Transmembrane protein 247 (also known as TMEM247 or transmembrane protein ENSP00000343375) is a multi-pass transmembrane protein of unknown function found in Homo sapiens encoded by the TMEM247 gene. Notable in the protein are two transmembrane regions near the c-terminus of the translated polypeptide. Transmembrane protein 247 has been found to be expressed almost entirely in the testes.[5]
| TMEM247 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Aliases | TMEM247, transmembrane protein 247 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| External IDs | MGI: 1925719; HomoloGene: 54379; GeneCards: TMEM247; OMA:TMEM247 - orthologs | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Gene attributes
editGeneral information
editThe TMEM247 gene is located on chromosome 2 at c2p21, nucleotide: 46,479,565-46,484,425. It has three exons and two introns. TMEM247 is 4,861 nucleotides (nt) long pre-mRNA processing, reduced to 661 nt after mRNA processing and its protein product is 219 amino acids (aa) long.[6] The gene does not include a stop codon as most genes do, but instead has a stop codon created by the process of polyadenylation during mRNA processing. Due to this, TMEM247 has no 3' UTR (untranslated region). TMEM247 codes only for one variant.
Promoter region
editThe promoter region of TMEM247 has a huge variety of predicted binding sites in the promoter region associated with the gene. Twenty potential interactions of interest have been collected below, though many more exist. Anchor base positions are based on distance from the start of the gene's promoter region, which itself is 1302 base pairs long.
There are a number of notable predicted binding sites on the TMEM247 promoter, as well as a notable omission. The promoter lacks a traditional TATA box, the typical binding site for proteins that recruit RNA Polymerase and begin the process of transcription. Instead, TMEM247 contains several predicted binding sites which are core promoter elements for TATA-less promoters.
TMEM247 has a promoter region that also contains a significant number of predicted development-related binding sites, such as pluripotent stem cell related factors (Oct4, Sox2, Nanog), sex-determining HMG box factors, and various homeobox/homeodomain binding sites.[7]
| Matrix | Detailed matrix information | Anchor base | Strand | Matrix similarity | Sequence |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| V$TBX5.01 | Brachyury gene, mesoderm developmental factor | 1040 | (+) | 1 | ctacctcaaaGGTGtcacaccctccacca |
| V$EOMES.03 | Brachyury gene, mesoderm developmental factor | 1042 | (-) | 0.987 | tttggtggagggTGTGacacctttgaggt |
| V$PDEF.01 | Human and murine ETS1 factors (Prostate-derived Ets Factor) | 998 | (-) | 0.974 | gaactgcaGGATgggcctttg |
| V$RFX3.01 | X-box binding factors | 1064 | (+) | 0.974 | aaggggccctagCAACttg |
| V$SPZ1.01 | Testis-specific bHLH-Zip transcription factors (Spermatogenic Zip 1 transcription factor) | 1046 | (-) | 0.966 | tGGAGggtgtg |
| V$TBX20.02 | Brachyury gene, mesoderm developmental factor | 1149 | (-) | 0.939 | catcatttgaggtgctGACAtttggcctc |
| V$HSF1.05 | Heat shock factors | 1198 | (-) | 0.938 | ctgctgccatCCAGaaaaccagaac |
| V$MYOD.01 | Myogenic regulatory factor MyoD (myf3) | 1178 | (-) | 0.919 | cgctGCCAggtggggtc |
| V$MTBF.01 | Human muscle-specific Mt binding site | 1128 | (+) | 0.906 | tggaATCTg |
| V$RFX3.02 | Regulatory factor X, 3 (secondary DNA binding preference) | 1278 | (+) | 0.889 | gatggtgcctgGTGActcc |
| V$OCT3_4.02 | Motif composed of binding sites for pluripotency or stem cell factors | 892 | (+) | 0.882 | acaatctTCATttaaaaaa |
| V$HSF1.01 | Heat shock factors | 1190 | (-) | 0.845 | atccagaaaaccAGAAcgctgccag |
| V$EN1.01 | Homeobox transcription factors | 897 | (-) | 0.832 | gttcctttTTTAaatgaag |
| O$XCPE1.01 | Activator-, mediator- and TBP-dependent core promoter element for RNA polymerase II transcription from TATA-less promoters | 1243 | (+) | 0.831 | gtGCGGgagaa |
| V$DICE.01 | Downstream Immunoglobulin Control Element, critical for B cell activity and specificity | 1091 | (-) | 0.827 | tgtcGTCAtcatagc |
| V$ISL1.01 | Lim homeodomain factors | 1012 | (+) | 0.827 | tgcagttctTAATgttagcatgt |
