Talk:Attachment disorder/Archive 1

Style

This article sounds like something from a parent's manual on attachment problems, not an encyclopedia article. I've listed it for cleanup. Quinnanya 16:32, 1 March 2006 (UTC)

I've cleaned it up a bit, but there's still a part left - marked with ////////. IMO it should be removed, together with the more practical advise that is given in the text, but I leave that for more experienced Wikipedians. --141.35.111.108 08:43, 31 July 2006 (UTC)

I've completed your work and edited the material so it is more fitting. I'd leave what you had marked as a good example of what the article is talking about. JohnsonRon 17:57, 31 July 2006 (UTC)

SUBTLE AND NOT SO SUBTLE SIGNS OF ATTACHMENT PROBLEMS

Attachment is fundamental to healthy development, normal personality, and the capacity to form healthy and authentic emotional relationships. How can you determine whether your child has attachment issues that require attention? What is normal behavior, and what are the signs of attachment issues? If you’ve adopted an infant, will you see attachment problems develop? These and other related questions are often at the forefront of adoptive parents’ minds. In this article I will help you understand what to look for and how to identify concerns.

Let’s begin with an explanation of attachment. Attachment is the base of emotional health, social relationships, and one's worldview. The ability to trust and form reciprocal relationships affected the emotional health, security, and safety of the child, as well as the child’s development and future inter-personal relationships. The ability to regulate emotions, have a conscience, and experience empathy all require secure attachment. Healthy brain development is built on a secure attachment relationship.

Children who are adopted after the age of six months are at risk for attachment problems. Normal attachment develops during the child's first two to three years of life. Problems with the mother-child relationship during that time, orphanage experience, or breaks in the consistent caregiver-child relationship interfere with the normal development of a healthy and secure attachment. There are wide ranges of attachment difficulties that result in varying degrees of emotional disturbance in the child. One thing is certain; if an infant's needs are not met consistently, in a loving, nurturing way, attachment will not occur normally and this underlying problem will manifest itself in a variety of symptoms.

When the first-year-of-life attachment-cycle is undermined and the child’s needs are not met, and normal socializing shame is not resolved, mistrust begins to define the perspective of the child and attachment problems result. The cycle can become undermined or broken for many reasons:

· Multiple disruptions in care giving · Post-partum depression causing an emotionally unavailable mother · Hospitalization of the child causing separation from the parent and/or unrelieved pain. For example, stays in a NICU or repeated hospitalizations during infancy. · Parents who are attachment disordered, leading to neglect, abuse (physical/sexual/verbal), or inappropriate parental responses not leading to a secure/predictable relationship · Genetic factors. · Pervasive developmental disorders · Caregivers whose own needs are not met, leading to overload and lack of awareness of the infants needs

The child may develop mistrust, impeding effective attachment behavior. The developmental stages following these first three years continue to be distorted and/or retarded, and common symptoms emerge. Although I am listing several common symptoms it is very important to realize that when you are trying to parent a child with attachment difficulties you must focus on the cause of the behaviors and not on the symptoms or surface behaviors. It is the cause or motivation for the behaviors that must be your focus…otherwise you are like a doctor who treats a cough without figuring out whether the cough is caused by TB, an allergy, the flu, or lung cancer.

· Superficially engaging and charming behavior, phoniness · Avoidance of eye contact. · Indiscriminate affection with strangers. · Lack of affection on parental terms. · Destructiveness to self, others, and material things. · Cruelty to animals. · Crazy lying (lying in the face of the obvious) · Poor impulse control. · Learning lags. · Lack of cause/effect thinking. · Lack of conscience. · Abnormal eating patterns. · Poor peer relationships. · Preoccupation with fire and/or gore. · Persistent nonsense questions and chatter indicating a need to control. · Inappropriate clinginess and demandingness. · Abnormal speech patterns. · Inappropriate sexuality.

What are the underlying causes of these various symptoms? The cause is some break in the early attachment relationship that results in difficulties trusting others. The child experiences a fear of close authentic emotional relationships because early maltreatment or other difficulties has “taught” the child that adults are not trust worthy and that the child is unloved and unlovable. Fundamentally, the cause is a developmental delay. The child may be chronologically six, ten, or fifteen, but developmentally these children are much younger. It is often useful to consider, “at what age would this behavior be normal?” Frequently you will find that the child’s behavior would be normal for a toddler.

