Talk:Battle of Tientsin
.svg)
Tien Tsin - Spelling
editIs this the same Tientsin that has an article already on wikipedia called Tien Tsin
if so, perhaps there needs to be some redirecting..
Errors
editThis article has many errors. For example, Seymour did not lose a battle on August l because (1) There was no battle on Aug 1, and (2) Seymour on that date was on his flagship in the Yellow sea, not on land near Tientsin. Some of the events described are out of chronological order or the description is incorrect, unclear, or misleading. I'll work on fixing up the article. Smallchief (talk) 14:17, 28 June 2011 (UTC)
I forgot to put the disclaimers on it like the images here- Kansu Braves.15:52, 28 June 2011 (UTC)
General dorward
editmom? We got to work as soon as it was light, to unload the train, which had to go back to Tongku to bring up other troops, and when we were beginning, could see the party of the Royal Welsh Fusiliers and the Naval Brigade starting for Tientsin. Of course, there was no help for it, so we had to remain behind to guard the large quantity of ammunition we had brought up, as there was absolutely no transport of any kind to take it forward. The day was spent under more or less warlike conditions, with sentries and groups placed at the various defensible points. There were one or two alarms, fifteen hundred Chinese cavalry, amongst other items, being at one time reported to the south-west, who, however, gave us a wide berth. In point of fact, the majority of us never saw the shadow of an enemy, except one prisoner who made good his escape from the Naval guard, and caused a diversion by the number of shots fired after him to persuade him either to stop or return —in vain. Towards evening we heard, with great thankfulness, that Tientsin had been relieved.
The next morning the detachment of the HongKong regiment arrived, and at noon two of their companies, with our Nos. 2 and 4 Companies, the whole under Colonel Bower, started for Tientsin, escorting a naval 12-pounder gun and its ammunition. Escorting guns very soon means dragging them, as we have often found out, and it was so in this case. No. 2 Company, as rearguard, had its hands quite full with the three carts of ammunition and odds and ends, and No. 4 had to take turns with the four half-companies of the Hong-Kong regiment at pulling the gun. It was a most trying march, and only those who were present can have any idea of the grand work our men put in. The men of the Hong-Kong regiment, having been some days on board ship, were in poor condition, and their spells became shorter and shorter as the day went on. With the best will in the world, and the most willing spirit, their flesh was weak, and finally the task of dragging that 12-pounder into Tientsin fell entirely on No. 4 Company, which task, to their eternal honour be it recorded, they right manfully accomplished.
We passed through many deserted villages on the way, deserted, that is, by the human inhabitants only, for there were dogs there, and poultry —some of which came along lost in wonder, to all appearances, as to the departure of their masters. Many, too, were the awesome sights we saw along the river banks, whenever we struck it, and some of them made us cease from wondering at the sleek and contented looks of the village dogs, usually so thin and starved. At one time, in the afternoon, a bend in the river brought us suddenly in full view of the tug Fa-wan feeling its way cautiously downstream to Taku. Our appearance, where no troops were expected, seemed to cause them some excitement, for they stopped and cleared for action, so far as a mere tug can perform this complicated evolution. However, we met, and then parted, both as friends.
Arriving at the outskirts of Tientsin Settlement about 5 P.m., we came upon the Russians shelling the Peiyang, or Eastern Arsenal, but without much apparent effect. As we skirted their camp, much interest was displayed by both parties, but they carefully abstained from rendering us any assistance in dragging our gun and carts up the steep, sandy track from the plain, on which they were in camp, to the railway line passing through the Mud Wall, which seemed to be our only means of entrance into the Settlement. The task was eventually accomplished without their assistance, and the way No. 4 got the gun up the railway embankment was one of the grandest sights of the day.