| V$RFX4.03 | X-box binding factors | 1064 | (-) | 0.814 | caaGTTGctagggcccctt |
| V$EN1.01 | Homeobox transcription factors | 922 | (+) | 0.788 | aaatggatTTCAaatggtg |
| V$SOX9.03 | SOX/SRY-sex/testis determining and related HMG box factors | 1061 | (+) | 0.786 | caCCAAaggggccctagcaactt |
| V$OSNT.01 | Composed binding site for Oct4, Sox2, Nanog, Tcf3 (Tcf7l1) and Sall4b in pluripotent cells | 1151 | (+) | 0.784 | aatgtcaGCACctcaaatg |
| V$PROX1.01 | Prospero-related homeobox | 1163 | (+) | 0.783 | aatGATGtcttgt |
| V$SOX9.03 | SOX/SRY-sex/testis determining and related HMG box factors | 975 | (+) | 0.781 | ttTCAAagccatccttatgggca |
| V$HSF2.03 | Heat shock factors | 1075 | (+) | 0.777 | ctagcaacttgtAGAAtgtaggcta |
| V$HSF5.01 | Heat shock factors | 1074 | (-) | 0.764 | agcctacatTCTAcaagttgctagg |
Protein attributes
editThe TMEM247 gene codes for a single protein, transmembrane protein 247 (also referred to as TMEM247). TMEM247 has two transmembrane domains at the c-terminus of the protein as part of its multi-pass transmembrane protein structure. They are identical in length at 21 amino acids each, and are separated by a span of six amino acids.[6] TMEM247 has a predicted molecular weight of 25 kilodaltons, and a predicted isoelectric point of 5.[8]
In composition, TMEM247 has a significantly higher amount of methionine when compared to the set of all human proteins. It also has slightly elevated levels of glutamic acid in the same analysis. The charge distribution of amino acids comprising TMEM247 is relatively uniform. Two predicted hydrophobic segments exist in the protein which match with the known two transmembrane regions.
Protein domains
editTransmembrane protein 247 has two transmembrane domains. The three regions of the protein that remain are predicted to be outside of the membrane it resides in on the N- and C-terminus of the protein, while the segment between the protein's two transmembrane regions is predicted to reside inside of the membrane.[9][10]
Analysis of TMEM247 predicts that it localizes in the cell at the endoplasmic reticulum. In this case, inner predicted domains would be inside the ER and outer predicted domains would reside in the cytoplasm.
Predicted post-translational modifications
editTransmembrane protein 247 has a variety of predicted post-translational modifications that may affect protein function. Predicted modifications include O-beta-GlcNAc attachment, Glycation, and O-glycosylation.[11][12][13]
Predicted kinase interactions
editProtein kinases may modify transmembrane protein 247, and a variety of sites along the translated protein have been predicted to be kinase binding sites. These are represented by red squares surrounding the potential bound amino acids in the conceptual translation and listed in the table below. Predicted kinase interactions are listed in the order of the score of their prediction (higher, lower).[14]
| Amino acid position | Kinases |
|---|---|
| 17 | CKI |
| 20 | PKC |
| 29 | unspecified |
| 31 | unspecified |
| 43 | unspecified, DNAPK, ATM |
| 48 | unspecified |
| 49 | CKII, unspecified, DNAPK |
| 50 | unspecified |
| 72 | unspecified, cdk5, p38MAPK |
| 75 | unspecified, PKC |
| 79 | PKC, unspecified |
| 95 | cdk5, p38MAPK, GSK3 |
| 98 | unspecified |
| 161 | PKA |
| 219 | PKA |
Protein structure
editTransmembrane protein 247 has a predicted secondary structure which includes two major features in the form of beta sheets that reside near its determined transmembrane regions. This is slightly unusual for transmembrane proteins, whose transmembrane regions are often alpha helices.[15]
Evolutionary history
editOrthologs
editTMEM247 has several hundred orthologs, with its most distant fully sequenced available ortholog being Anolis carolinensis.[16][17] These orthologs are exclusive to land-based animals, as clades with an evolutionary origin before reptiles are not represented. The fact that TMEM247 has no relatives before the green anole makes it likely that the gene was novel when it appeared in an ancestor of the species, and was nonexistent before the evolution of reptiles. Classes represented in the orthologs include mammalia, aves, and reptilia.
