Table of neurotransmitter actions in the ANS

This is a table of neurotransmitter actions in the ANS (autonomic nervous system). It includes the circulatory system, the respiratory system, the visual system, the digestive system, the endocrine system, the urinary system, the reproductive system, and the integumentary system. Both effects of the sympathetic nervous system (adrenergic) and parasympathetic nervous system (muscarinic) are included.

Circulatory system

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Target Sympathetic (adrenergic) Parasympathetic (muscarinic)
cardiac output β1, (β2): increases M2: decreases
SA node: heart rate (chronotropic) β1, (β2):[1] increases M2: decreases
Atrial cardiac muscle: contractility (inotropic) β1, (β2):[1] increases M2: decreases
at AV node β1:
increases conduction
increases cardiac muscle automaticity[1]
M2:
decreases conduction
Atrioventricular block[1]
Ventricular cardiac muscle β1, (β2):
increases contractility (inotropic)
increases cardiac muscle automaticity[1]
---
Target Sympathetic (adrenergic) Parasympathetic (muscarinic)
vascular smooth muscle in general α1:[2] contracts; β2:[2] relaxes M3: relaxes[1]
renal artery α1:[3] constricts ---
larger coronary arteries α1 and α2:[4] constricts[1] ---
smaller coronary arteries β2: dilates[5] ---
arteries to viscera α: constricts ---
arteries to skin α: constricts ---
arteries to brain α1:[6] constricts[1] ---
arteries to erectile tissue α1:[7] constricts M3: dilates
arteries to salivary glands α: constricts M3: dilates
hepatic artery α: constricts ---
arteries to skeletal muscle β2: dilates ---
Veins α1 and α2:[8] constricts
β2: dilates
---

Other

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Target Sympathetic (adrenergic) Parasympathetic (muscarinic)
platelets α2: aggregates ---
mast cells - histamine β2: inhibits ---

Respiratory system

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Target Sympathetic (adrenergic) Parasympathetic (muscarinic)
smooth muscles of bronchioles* β2:[2] relaxes (major contribution)
α1: contracts (minor contribution)
M3:[2] contracts

The bronchioles have no sympathetic innervation, but are instead affected by circulating adrenaline[1]

Visual system

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Target Sympathetic (adrenergic) Parasympathetic (muscarinic)
Pupil dilator muscle α1: Dilates
(causes mydriasis)
Iris sphincter muscle - M3: contracts
(causes miosis)
Ciliary muscle β2: relaxes
(causes long-range focus)
M3: contracts
(causes short-range focus)

Digestive system

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Target Sympathetic (adrenergic) Parasympathetic (muscarinic)
salivary glands: secretions β: stimulates viscous, amylase secretions
α1: stimulates potassium secretions
M3: stimulates watery secretions
lacrimal glands (tears) β: stimulates protein secretion[9] secretion of tears by stimulating muscarinic receptors (M3)
juxtaglomerular apparatus of kidney β1:[2] renin secretion ---
parietal cells --- M1: Gastric acid secretion
liver α1, β2: glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis ---
adipose cells β1,[2] β3: stimulates lipolysis ---
GI tract (smooth muscle) motility α1, α2,[10] β2: decreases M3, (M1):[1] increases
sphincters of GI tract α1,[2] α2,[1] β2: contracts M3:[2] relaxes
glands of GI tract no effect[1] M3: secretes

Endocrine system

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Target Sympathetic (adrenergic) Parasympathetic (muscarinic)
pancreas (islets) α2: decreases insulin secretion from beta cells, increases glucagon secretion from alpha cells M3:[11][12] increases secretion of both insulin and glucagon.[11][12]
adrenal medulla N (nicotinic ACh receptor): secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine ---

Urinary system

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Target Sympathetic (adrenergic) Parasympathetic (muscarinic)
Detrusor urinae muscle of bladder wall β2,[2] β3:[13] relaxes M3:[2] contracts
internal urethral sphincter α1:[2] contracts M3:[2] relaxes

