Hairy aster
  • Frost aster
  • Hairy white oldfield aster

Two varieties[103]
  • S. p. var. pilosum
  • S. p. var. pringlei (Pringle's aster)
 G5  Various and many, depending on variety
0–1,100 m (0–3,610 ft)
 
[103]
S. porteri
 
 (A.Gray)
G.L.Nesom 		Aster porteri 1881
  • Porter's aster
  • Smooth white aster
  G3  Rocky Mountain foothills
1,800–2,900 m (5,910–9,510 ft)
 
[104][19]
Subsection Symphyotrichum
edit
Series Punicei
edit
Series Punicei (House) Semple[8] – five species
Scientific name
and picture 		Author citation
[17] 		Basionym
[18] 		Year
[18] 		Common name(s) and varieties
[19] 		NS
[20] 		Habitat
[19] 		Distribution
[17]
S. elliottii
 
 (Torr. & A.Gray)
G.L.Nesom 		Aster elliottii 1841 Elliott's aster  G4  Swamps, bogs, marshes, brackish marshes
0–50 m (0–160 ft)
 
[19]
S. firmum
 
 (Nees)
G.L.Nesom 		Aster firmus 1818 Glossy-leaved aster  G5  Wet soils, fens, marshes
100–400 m (330–1,310 ft)
 
S. prenanthoides
 
 (Muhl. ex Willd.)
G.L.Nesom 		Aster prenanthoides 1803 Crookedstem aster  G4  Mostly wetlands such as swamps and seeps
100–1,500 m (330–4,920 ft)
 
S. puniceum
 
 (L.)
Á.Löve & D.Löve 		Aster puniceus 1753
  • Purplestem aster
  • Red-stemmed aster
  • Swamp aster

Two varieties[105]
  • S. p. var. puniceum
  • S. p. var. scabricaule (roughstem aster)
 G5  Wetlands
0–2,000 m (0–6,560 ft)[105]
 
S. rhiannon
 
 Weakley & Govus 2004
  • Rhiannon's aster
  • Buck Creek aster[20]
  G1  Serpentine barrens
900–1,300 m (2,950–4,270 ft) 		Buck Creek
Serpentine Barrens,[106]
Clay County,
North Carolina (US)[107]
 
Series Symphyotrichum
edit
Series Symphyotrichum – four species
Scientific name
and picture 		Author citation
[17] 		Basionym
[18] 		Year
[18] 		Common name(s) and varieties
[19] 		NS
[20] 		Habitat
[19] 		Distribution
[17]
S. anticostense
 
 (Fernald)
G.L.Nesom 		Aster anticostensis 1915 Anticosti aster  G3  Calcareous river shores, limestone lake shores
0–100 m (0–330 ft)
 
[19]
S. novi-belgii
 
 (L.)
G.L.Nesom 		Aster novi-belgii 1753 New York aster

Four varieties[17]
  • S. n. var. novi-belgii
  • S. n. var. crenifolium
  • S. n. var. elodes
  • S. n. var. villicaule
 G5  Mostly sea or stream shores, thickets, dunes, barrens (depending on variety)
0–800 m (0–2,620 ft)[38]
 
S. retroflexum
 
 (Lindl.)
G.L.Nesom 		Aster retroflexus 1836 Rigid whitetop aster  G4  Moist or dry wooded areas, moist meadows
400–1,500 m (1,310–4,920 ft)
 
[108][109]
S. robynsianum
 
 (J.Rousseau) Brouillet & Labrecque Aster robynsianus 1957 Robyn's aster  G5  Moist, open, sandy, gravelly, or rocky habitats
10–400 m (30–1,310 ft)
 

Subgenus Symphyotrichum named hybrids

edit
Subgenus Symphyotrichum named hybrids – ten
Scientific name
and picture 		Author citation
[17] 		Basionym
[18] 		Year
[18] 		Common name(s) Parents Habitat Distribution
[17]
S. × finkii (Rydb.)
G.L.Nesom 		Aster finkii 1931 S. cordifolium × S. shortii[110] Wooded bluffs and fencerows[111]
 
[f][110]
S. × gravesii
 
 (E.S.Burgess)
G.L.Nesom 		Aster gravesii 1901 Graves' aster[113] S. dumosum × S. laeve[114] Dry woods[113]
 
S. × longulum
 
 (E.Sheld.)
G.L.Nesom 		Aster longulus 1894 S. boreale × S. puniceum[115] Swampy and marshy areas[116]
 
S. × priceae
 
 (Britton)
G.L.Nesom 		Aster priceae 1901 S. kentuckiense × S. pilosum[117] Kentucky[117]
S. × salignum
 
 (Willd.)
G.L.Nesom 		Aster salignus 1803 S. lanceolatum var. lanceolatum × S. novi-belgii var. novi-belgii[118]
 
[g]
S. × schistosum
 
 (E.S.Steele)
G.L.Nesom 		Aster schistosus 1911 S. cordifolium × S. laeve[119] Shale gravel, dry hills[120]
 