Chronic Maltreatment (abuse or neglect) or other disruptions to the normal attachment relationship cause: 1. Fear of intimacy 2. Overwhelming feelings of shame. (Not guilt…shame causes you to want to hide and not be seen. So, for example, some children’s chronic lying can be seen as a manifestation of this pervasive sense of shame. After all, what is a lie, but another way to hide?). 3. Chronic feelings of being unloved 4. Chronic feelings of being unlovable 5. A distorted view of self, other, and relationships based on past maltreatment. 6. Lack of trust 7. Feeling that nothing the child does can make a difference; hence, low motivation and poor academic performance. 8. A core sense of being Bad. 9. Difficulty asking for help 10. Difficulty relying on others in a cooperative and collaborative manner.

So how does one distinguish the difference between a child who "looks" attached and a child who really is making a healthy, secure attachment? This question becomes important for adoptive families because some adopted children will form an almost immediate dependency bond to their adoptive parents. To mistake this as secure and healthy attachment can lead to many problems down the road. Just because a child calls someone Mom or "Dad," snuggles, cuddles, and says, I love you," does not mean that the child is attached or even attaching. Saying, "I love you", and knowing what that really feels like, can be two different things. Attachment is a process. It takes time. The key to its formation is trust, and trust becomes secure only after repeated testing. Generally attachment develops during the first two to three years of life. The child learns that he or she is loved and can love in return. The parents give love and learn that the child loves them. The child learns to trust that his needs will be met in a consistent and nurturing manner. The child learns that he "belongs" to his family and they to him. It is through these elements that a child learns how to love, and how to accept love.

Older adopted children need time to make adjustments to their new surroundings. They need to become familiar with their caregivers, friends, relatives, neighbors, teachers, and others with whom they will have repeated contact. They need to learn the ins and outs of new household routines and adapt to living in a new physical environment. Some children have cultural or language hurdles to overcome. Until most of these tasks have been accomplished, they may not be able to relax enough to allow the work of attachment to begin. In the meantime, behavioral problems related to insecurity and lack of attachment, as well as to other events in the child's past, may start to surface. Some start to get labels, like "manipulative," "superficial," or "sneaky". On the inside, this child is filled with anxiety, fear, grief, loss, and often a profound sense of being bad, defective, and unlovable. The child has not developed the self-esteem that comes with feeling like a valued, contributing, member of a family. The child cares little about pleasing others since his relationships with them are quite superficial.

When are problems first apparent? Children who have experienced physical or sexual abuse, physical or psychological neglect, or orphanage life will begin to show difficulties as young as six-months of age. For example, the signs of difficulties for an infant include the following:

Ø Weak crying response or rageful and/or constant whining; inability to be comforted Ø Tactile defensiveness Ø Poor clinging and extreme resistance to cuddling: seems stiff as a board Ø Poor sucking response Ø Poor eye contact, lack of tracking Ø No reciprocal smile response Ø Indifference to others Ø Failure to respond with recognition to parents. Ø Delayed physical motor skill development milestones (creeping, crawling, sitting, etc.,) Ø Flaccid

WHAT ARE THE SUBTLE SIGNS OF ATTACHMENT PROBLEMS? Gail tells her seven-year-old daughter, Sally, to pick up the napkin Sally has dropped. As Sally crosses her arms a sad and angry pout darkens her face. Gail says, “Sally, I told you to pick up the napkin and throw it away.” Sally stomps over to the napkin, picks it up, and throws it away. Crying and whining, Sally stands with her back to Gail. Sally, angry and unhappy, is exhibiting one of the subtle signs of attachment sensitivity that nearly all children adopted after six-months demonstrate. Attachment is an interpersonal, interactive process that results in a child feeling safe, secure, and able to develop healthy, emotionally meaningful relationships. The process requires a sensitive, responsive parent who is capable of emotional engagement and participation in contingent collaborative communication (responsive communication) at nonverbal and verbal levels. The parent’s ability to respond to the child’s emotional state is what will prevent attachment sensitivities from becoming problems of a more severe nature.

