The takeover of Vanha (Finnish: Vanhan valtaus) was an uprising by a number of students on November 25, 1968, at the Old Student House (Vanha) of the University of Helsinki in Finland. It occurred on the night of the 100th birthday of the university's student union. The rioters took over Vanha during the celebrations, demanding changes to the university's administration and the curriculum.
The group entered by breaking in through a French window at 17:13[1] local time. The event immediately made nationwide headlines. The action was seen as inspired by the May 1968 unrest in France, as well as other political movements around Europe during the same year, including the Prague Spring. In 2008, Laura Kolbe, a professor of European history at the University of Helsinki and also a member of the centrist Centre Party, described the protest as "the ripples of the European student movement in Finland".[2]
Motives
editThe dissidents' main demands concerned democratic reforms to the university's administration. However, some of the participants also demanded the founding of Marxist-Leninist study-circles in the departments and faculties, abolishing compulsory membership of the Student Union and changing the political alignment of the monthly student magazine Ylioppilaslehti.[3] Banners carrying these proclamations were hung from the Student House's balcony and speeches were made. However, not all of the youth involved were communists; people aligned with the centrist-agrarian Centre Party participated as well.[1]
Events
edit
The takeover was part of the radicalization of the European student movement and was partly a result of the student riots in Paris earlier that year. A few right-wing students who opposed the takeover threw smoke bombs into the ballroom, but otherwise the takeover was completely peacefully.[4] The occupants had agreed on security measures with the police and the fire department.[5] The student opposition, which called themselves Ylioppilaat – studenterna, demanded student democracy, the establishment of Marxist groups in faculties to expose the bourgeois attitude of teaching,[6] the removal of compulsory membership of the student union and changing the line of Ylioppilaslehti.[7] The occupiers also criticized the student union's distancing from ordinary students and its financial committee, which was considered to be in excessive cooperation with commercial banks.[8]
The students gathered in the old student hall sent President Urho Kekkonen a telegram in which they appealed that the president not participate in the student union's 100th anniversary celebration. However, Kekkonen arrived at the party, which had to be moved to the Conservatory, and in his speech unexpectedly expressed his support for the students who took over Vanha. After fire speeches had been held in the Old Student House almost around the clock, the takeover ended in the evening of November 26 in a calm atmosphere after the takers cleaned the house before going home.[4][9]
The Student Union relocated its 100th year celebration to the Sibelius Academy, and the "Vanha occupation" was relatively short-lived. After having spent the night at the Student House, people began to dissipate the next day. By the evening the remaining occupants had cleaned up after themselves and left the building altogether. Helsinki's Swedish-language newspaper HBL wrote "people became tired and went home after having stayed up for a day, sat on the floor, drank red wine and kissed".[10]
Participants
editSeveral participants would later become well-known. These include: Maarit Sinervo, Tarleena Sammalkorpi, Antti Kuusi, Nils Torvalds, Anssi Sinnemäki, Juhani Koskinen, Matti Viikari, Matti Wuori, Peter von Bagh, Liisa Manninen, Johan von Bonsdorff, Marianne Laxén, Marja-Leena Mikkola, Jaakko Laakso, Pentti Saarikoski, Pentti Saaritsa, Kari Aronpuro, Jarkko Laine, Jussi Kylätasku, Jaakko Pakkasvirta, Riitta Suominen, Ilkka Taipale, Matti Salo, Kai Linnilä, Kati Peltola, Valdemar Melanko, Kimmo Kevätsalo, Atte Blom, Erkki Tuomioja, Ilkka-Christian Björklund, Hannu Taanila, Jyrki Vesikansa and Risto Volanen.[11]
Effects
edit
According to Jan Erola, the radicalized student movement became politicized soon after the occupation of Vanha at the turn of the year 1968–69. The communists split definitively into two camps: the majority (saarelaiset), following the chairman Aarne Saari, and the fiercely left-wing taistolaiset, led by the vice-chairman Taisto Sinisalo.[12]
Laura Kolbe, professor of European history at the University of Helsinki, analyzes that the effects of the Old Conquest mostly focused on customs, sexual behavior and morality. The young people also changed their perception of the church, the fatherland and society. The idea behind the takeover of the university's administrative reform in a student-democratic direction was realized only in 1991. The takeover of the old one quickly turned into a myth, which, according to Kolbe's assessment, was caused by the perception of "their own excellence" by the generation that brought about the events.[13]
According to Professor Timo Vihavainen, Kekkonen's sympathy for radical students opened the way for the young generation to leadership positions in society quite quickly. A few of those who took part in the takeover of Vanha, one of whom was Erkki Tuomioja, entered the parliament in the very next election in 1970, and many other leading figures of the radicals were placed in visible and well-paid positions and activities in the early years of the 1970s. Compared to the student riots in Paris in the spring and early summer of 1968, the takeover of Vanha was a muted echo of them, and the then Prime Minister Mauno Koivisto dismissed the movement of the Finnish student youth as "youth flatulence".[14]
Doctor of Political Science Jukka Tarkka has characterized the takeover of Vanha as a watershed in the history of the Finnish student movement: it ended the happy hippie phase of radicalism and was a leap into the new decade.[15]
Legacy
editThe generation of students and other young radicals who participated in the events have underlined the significance of the occupation as a symbolic revolt against the values of the previous generation. Indeed, many of the people involved became leading figures in Finnish politics and the financial sector, including the Social Democratic Party politicians Erkki Tuomioja, Ilkka Taipale and Ulf Sundqvist, bank manager Björn Wahlroos and diplomat Markus Lyra.[16] However, 40 years after the events, only 36% of the Helsingin Sanomat board of selected Finnish intellectuals believed the events had any positive effect on the Finnish society.[17]
On Monday, November 24, 2008, on the eve of the 40th anniversary of the takeover of Vanha, a group of students playfully took it over again.[18]
See also
edit- Occupation of the Student Union Building in Sweden
References
edit- ^ a b Lyytinen, Jaakko; Matias Möttölä (1998). "Teatteria täydelle salille" (in Finnish). Ylioppilaslehti. Archived from the original on 3 May 2005. Retrieved 21 September 2009.