Reproductive system

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Target Sympathetic (adrenergic) Parasympathetic (muscarinic)
uterus α1: contracts (pregnant[1])
β2: relaxes (non-pregnant[1])
---
genitalia α1: contracts (ejaculation) M3: erection

Integumentary system

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Target Sympathetic (muscarinic and adrenergic) Parasympathetic
sweat gland secretions α1: stimulates (minor contribution) M:[2] stimulates (major contribution)
arrector pili α1: stimulates ---

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n H. P. Rang; M. Maureen Dale (2003). H. P. Rang (ed.). Pharmacology 5th ed. Churchill Livingstone. p. 127. ISBN 978-0-443-07145-4.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Costanzo, Linda S. (2007). Physiology. Hagerstwon, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-7817-7311-9.
  3. ^ Schmitz, JM; Graham, RM; Sagalowsky, A; Pettinger, WA (1981). "Renal alpha-1 and alpha-2 adrenergic receptors: Biochemical and pharmacological correlations". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 219 (2): 400–6. PMID 6270306.
  4. ^ Woodman, OL; Vatner, SF (1987). "Coronary vasoconstriction mediated by alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptors in conscious dogs". The American Journal of Physiology. 253 (2 Pt 2): H388–93. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.1987.253.2.H388. PMID 2887122.
  5. ^ Rang, H. P. (2003). Pharmacology. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. p. 270. ISBN 978-0-443-07145-4.
  6. ^ Circulation & Lung Physiology I M.A.S.T.E.R. Learning Program, UC Davis School of Medicine
  7. ^ Morton, J S; Daly, C J; Jackson, V M; McGrath, J C (2009). "Α1A-Adrenoceptors mediate contractions to phenylephrine in rabbit penile arteries". British Journal of Pharmacology. 150 (1): 112–20. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706956. PMC 2013850. PMID 17115072.
  8. ^ Elliott, J. (1997). "Alpha-adrenoceptors in equine digital veins: Evidence for the presence of both alpha1 and alpha2-receptors mediating vasoconstriction". Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 20 (4): 308–17. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2885.1997.00078.x. PMID 9280371.
  9. ^ Mauduit, P; Herman, G; Rossignol, B (1984). "Protein secretion induced by isoproterenol or pentoxifylline in lacrimal gland: Ca2+ effects". The American Journal of Physiology. 246 (1 Pt 1): C37–44. doi:10.1152/ajpcell.1984.246.1.C37. PMID 6320658.
  10. ^ Sagrada, A; Fargeas, M J; Bueno, L (1987). "Involvement of alpha-1 and alpha-2 adrenoceptors in the postlaparotomy intestinal motor disturbances in the rat". Gut. 28 (8): 955–9. doi:10.1136/gut.28.8.955. PMC 1433140. PMID 2889649.
  11. ^ a b Poretsky, Leonid (2010). "Parasympathetic Nerves". Principles of diabetes mellitu. New York: Springer. p. 47. ISBN 978-0-387-09840-1.
  12. ^ a b Duttaroy, A.; Zimliki, C. L.; Gautam, D.; Cui, Y.; Mears, D.; Wess, J. (2004). "Muscarinic Stimulation of Pancreatic Insulin and Glucagon Release is Abolished in M3 Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor-Deficient Mice". Diabetes. 53 (7): 1714–20. doi:10.2337/diabetes.53.7.1714. PMID 15220195.
  13. ^ Kullmann, F. A.; Limberg, B. J.; Artim, D. E.; Shah, M.; Downs, T. R.; Contract, D.; Wos, J.; Rosenbaum, J. S.; De Groat, W. C. (2009). "Effects of 3-Adrenergic Receptor Activation on Rat Urinary Bladder Hyperactivity Induced by Ovariectomy". Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 330 (3): 704–17. doi:10.1124/jpet.109.155010. PMC 2729793. PMID 19515967.