What are the subtle signs of attachment issues? 1. Sensitivity to rejection and to disruptions in the normally attuned connection between mother and child. 2. Avoiding comfort when the child’s feelings are hurt, although the child will turn to the parent for comfort when physically hurt. 3. Difficulty discussing angry feelings or hurt feelings. 4. Over valuing looks, appearances, and clothes. 5. Sleep disturbances. Not wanting to sleep alone. 6. Precocious independence. A level of independence that is more frequently seen in slightly older children. 7. Reticence and anxiety about changes. 8. Picking a scabs and sores. 9. Secretiveness 10. Difficulty tolerating correction or criticism.

Internationally adopted children experience at least two significant changes during the first few months of life that can have a profound impact on later development and security. Birth mother to orphanage or foster care and then orphanage to adoptive home are two transitions. We know from extensive research that prenatal, post-natal, and subsequent experiences create lasting impressions on a child. During the first few minutes, days, and weeks of life, the infant clearly recognizes the birth mother’s voice, smell, and taste. Changes in caregivers are disruptive. The new caregivers look different, smell different, sound different, taste different. In the orphanage there are often many care givers but no one special caregiver. Adoption brings with it a whole new, strange, and initially frightening world. These moves and disruptions have profound effects on a child’s emotional, interpersonal, cognitive, and behavioral development. The longer a child is in alternate care, the more these subtle signs become pervasive.

There are effective ways for a parent to help his or her child. Parents and the right parenting are vital to preventing subtle signs from becoming anything more than sensitivities. Parenting consistently with clear and firm limits is essential. Discipline should be enforced with an attitude of sensitive and responsive empathy, acceptance, curiosity, love, and playfulness. This provides the most healing and protective way to correct a child.

As Sally walks away to pout, Gail comes up behind her, scoops her up, and begins rocking her gently while crooning in Sally’s ear. Gail sings songs and tells Sally she loves her and understands Sally is angry at being told what to do. Gail expresses sadness that Sally is so unhappy. At first Sally resists a bit, but she soon calms down and listens as Gail tells her how much she loves Sally. Sally is sensitive to feelings of rejection and abandonment that are evoked by her mother’s displeasure, so Gail brings Sally closer to reassure Sally nonverbally. It is by experience that the subtle signs are addressed and managed. Nonverbal experience is much more powerful than verbal experience since most of the subtle signs have their origin in nonverbal experience and nonverbal memory. Finally, Sally eventually did what she was asked to do and praised for doing what was expected. In this manner, Sally experiences acceptance of who she is while becoming socialized.

These sensitivities do not constitute a mental illness or Reactive Attachment Disorder. They are subtle signs of attachment sensitivities. So, what can you do?

First, the most important thing you can do is maintain an attuned emotionally close and positive relationship with your child even when your child is being nasty or pushing your buttons…it is at those times that the child most needs to feel loved and loveable, even if the behavior is unacceptable. First, create a connection with your child and then discipline.

Second, bringing the child in close is better than allowing the child to be alone or isolate him or her self.

Third, talk for the child. Put words to what the child is feeling. This allows the child to feel understood by you, maintains a connection, and helps assuage the fear of rejection and abandonment. It also helps the child become self-aware, models verbal behavior, and facilitates a sense of emotional attunement between parent and child.

Fourth, don’t make food a battle. A child who steals food or hoards food usually has sound emotional reasons for this. Providing the child with food so that your child experiences you as provider is often the solution. Put a bowl of fruit in the child’s room. (Be sure to keep if filled. It does not good if you provide and then leave an empty bowl!) In some instances, I’ve recommended that the parents provide the child with a fanny pack and keep it stocked with snacks. This usually quickly ends hoarding and stealing of food.

Fifth, for the child who is overly independent, doing for the child and not encouraging precocious independence is helpful. So, making a game of brushing your six-year old’s teeth, dressing your seven-year-old, or playing at feeding a nine-year-old, are all ways to demonstrate that you will care for the child. Keeping it playful and light, allows the child to experience what the child needs and helps eliminate hurtful battles.

Sixth, Time-In rather than Time-out. When your child is becoming dysregulated, they need you to regulate their emotions. You do that by reflecting the child’s emotions back to the child; putting into words what you think the child may be feeling. In this manner you demonstrate that you can accept what the child is feeling, that feelings can be tolerated and discussed; even if the behavior will be disciplined at a later time. Remember; first connect with you child, then discipline.