S. × subgeminatum
 
 (Fernald)
G.L.Nesom 		Aster foliaceus var. subgeminatus 1915 S. ciliolatum × S. novi-belgii var. novi-belgii[121]
  • "Damp bushy ravine in the limestone tableland"
  • 200–300 m (660–980 ft)[122]
 
S. × tardiflorum
 
 (L.)
Greuter, M.V.Agab. & Wagenitz 		Aster tardiflorus 1763 S. cordifolium × S. puniceum[123] Along streams[124]
 
S. × versicolor
 
 (Willd.)
G.L.Nesom 		Aster versicolor 1803 Late Michaelmas daisy[125] S. laeve var. laeve × S. novi-belgii var. novi-belgii[126]
 
S. × woldenii
 
 (Rydb.)
G.L.Nesom 		Aster woldenii 1931 S. laeve × S. praealtum[127]
 

Notes

edit
  1. ^ Hybrids do not have their own articles.
  2. ^ Elevation in the May Prairie State Natural Area
  3. ^ Elevation on the island of Grand Bahama
  4. ^ In FNA as Symphyotrichum cusickii[67]
  5. ^ This is a county map of east central Texas showing the range of S. eulae as described by Lloyd Herbert Shinners. Darker green shaded counties were in Shinners' 1950 protologue of Aster eulae. Lighter green shaded counties are within the area covered by Shinners' description. Darker green counties are, alphabetically, as follows: Bexar, Calhoun, Cooke, Dallas, Denton, Hill, Hunt, Kaufman, Navarro, Rockwall, Tarrant, Wise, and Wood.[80] The following counties are shaded lighter green because they are within Shinners' range but are not specifically named by him: Anderson, Austin, Bastrop, Bell, Bosque, Brazos, Burleson, Caldwell, Collin, Colorado, Comal, Coryell, DeWitt, Ellis, Falls, Fayette, Freestone, Goliad, Gonzales, Guadalupe, Hays, Henderson, Hood, Jack, Johnson, Karnes, Lavaca, Lee, Leon, Limestone, Madison, McLennan, Milam, Parker, Rains, Robertson, Smith, Somervell, Travis, Van Zandt, Victoria, Waller, and Washington. Williamson, and Wilson.[82] Only McLennan County is green on the S. eulae page in the USDA PLANTS database.[81]
  6. ^ The locations are from the USDA PLANTS Database with added county information from two sources. Iowa[17][110] — Fayette;[112] West Virginia — no county information;[110] Wisconsin — Eau Claire, Grant,[111] and Waupaca.[110]
  7. ^ There is also an extensive presence of Symphyotrichum × salignum in Europe and western Asia in the following countries: Assam, Austria, Baltic States, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Kazakhstan, Krym, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tadzhikistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, and Yugoslavia.[17]