- ^ Jantunen, Jyrki; Nikkilä-Kiipula, Eeva (23 November 2008). "Hullu vuosi 1968: "Vallankumous jäi Suomessa näytökseksi"". Suomen Kuvalehti (in Finnish). Retrieved 21 September 2009.
- ^ Rytsä, Paavo (8 September 2009). "Vanhan ovi rikotaan" (in Finnish). YLE. Retrieved 21 September 2009.
- ^ a b Tiainen, Jorma O. (toim.): Vuosisatamme Kronikka, s. 971. Jyväskylä: Gummerus, 1987.
- ^ Tarkka, Jukka – Tiitta, Allan: Itsenäinen Suomi: 90 vuotta kansakunnan elämästä, s. 241. Helsinki: Otava, 2007. ISBN 978-951-1-21474-8
- ^ Bonsdorff, Johan von: Kun Vanha vallattiin. Tammi 1986.
- ^ Rytsä, Paavo (8 September 2006) [25 November 1968]. "Vanhan ovi rikotaan" [Vanha is broken]. Yle Elävä arkisto. Archived from the original on 24 June 2008.
- ^ Bonsdorff, Johan von: Kun Vanha vallattiin, s. 17. Tammi 1986.
- ^ Tarkka, Jukka – Tiitta, Allan: Itsenäinen Suomi: 90 vuotta kansakunnan elämästä, s. 241. Helsinki: Otava, 2007. ISBN 978-951-1-21474-8.
- ^ "Vanhan valtaus ja HYY:n 100-vuotisjuhla 1968" (in Finnish). Archived from the original on 15 July 2011. Retrieved 21 September 2009.
- ^
- All names are contained within one or more of:
- Olkkonen, Tuomo. "Vanhan valtaus vaati sananvaltaa ja todellista päätösvaltaa nuorisolle" [The conquest of the old demanded a voice and real decision-making power for young people]. Tiellä Sananvapauteen (in Finnish). Archived from the original on 1 September 2023. Retrieved 1 September 2023.
- Avola, Pertti (22 November 2018). "Vanhan ylioppilastalon valtauksesta tulee kuluneeksi 50 vuotta – Valtaajista ääneen pääsevät nyt Erkki Tuomioja ja Ilkka-Christian Björklund" [50th anniversary of the occupation of the Old Student House]. Seura (in Finnish). Archived from the original on 1 September 2023. Retrieved 1 September 2023.
- Schildt, Mari (25 November 2018). "Vanhan ylioppilastalon valtauksesta on kulunut 50 vuotta: osallistujat kertovat" [50 years after the occupation of the Old Student House: participants tell their stories]. apu (in Finnish). Retrieved 1 September 2023.
- ^ Erola, Jan (13 March 2006) [9 April 2004]. "Tuhannen ja yhden totuuden taistolaisuus" [The militancy of a thousand and one truths]. Ylioppilaslehti (in Finnish). Archived from the original on 4 April 2023.
- ^ Nikkilä-Kiipula, Eeva (23 November 2008). "Hullu vuosi 1968: "Vallankumous jäi Suomessa näytökseksi"" [Crazy year 1968: "The revolution remained a spectacle in Finland"]. Suomen Kuvalehti. Archived from the original on 24 February 2009.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ Zetterberg, Seppo (toim.): Suomen historian Pikkujättiläinen, s. 885. Porvoo-Helsinki: WSOY, 1987.
- ^ Jukka Tarkka: Karhun kainalossa: Suomen kylmä sota 1947–1990, s. 314. Helsinki: Otava, 2012. ISBN 978-951-1-25796-7
- ^ HS-raadin vastaukset kysymykseen: Onnistuivatko Vanhan valtaajat tekemään maailmasta paremman? (in Finnish)
- ^ Jyrki Räikkä (27 November 2008). "Vanhan valtauksen muistelu kyllästyttää HS-raatia". Helsingin Sanomat (in Finnish). Archived from the original on 20 October 2012.
- ^ "Helsingin Vanha ylioppilastalo vallattiin 40 vuotta sitten - ja taas maanantaina" [Helsinki's Old Student House was taken over 40 years ago - and again on Monday]. Yle Uutiset (in Finnish). 25 November 2008. Archived from the original on 7 September 2023.