Seventh, reduce shame. Avoid shaming parenting methods and interactions that might be harsh or punitive. If the child is already experiencing too much shame, increasing that will only be destructive to the child and your relationship with your child. You set the emotional tone for the relationship, so keeping things positive is important. So, as an example, your seven year old has just screamed at you, “I hate you,” because you said it’s time to go to bed. I’d start by reflecting the child’s feelings back to the child as you walk the child to bed with your arm around the child, “Boy, you are really mad that you have to go to bed now.” “You sure don’t want to go to bed now. I wonder what you think is making me send you to bed now? … Maybe you just think I’m being mean?” Through this sort of dialogue you are demonstrating your acceptance of the child’s feelings and your interest in the child’s thinking and feeling…you are showing the child how to reflect on one’s inner life. The model I suggest for parents is to create a healing PLACE (being Playful, Loving, Accepting, Curious, and Empathic. You can read about this in Creating Capacity for Attachment, edited by Arthur Becker-Weidman, Ph.D., & Deborah Shell, MA, Wood ‘N’ Barnes, OK).

In conclusion, these subtle signs are important reminders that our children have ongoing sensitivities that as parents we must address. Responsive and sensitive communication is essential. Attachment is a function of reciprocal communication; attachment does not reside in the child alone. It is very important for the parent to manage and facilitate this attuned connection within a framework of clear limits and boundaries, natural consequences, and firm loving discipline.

References: Creating Capacity for Attachment, edited by Arthur Becker-Weidman, Ph.D., & Deborah Shell, MA, Wood ‘N’ Barnes, OK

Fringe Groups/Critics

The section on fringe groups that stated "Jean Mercer, PhD, AKA Gene Lester. Mr. Lester/Mercer ... " seemed problematic because of concerns about defamation. It appears to imply that Jean Mercer is transsexual, transgendered, or something similar, which she is not. So, I reverted to the earlier version of this page that did not contain the defamation.

Jean Mercer

I don't know what gender Jean Mercer/Gene Lester is or was. But Jean Mercer's C.V. clearly states that Jean Mercer and Gene Lester are one and the same person. Gene Lester had a name change to Jean Mercer. Jean Mercer's resume lists publications by Gene Lester and states that Jean Mercer was Gene Lester. So, this is not defamation, merely a statement of fact.

Jean Mercer's CV states that her previous name was Gene Lester. Her current name is Jean Mercer. At all times, Jean Mercer/Gene Lester was female. So, she should not be referred to as "Mr." and there is no need to say "AKA" because her current name is Jean Mercer. When someone who knows she is female intentionally refers to her as "Mr.", as the author of the edit does, it is potentially defamatory.

I don't know if Jean Mercer is male or female. I do know from reading the bio's of Gene Lester on those books and articles that Gene Lester was male. So, Mr. may or may not be correct at this time. The material on the website at the school (Richard Stockton College) in MJ where Mercer is at is silent on gender.

Gene Lester was not male. You read the bio incorrectly. Regardless of whether you knew her gender before, you are now put on notice: She is and has always been female. If you had a question about her gender, you should have asked her about it instead of making an assumption.

Mediation

Because of continued personal attacks on me I have turned this over to mediation.

I think mediation is a great idea. The Wikipedia moderators should have a fun time reviewing the original edits AWeidman made implying that Jean Mercer was a "Mr."

Add back material

The material previously deleted was not "stolen" as it is covered under fair use provisions of the copyright code. But, more to the point, I hold the copyright to that article and I am allowed to use it as I see fit...although I have edited it some here. Dr. Art 22:57, 4 July 2006 (UTC)

SERIOUS PROBLEMS OF CONTENT

As far as I can see, attachment is "explained" but never defined in this material. In addition, the occurrence of attachment thoughts, behaviors, and feelings is attributed to a posited "attachment cycle" involving need and gratification. I have long been curious about the source of this "cycle" idea, which certainly does not emerge from Bowlby's work, having somewhat more in common with Freudian theory, but resonating most with Schopenhauer.Perhaps the author of that section could cite a source for the "cycle" explanation.

