Töretam (Kazakh: Төретам, romanized: Töretam; Russian: Тюратам, romanized: Tyuratam) is a station on the main Moscow to Tashkent railway, located in Kazakhstan. The name means "Töre's grave" in the Kazakh language. Töre, or more formally, Töre-Baba, was a nobleman and descendant of Genghis Khan. Töretam is near the Baikonur Cosmodrome, a Russian – formerly Soviet – spaceport, and near the city of Baikonur (formerly Leninsk, Baiqongyr in Kazakh), which was constructed to service the cosmodrome.
History
editIn the mid-1950s, the Soviet Union announced that space activities were being conducted from the Baikonur Cosmodrome, which was assumed to be near the mining village of Baikonur, in the Kazakh SSR, before there was a city of the same name. In reality, the launch facilities were located 400 kilometres (250 mi) to the southwest at Töretam near the city of Leninsk.[1] At a press conference for the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project, Jules Bergman of ABC News said to astronaut Thomas P. Stafford,
Baikonur, if you'll look on the coordinates, is 135 miles [217 km] away or something. Tyuratam may only be a railhead, but it is the Tyuratam Launch Complex. They call it Baikonur, I know. . . . I'm going to call it Tyuratam. ABC is going to call it Tyuratam. SAC calls it Tyuratam. Can we once and for all straighten that out and arrive at a . . . name for it, Tom?[2]
Deke Slayton said if they wanted to use the name the Soviets commonly used, they would have to say Baikonur.[2] Although it is likely the Soviets originally called it Baikonur to hide its location, the Baikonur Cosmodrome quickly surpassed the original village of Baikonur's fame and importance. In 1995, the city that was founded to the south of Töretam to support the cosmodrome, named Leninsk by the Soviets, was officially renamed to Baikonur (Baiqongyr in Kazakh), after the cosmodrome.
The CIA tried to locate this launch site by systematically tracking over the major rail networks of the Soviet Union in Central Asia with U-2 spy planes. The site was discovered and photographed in 1957. Francis Gary Powers was scheduled to fly over it on his ill-fated mission in 1960. A Russian source has speculated incorrectly that he may have avoided Töretam after detecting the guidance radar of the defending SA-2 missile (SAM) battery. [3] At that time U-2 pilots had no real-time SAM radar warning. In fact, Powers was off track due to navigational inaccuracy caused by a delayed take-off, which rendered his pre-computed astronavigation fixes inaccurate, and cloud cover, which hampered visual track correction.[4] It also prevented him from photographing the site. He was later shot down over Sverdlovsk.
References
edit- ^ Pike, John. "Baikonur Cosmodrome 45.9 N 63.3 E, Tyuratam– Overview, Supporting Facilities and Launch Vehicles of the Soviet Space Program, The 1971–1975 study". GlobalSecurity.org. mypressplus.com. Retrieved 30 April 2016.
- ^ a b "The Partnership: A History of the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project". NASA.
- ^ Zak, Anatoly. "Secrecy around Baikonur". Russian Space Web. Anatoly Zak. Retrieved 30 April 2016.
- ^ Powers, Francis; Gentry, Curt (1970). Operation Overflight: The U-2 spy pilot tells his story for the first time. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. pp. 78–80. SBN 03-083045-1.
Further reading
editMike Gruntman (2019), "From Tyuratam Missile Range to Baikonur Cosmodrome", Acta Astronautica, 155, Elsevier Ltd: 350–366, Bibcode:2019AcAau.155..350G, doi:10.1016/j.actaastro.2018.12.021