Most orthologs within mammalia are strongly conserved across the entire gene, including a very highly conserved region near the center of the translated protein. The highest evolutionary conservation is centered around the transmembrane regions of the protein, which are highly conserved in all orthologous species.[18]
| Genus and species | Common name | Taxonomic group | MYA | Accession # | Sequence length (aa) | Sequence identity to humans | Sequence similarity to humans |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Homo sapiens | Human | Primates | 0 | NP_001138523.1 | 219 | 100% | 100% |
| Tupaia chinensis | Treeshrew | Scandentia | 82 | XP_006159980.1 | 266 | 74% | 81% |
| Urocitellus parryii | Arctic ground squirrel | Rodentia | 90 | XP_026241536.1 | 224 | 71% | 77% |
| Cavia porcellus | Guinea pig | Rodentia | 90 | XP_003472978.1 | 262 | 69% | 77% |
| Vulpes vulpes | Red fox | Carnivora | 96 | XP_025848559.1 | 231 | 76% | 80% |
| Sus scrofa | Wild boar | Artiodactyla | 96 | XP_003125218.3 | 257 | 74% | 78% |
| Pteropus alecto | Black flying fox | Chiroptera | 96 | XP_015442982.1 | 280 | 69% | 78% |
| Myotis lucifugus | Little brown bat | Chiroptera | 96 | XP_006083536.1 | 212 | 73% | 78% |
| Lynx canadensis | Canadian lynx | Carnivora | 96 | XP_030167645.1 | 214 | 74% | 78% |
| Leptonychotes weddellii | Weddell seal | Carnivora | 96 | XP_006740668.1 | 214 | 76% | 81% |
| Equus caballus | Horse | Perissodactyla | 96 | XP_023474197.1 | 286 | 74% | 78% |
| Enhydra lutris kenyoni | Sea otter | Carnivora | 96 | XP_022371955.1 | 214 | 76% | 80% |
| Canis lupus familiaris | Dog | Carnivora | 96 | XP_005626294.1 | 231 | 76% | 80% |
| Camelus ferus | Wild Bactrian camel | Artiodactyla | 96 | XP_032353339.1 | 276 | 73% | 78% |
| Bos taurus | Cattle | Artiodactyla | 96 | NP_001070537.2 | 217 | 73% | 78% |
| Bos indicus × Bos taurus | Hybrid cattle | Artiodactyla | 96 | XP_027410252.1 | 258 | 73% | 78% |
| Loxodonta africana | African bush elephant | Proboscideans | 105 | XP_023413034.1 | 265 | 73% | 78% |
| Echinops telfairi | Lesser hedgehog tenrec | Afrosoricida | 105 | XP_004700102.1 | 217 | 70% | 77% |
| Pelodiscus sinensis | Softshell turtle | Testudines | 312 | XP_006125563.2 | 184 | 46% | 60% |
| Columba livia | Pigeon | Columbiformes | 312 | XP_021154517.1 | 195 | 44% | 62% |
| Chelonia mydas | Green sea turtle | Testudines | 312 | XP_027681026.1 | 213 | 38% | 55% |
| Antrostomus carolinensis | Chuck-will's-widow | Caprimulgiformes | 312 | XP_028940116.1 | 154 | 38% | 52% |
| Anolis carolinensis | Green anole | Squamata | 312 | XP_008115619.1 | 223 | 33% | 50% |
Paralogs
editIn humans, TMEM247 has a single paralog (hCG17037) that has a sequence which theoretically would translate into a protein which is identical to that produced by TMEM247 aside from seven positions constituting a 96.8% similarity, including two deletions that reduce the total amino acid count from 219 to 217.[19] The extreme similarity of the TMEM247 gene and its paralog make it a likely result of gene duplication.