If contributors will try to see how difficult it would be to get from the "cycle" to Bowlby's concept of an internal working model of social relationships, they may become aware of the conceptual problems here. One approach that I have found useful is to consider attachment events at different periods of development, from the engagement behaviors of the newborn to parental bonding in adulthood. When you see that the underlying concept has to work for all those developmental periods, it becomes obvious that the "cycle" is irrelevant to attachment, although cyclical need and gratification could be related to development of a sense of time and other cognitive abilities. The development of attachment and the working model at any stage is better considered as a transactional process in which a younger and an older person gradually alter their expectations and attitudes toward each other. Need and gratification are commonly mixed in with these events, but their absence would not eliminate attachment. Jean Mercer 21:37, 9 July 2006 (UTC)

Sorry, folks, when I look at this in the text i seem to have created a long streamer and i don't know how to fix it.Jean Mercer 21:40, 9 July 2006 (UTC)

Fixed, the issue was the indent. shotwell 13:59, 3 October 2006 (UTC)

This article is much improved now. It is much clearer and to the point. Makes a good reference article. RalphLender^talk 17:40, 10 August 2006 (UTC)

Yes, the content is now excellent. Good work all. DPeterson^talk 01:16, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

This is an Essay

This is an interesting read, but it is not an encyclopedia article. Moreover, it lacks any citations whatsoever. shotwell 08:11, 8 October 2006 (UTC)

If you read the article toward the end you will find a variety of links to related Wikipedia articles, external sources, and references; providing ample citations. DPeterson^talk 16:52, 8 October 2006 (UTC)

Wikipedia links don't count as references. Moreover, there are hardly any citations in this article at all. I suspect it is because most of it is a copied essay (with apparent permission) from somewhere else. shotwell 17:20, 8 October 2006 (UTC)

There are references, so the tag is not necessary or appropriate or consistent with Wikipedia policy for that tag. DPeterson^talk 17:40, 8 October 2006 (UTC)

Anyone can clearly see that there are no citations. This article has portions such as this one "What are the underlying causes of these various symptoms? The cause is some break in the early attachment relationship that results in difficulties trusting others." Is that a widely held belief in the scientific community? Please don't remove the tag until this article is fully cited. shotwell 22:45, 8 October 2006 (UTC)

Citations now in place and meet Wikipedia standards. DPeterson^talk 01:06, 9 October 2006 (UTC)

I see that you added some citations... still needs more. One thing I'd like to point out is that you've double listed the book that Dr. Becker-Weidman published with Wood ‘N’ Barnes. I'd fix it, but it seems like any changes I make to this article are instantly reverted. I also have two questions: Does Wood ‘N’ Barnes have a peer review process? I've never really seen that name in academic publishing. Also, shouldn't this article mention that Attachment Disorder isn't listed in the DSM? shotwell 02:15, 9 October 2006 (UTC)

I'm going to try placing {{fact}} tags once more so that I can make it clear about what I think needs a good reference. It seems like we're making a little progress here, so I hope that this doesn't get instantly reverted. From the other article we're working on, I see that you have the literature at hand and so I'm confident in your ability to support claims with references. Please understand that I'm not trying to destroy the article, I'm trying to help improve the article. Moreover, I have no way of verifying the claims if the references aren't made clear. shotwell 02:39, 9 October 2006 (UTC)

Ok, after placing a {{fact}} tag on every unreferenced claim and previewing, the article really did look vandalized. The problem here is that this is just an essay written by Dr. Becker-Weidman that was copied over here to wikipedia. It needs to be wikified, sourced, carefully verified, and written with less POV phrasing. Later, I'll place the tags incrementally so that we can work together without totally destroying the readability of this article. shotwell 02:52, 9 October 2006 (UTC)

I read a lot of Psychology books and texts...Wood & Barnes does send it's manuscripts out for peer-review before publication in a manner similiar to that of John Wiley and Sons, etc. I think that too may citations and references make an article too choppy and hard to read. I'd suggest citations for sections, where the section has one theme. This article appears to have had input from many editors as I scan the edit history. I will take a stab at some editing here...hope that's ok? JonesRD_talk 20:14, 9 October 2006 (UTC)

Oh, Attachment Disorder in not in the DSM IV-R TR, but is a term used, to some extent in the research lit. Maybe it would be better to change the mention of AD to RAD? Must read the article and see if that changes the meaning and thrust. JonesRD_talk 20:18, 9 October 2006 (UTC)