Citations

edit
  1. ^ a b Morgan & Holland (2012a).
  2. ^ a b Nesom (2018a), p. 1.
  3. ^ Brouillet et al. (2009), p. 610.
  4. ^ Nesom (1994a), p. 212.
  5. ^ Löve (1982), pp. 358–359.
  6. ^ Nesom (1994b).
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Nesom (1994b), p. 273.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac Semple, Heard & Brouillet (2002a), p. 133.
  9. ^ a b c d Nesom (1994b), p. 269.
  10. ^ a b c Nesom (1994b), p. 272.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Nesom (1994b), p. 274.
  12. ^ a b c Nesom (1994b), p. 275.
  13. ^ a b Nesom (1994b), p. 267.
  14. ^ a b c d e f Nesom (1994b), p. 271.
  15. ^ a b c Nesom (1994b), p. 268.
  16. ^ a b c Nesom (1994b), p. 270.
  17. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be POWO (2021), search for species name.
  18. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap IPNI (2021), search for species name.
  19. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc Brouillet et al. (2006), search for species name.
  20. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w NatureServe (2022), search for species name.
  21. ^ USDA (2014c).
  22. ^ a b USDA (2014q).
  23. ^ Hassler (2021), Symphyotrichum subulatum var. ligulatum.
  24. ^ a b Sancho & Ariza Espinar (2003), p. 10 as Aster glabrifolius.
  25. ^ Sancho & Ariza Espinar (2003), pp. 9–10 as Aster cabrerae.
  26. ^ a b Heiden (2020).
  27. ^ USDA (2014q), Symphyotrichum expansum.
  28. ^ Brouillet et al. (2006), search for Symphyotrichum subulatum var. parviflorum.
  29. ^ Hassler (2021), Symphyotrichum parviflorum.
  30. ^ a b Sancho & Ariza Espinar (2003), pp. 10–11 as Aster patagonicus.
  31. ^ a b Sancho & Ariza Espinar (2003), p. 11 as Aster peteroanus.
  32. ^ Hassler (2021), Symphyotrichum potosinum.
  33. ^ a b Sancho & Ariza Espinar (2003), p. 11 as Aster regnellii.
  34. ^ a b Brouillet et al. (2006), Symphyotrichum subulatum varieties except ligulatum and parviflorum.
  35. ^ a b Brouillet et al. (2006), Symphyotrichum tenuifolium varieties.
  36. ^ Hind & Strange (2019), p. 390.
  37. ^ Hind & Strange (2019), pp. 387–390.
  38. ^ a b c d e f g h Brouillet et al. (2006), search for species name and varieties.
  39. ^ Brouillet et al. (2006), Symphyotrichum ericoides var. ericoides.
  40. ^ Brouillet et al. (2006), Symphyotrichum falcatum var. commutatum.
  41. ^ USDA (2014a).
  42. ^ a b Nesom (2018b), p. 6.
  43. ^ a b c Nesom (2018b), p. 5.
  44. ^ a b c d Nesom (2018b), p. 3.
  45. ^ a b Nesom (2018b), p. 2.
  46. ^ Nesom (2018b), pp. 4–5.
  47. ^ Nesom (1989).
  48. ^ a b GBIF.org (2021b).
  49. ^ a b Semple (2019a), p. 1.
  50. ^ a b Semple (2019b).
  51. ^ Semple (2019a), pp. 1, 7, 9.
  52. ^ GBIF.org (2021c).
  53. ^ SERNEC (2021).
  54. ^ Semple (2019c).
  55. ^ Semple (2014a).
  56. ^ Semple (2014b).
  57. ^ a b c Leon Levy Native Plant Preserve (n.d.).
  58. ^ a b Brouillet et al. (2006), Symphyotrichum × amethystinum.
  59. ^ USDA (2014b).
  60. ^ USDA (2014h).
  61. ^ USDA (2014n).
  62. ^ Semple (n.d.).
  63. ^ CNPS (2021a).
  64. ^ a b Allen (2012), Symphyotrichum defoliatum.
  65. ^ Brouillet et al. (2006).
  66. ^ Allen (2012), Symphyotrichum chilense.
  67. ^ a b c Brouillet et al. (2006), Symphyotrichum cusickii.
  68. ^ a b c Allen (2012), Symphyotrichum greatae.
  69. ^ USDA (2014d).
  70. ^ USDA (2014o).
  71. ^ a b CNPS (2021b).
  72. ^ Allen (2012), Symphyotrichum lentum.
  73. ^ Montana Natural Heritage Program (n.d.).
  74. ^ a b Brouillet et al. (2006), Symphyotrichum spathulatum varieties.
  75. ^ Fernald (1900), as Aster jalapensis.
  76. ^ GBIF.org (2021a).
  77. ^ Britton (1914), pp. 14–15.
  78. ^ GBIF.org (2021e).
  79. ^ GBIF.org (2021d).
  80. ^ a b Shinners (1950), p. 36,37,38.
  81. ^ a b USDA (2014r).
  82. ^ Shinners (1950), p. 36: "Common in north central Texas, from Hopkins and Wood west to Cooke and Wise counties; extending south to Bexar and Calhoun counties".
  83. ^ a b Brouillet et al. (2006), Symphyotrichum lanceolatum varieties.
  84. ^ Brouillet et al. (2006), Symphyotrichum lanceolatum var. hesperium.
  85. ^ Britton (1920), p. 114.
  86. ^ Parks Canada (2021).
  87. ^ TORCH (2022).
  88. ^ GBIF.org (2022a).
  89. ^ POWO (2024), search for species name.
  90. ^ Semple (2021a).
  91. ^ Brouillet et al. (2006), Symphyotrichum laeve varieties.
  92. ^ Brouillet et al. (2006), Symphyotrichum laeve var. geyeri.
  93. ^ Brouillet et al. (2020).
  94. ^ a b Brouillet et al. (2006), Symphyotrichum drummondii varieties.
  95. ^ Wilhelm & Rericha (2017), p. 1098.
  96. ^ Gustafson & Latham (2005), p. 1447.
  97. ^ POWO (2022a).
  98. ^ Medley (2021).
  99. ^ Britton (1901).
  100. ^ NatureServe (2022a).
  101. ^ a b Semple (2021c).
  102. ^ Gianopulos (2014).
  103. ^ a b Brouillet et al. (2006), Symphyotrichum pilosum varieties.
  104. ^ USDA (2014e).
  105. ^ a b Brouillet et al. (2006), Symphyotrichum puniceum varieties.
  106. ^ Kauffman et al. (2004).
  107. ^ USDA (2014f).
  108. ^ USDA (2014p).
  109. ^ Semple (2021b).
  110. ^ a b c d e USDA (2014g).
  111. ^ a b Shinners (1941), p. 407.
  112. ^ Rydberg (1931), p. 102.
  113. ^ a b Britton (1901), pp. 961–962.
  114. ^ USDA (2014i).
  115. ^ USDA (2014j).
  116. ^ Sheldon (1894).
  117. ^ a b POWO (2022b).
  118. ^ Verloove (2014a).
  119. ^ USDA (2014k).
  120. ^ Steele (1911), p. 373.
  121. ^ Brouillet et al. (2006), Symphyotrichum ciliolatum.
  122. ^ Fernald (1915), p. 16.
  123. ^ USDA (2014l).
  124. ^ Gray (1884), p. 194.
  125. ^ GRIN (n.d.).
  126. ^ Verloove (2014b).
  127. ^ USDA (2014m).

References

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