Paralog alignment
edit
Significance/function
editTMEM247 has no major known effects or uses in a clinical setting. There are several studies that indicate TMEM247, despite being found almost exclusively in the testes, does not play a significant role in reproduction.[20] Further studies have revealed an association with variants in TMEM247 and coronary artery disease, though not of major significance.[21]
A mutation in TMEM247 has been noted to be unusually common in populations of Tibetan highlanders. The exact mutation is rs116983452, a change at nucleotide position 248 in the gene from cystine to tyrosine, which causes a missense in the protein product of alanine to valine.[22]
While the function of TMEM247 is unknown, it is notable for its polyadenylation-synthesized stop codon. Some research has shown that genes which rely on polyadenylation for the creation of stop codons are relatively common in a human parasite, Blastocystis.[23]
References
edit- ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000284701 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000037689 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ "TMEM247 transmembrane protein 247, Homo sapiens (human)". Gene—NCBI. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
- ^ a b "Homo sapiens transmembrane protein 247 (TMEM247), mRNA (345842501)". NCBI Nucleotide Database. 2019.
- ^ "Genomatix". Retrieved 29 March 2020.
- ^ ExPASy—Compute pI/Mw tool. (n.d.). Retrieved April 20, 2020, from https://web.expasy.org/compute_pi/
- ^ TMHMM result. (n.d.). Retrieved April 20, 2020, from http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/cgibin/webface2.fcgi?jobid=5E9CC91C00001F03029DB033&wait=20
- ^ Phobius. (n.d.). Retrieved April 20, 2020, from http://phobius.sbc.su.se/
- ^ NetGlycate 1.0 Server—Prediction results. (n.d.). Retrieved April 20, 2020, from http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/cgi-bin/webface2.fcgi?jobid=5E9CCC4300001F0306A57D84&wait=20
- ^ NetOGlyc 4.0 Server—Prediction results. (n.d.). Retrieved April 20, 2020, from http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/cgi-bin/webface2.fcgi?jobid=5E9CCD2200001F033FFFF880&wait=20
- ^ YinOYang 1.2 Server. (n.d.). Retrieved April 20, 2020, from http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/YinOYang/
- ^ NetPhos 3.1 Server—Prediction results. (n.d.). Retrieved April 20, 2020, from http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/cgi-bin/webface2.fcgi?jobid=5E9CCE08000067A5DE7F60BB&wait=20
- ^ "CFSSP: Chou & Fasman Secondary Structure Prediction Server". Retrieved 20 April 2020.
- ^ "BLAST: Basic Local Alignment Search Tool". Retrieved 1 May 2020.
- ^ "UCSC Genome Browser Gateway". Retrieved 1 May 2020.
- ^ EMBOSS Needle—Alignment. (n.d.). Retrieved February 9, 2020, from https://www.ebi.ac.uk/Tools/services/web/toolresult.ebi?jobId=emboss_needle-I20200210030452-0663-36912718-p1m
- ^ "HCG17037, partial Homo sapiens". Protein—NCBI. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
- ^ Miyata H, Castaneda JM, Fujihara Y, Yu Z, Archambeault DR, Isotani A, et al. (July 2016). "Genome engineering uncovers 54 evolutionarily conserved and testis-enriched genes that are not required for male fertility in mice". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 113 (28): 7704–7710. Bibcode:2016PNAS..113.7704M. doi:10.1073/pnas.1608458113. PMC 4948324. PMID 27357688.
- ^ van der Harst P, Verweij N (February 2018). "Identification of 64 Novel Genetic Loci Provides an Expanded View on the Genetic Architecture of Coronary Artery Disease". Circulation Research. 122 (3): 433–443. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.117.312086. PMC 5805277. PMID 29212778.
- ^ Deng L, Zhang C, Yuan K, Gao Y, Pan Y, Ge X, et al. (November 2019). "Prioritizing natural-selection signals from the deep-sequencing genomic data suggests multi-variant adaptation in Tibetan highlanders". National Science Review. 6 (6): 1201–1222. doi:10.1093/nsr/nwz108. PMC 8291452. PMID 34691999.
- ^ Venton D (August 2014). "Highlight: not like a textbook-nuclear genes in blastocystis use mRNA polyadenylation for stop codons". Genome Biology and Evolution. 6 (8): 1962–1963. doi:10.1093/gbe/evu167. PMC 4159010. PMID 25104295.