Reactive Attachment Disorder and Attachment Disorder

There is already an article about RAD. Moreover, it appears that AD is distinct from RAD. Somewhere along the way I found an APA warning about the distinction between the two and how very few children actually have RAD in the first place. I seem to have lost the url. I think it'd be a good idea to point out that AD does not have wide clinical acceptance. If I could find the APA warning, it'd make for a very credible source (since it also pointed out that AD isn't a widely accepted disorder). I'm quite skeptical about AD because from what I've read (from both sides of the argument) it just sounds like the description of a normal child. It does not seem sensible to call it a disorder if most children fit the diagnostic criteria. Perhaps someone could clarify this in the article? Thank-you for the clarification about Wood 'N' Barnes. I was a little skeptical when I looked at their website and list of publications. I won't object to citing sources at the end of paragraphs, so long as each claim in the paragraph is properly referenced by the citation. I agree that a superscript on every single line is very annoying. My only caveat is that particularly exceptional claims should have an inline citation. I'd edit too but anything I do on these "attachment" articles results in an instant revert. Let me say that this article makes for a terrible encyclopedia article in the sense that it is a very poor gateway into deeper knowledge on the subject. I can say this from personal experience. It is also quite POV about such a controversial "disorder". Hopefully as I read more about this topic, I'll be able to do more than request citations. I would really like to find a comprehensive book or article from a neutral psychologist. By 'neutral' I mean someone who is not a self-described proponent/opponent of Attachment Therapy. shotwell 23:30, 9 October 2006 (UTC)

Attachment Disorder is a broader term than the clinical diagnosis of Reactive Attachment Disorder. It is more of a term used in the research literature and not the clinical lit. The prevalence of Reactive Attachment Disorder in the general population is about one to two percent. The prevalence among children in the child welfare system ranges from 50% to 80%. In the research lit., about 60% of the population has a Secure patttern of attachment, 10-20% Avoidant, 10-20% Ambivalent, and about 10% Disorganized. Generally it is the Disorganized type that would get the term Attachment Disorder. (See Ainsworth, Patterns of Attachment and Main & Hesse in Handbook of Attachment, edited by Cassidy & Shaver, Guilford Press, 1999.) DPeterson^talk 01:12, 10 October 2006 (UTC)

I'd suggest that you make suggested changes on this page for others to review and comment on. Just write the suggested replacement, indicating what is the same, what is new, and what is being deleted...then others can make comments, suggestions and I'd expect a consensus would develop so that the article could be improved that way...DPeterson^talk 01:12, 10 October 2006 (UTC)

Really? I've found many organizations that use the term clinically, including organizations to which Dr. Becker-Weidman is affiliated. This very article actually lists diagnostic criteria and "subtle signs". It even gives a bewildering example of a child with attachment issues and how to treat her. If what you say is true, then all of that needs to come out.

Also, I'd like to remind everyone that nobody owns this article. You know... the encyclopedia that anyone can edit? The only reason that I'm not actively editing this article is because there are too many accounts that vehemently oppose any outside changes. If Dr. Becker-Weidman didn't want his essay to be mercilessly edited, then it shouldn't have been uploaded here. shotwell 01:51, 10 October 2006 (UTC)

The term is not a diagnosis (not in the DSM-IV). What does Dr. Becker-Weidman's use or non-use of the term have to do with this article; how is it relevant? Let's try to keep a NPOV and be civil. Attachment disorder, as distinct from the psychiatric diagnosis of Reactive Attachment Disorder (313.89) does deserve an article, I think, since it is a term used loosly in various settings and web pages, etc. Oh, maybe that is the relevance of Dr. Becker-Weidman's use of the term, that it is a term used by referenced sources, professionals, etc? Oh, ok then. But I don't see Dr. Becker-Weidman complaining...why do you keep bringing that person up here? I just don't think it's relevant and may be unproductive in helping build a consensus. SamDavidson 15:06, 10 October 2006 (UTC)

That is a good question. I keep bringing him up because his articles are the primary references to these articles. Everyone seems to stand behind these references and his work. I assure you that it is nothing personal but I agree that my last remark was snide.

And yes, I've pointed out that it isn't in the DSM. However, searching around the internet brings up an incredible number of clinics that treat this "disorder". The APA issued a warning about the diagnosis of AD even.

You all know a lot about this and you're all quite passionate about it. These facts should motivate you to make the article better, cite more sources, cite more claims, and turn it into a good encyclopedia article. Surely it isn't perfect? I'm going to just take a short break from this article while I catch up on the theory and research. shotwell 00:37, 11 October 2006 (UTC)

Actually, the reference list, sources, and citations are all verifiable and quite deep: Bowlby, J., (1988), A Secure Base, Basic Books, NY Becker-Weidman, A., & Shell, D., (2005), Creating Capacity For Attachment, Wood 'N' Barnes, Oklahoma City, OK Brodzinsky, D., Schechter, M., & Marantz, R., (1992), Being Adopted, NY, Doubleday. Becker-Weidman, A., & Shell, D., (Eds.) (2005) Creating Capacity For Attachment, Wood 'N' Barnes, OK. ISBN 1-885473-72-9 Becker-Weidman, A., (2006). Treatment for Children with Trauma-Attachment Disorders: Dyadic Developmental Psychotherapy, Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal. Vol. 13 #1, April 2006. Briere, J., Scott,C.,(2006), Principles of Trauma Therapy: A guide to symptoms, evaluation, and treatment. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Handbook of Infant Mental Health, edited by Charles Zeanah, MD, Guilford Press, 1993, NY. Handbook of Attachment: Theory, Research, and Clinical Applications, edited by Jude Cassidy, Ph.D., & Phillip Shaver, Ph.D, Guilford Press, NY (1999). Building the Bonds of Attachment, 2nd. Edition by Daniel Hughes, Ph.D., Guilford Press, 2006. O'Connor and Zeanah (2003) "Attachment disorders and assessment approaches Attachment and Human Development 5(3)223-244:Taylor and Francis Hughes, Daniel, (1999) Building the Bonds of Attachment, NY: Guilford Press. Hughes, D. (2004). An attachment-based treatment of maltreated children and young people. Attachment & Human Development, 3, 263–278. Hughes, D. (2003). Psychological intervention for the spectrum of attachment disorders and intrafamilial trauma. Attachment & Human Development, 5, 271–279. Holmes, J., The Search for the Secure Base, (2001), Brunner-Routledge, Philadelphia, PA. Bowlby, J., A Secure Base, (1988), Basic Boosk, NY.

This article describes a somewhat vague term, Attachment Disorder, therefore it will have some vagueness to it as there is no commonly agreed upon definition to the term as there is for Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, for example.

As I commented on another page to you. Just make a specific suggestion: what do you want to add; put the specific language here and detail what you want to add, change, or edit and then other editors can appropriately comment and thus, build consensus, which is a cornerstone of Wikipedia philosophy and practice. DPeterson^talk 01:20, 11 October 2006 (UTC)

'PUT SUGGESTED SPEICFIC ADDITIONS HERE'

What do you propose to add and where. Please note what is new, edited, changed, or deleted, so that other editors can comment and consensus can be built. DPeterson^talk 01:20, 11 October 2006 (UTC)

Hello. I just wanted to give some feedback - I am certainly no expert on this area although I do a lot of work with families with children with this issue. Two things I wanted to just throw in as ideas... (no editing on the article was done btw)

One: I like to describe the process of attachment this way: When a baby experiences discomfort, it communicates the discomfort to his/her caregiver by crying or fussing. When the caregiver responds to the cries of the infant and attends to his/her needs, then the infant relaxes and that is the place where attachment begins. The infant learns that communicating his/her needs is effective in getting the needs met. The relaxed state both caregiver and infant achieve once the need is met, occurring over and over again (with each diaper change, feeding, clothing, washing, cuddling) creates the building blocks for attachment.

Describing attachment in a concrete way like this, to me, reaches parents in a more specific way that they can understand.

Another minor suggestion is at some point to make the bullet points and descriptions of symptoms more of an outline/list as it would be more readable.

1.

2.

3.

vs. 1. abcd 2. abdc 3. abdd

I didn't edit b/c I'm new to this and am still feeling my way around the site. 70.239.213.84 02:55, 30 November 2006 (UTC)JRichardson

'DSM and 'attachment disorder'

I really don't think there is a really 'disorder' called 'attachment disorder. It is not in the DSM which is considered the authority. I think it should be made clear that the medical community does not consider it a disorder.

raspor 00:35, 21 December 2006 (UTC)

That is true...why don't you proceed and add some material. Maybe something like:

This term is not in the AMA's DSM IV and is not a psychiatric diagnosis, although it is a broad term used in the research literature.

DPeterson^talk 13:15, 21 December 2006 (UTC)