By this time it was growing dark, and No. 2 Company, following the only apparent road, passed through several villages burnt to the ground, and eventually arrived on the enemy's side of the railway station, the officer in command being brought up short by a Russian sentry drawing a bead on him. Fortunately, the Chinese were not then paying such a close attention to the railway station as they did subsequently, or things would not have been so peaceably arranged. It was now quite apparent, in the waning light, that the carts were on the wrong side of the line to be quite safe, so Captain Barnes climbed up the nearest signal-post to reconnoitre, fortunately for him, escaping the attention of any snipers. It being necessary to get the carts over the six or eight pairs of rails running through the station as soon as could be, and, as the Russians confined their "assisting" to the French interpretation of the word, there was no help for it but No. 2 must do the job unaided. And do it they did, in the grandest way. Carts, rats of ponies, and all,[1][2][3]
External link directory #1
|
|---|
|
The Fighting at Tient.rin.—Early in June the Boxers, together with soldiers of the imperial army, began to mass around Ticntsin, which is about miles from Peking, and was said to have about 1,000,000 inhabitants. A part of 'licntsin_ was known as the “foreign city," and this was made a base of operations for the allied forces. On the 17th of the month—the day of the Taku b0mbardmcnt—a siege of the foreign city was begun by the Chinese, and on the 19th and 20th the allies, numbering some 4000, of whom about 800 were Americans, were obliged to sustain attacks, including a heavy bombardment that evidently was directed by gunners of the regular army. On June 21 the American consulate and tnuch of the foreign concessions were destroyed. Two days later relief was effected by a column of Russians, Americans, and Japanese, which after suffering small losses arrived from Taku. On July 2 most of the women and children of the foreigners were successfully sent away. During the next ten days the Boxers and soldiers bombarded the foreign city, which was commanded by guns mounted on the walls of the Chinese city. On the 9th, 11th, and 13th of July heavy engagements took place. On the 9th an attack was made by 950 British, 400 Russians, and too Americans. all under General Dorward, of the British army, and by 1000 Japanese, under Major-General Fukushima. The allies succeeded in capturing the Chinese positions southwest of the city, the enemy losing 4 guns and probably 350 killed. A Chinese attack was repulsed on July II, the assailants losing about 500 killed. On that day two battalions of the Ninth United States Infantry, which had arrived at Taku from Manila on July 6, reached Tientsin under command of Colonel Emerson H. Liscum (q.r/.). Two days later the allied forces made an unsuccessful attempt to storm the native city in two columns. The two battalions of the Ninth regiment, which had been assigned to General Dorward's brigade, maintained a position under heavy fire for fifteen hours, sustaining a loss of 77 wounded and 18 killed. Among the latter was Colonel Liscum, who, to quote the report of the secretary of war, “thus ended an honorable service of nearly forty years, . . . distinguished by unvarying courage, fidelity, and high character." Lieutenant-Colonel Charles A. Coolidge succeeded to the regimental command of the American force at Tientsin. On the morning of July 14 the attack on the native city was resumed by the allies, who breached the walls. stormed and captured the forts, and secured possession of the city. In the last three days’ fighting the allies lost about 250 men killed; of these upward of too were Russians, 58 Japanese, about 40 British, and 37 Americans; the total casualties, killed and wounded, were about 800. The city was considerably destroyed by bombardment and fire. The Japanese and American forces received special praise for meritorious conduct in action. On July 15 General Dorward, writing to the American ranking ofiicer, said: “I desire to express the high appreciation of the British troops of the honor done them in serving alongside their comrades of the American army during the long and hard fighting of the 13th instant, and the subsequent capture of Tientsin City, and of my own appreciation of the high honor accorded to me by having them under my command. The American troops formed part of the front line of the British attack, and so had more than their share of the fighting." On July 21 Admiral Seymour reported that Tientsin and vicinity were entirely free from Chinese forces.[4]
China—Death of Colonel Liscum 1405 The Russians advanced at midnight, intending to throw pontoons across the Lutai Canal and take the fort in reverse. A strong bombardment was opened to which the reply was weak. Soon after a tremendous explosion took place near the railway fort, which led to the belief that the magazine had been fired by the 4-inch guns that were throwing lyddite. One Chinese arsenal was captured but the next offered stubborn resistance. After an hour's shelling of the defences, the commanders had a conference and decided to attack the wall. The American marines took the extreme left of the line, the Ninth regiment the right, with the Japanese and French advancing in the centre along the road, covered by the artillery. The movement brought a furious fire from the walls and villages, while the allies were compelled to remain on open ground, not able to breach the wall, because they could not cross the deep canal confronting them. Most of the attacking troops, when exposed to the terrific fire of the Chinese, were able to find some kind of cover, but the American Ninth regiment was caught in a bend of the river and unable to gain the slightest screen, despite a forced advance in quest of one. While leading his line, Colonel Emerson H. Liscum was killed. Now followed the inevitable, but none the less lamentable, confusion. The Japanese commander, General Fukushima advanced along the road after the charge in the morning, while the British commander General Dorward remained at the gate of the west arsenal. About the middle of the afternoon, the Japanese leader sent a message to General Dorward asking him to protect the flank west of the south arsenal. When this message reached the British commander he could not understand it, for the man was unable to speak English. General Dorward sent a messenger to General Fukushima, but he could not find him, and for most of the afternoon there was really no communication among the different commanders. It is said the Chinese fire was so heavy that it was impossible to send litter bearers after the wounded. Although the murderous fire prevented the Russians from taking the fort against which they moved, they occupied the villages north of the railroad station, which had greatly troubled the allies, captured a dozen guns, and exploded a magazine. The Ninth regiment succeeded in bringing away their wounded but were obliged to leave the dead behind. The American marines held their ground, their commander, Major Waller, withdrawing some of the guard at the arsenal to the wall. The Japanese and French held their positions. After a desperate battle, lasting from the morning before, the allies took possession of the native city on the morning of July 14. The Chinese dead were too numerous to be counted. The casualties of the allies were over 700 killed and wounded. When the British entered the native city, they rushed through the narrow streets in the hope of capturing things that would be useful in the advance upon Peking. They took one river steamer and some 200 junks. The Japanese captured the Chinese treasury where they found 1,000,000 taels of silver which they handed over to the Americans. The Chinese made their last stand within the city in a fort situated in the northeast. The Russians attempted to take it, but were repulsed with heavy loss. They withdrew withtheir wounded, intending to renew the attack on the following morning, but much to their disgust the Japanese were ahead of them and carried it with a bayonet charge.[5][6][6]
APPENDIX IV. No. 1. Tientsin, China, July 21, 1900. The Adjutant, Ninth Infantry: Sir,—In consequence of the death of Colonel Emerson H. Liscnm, Ninth United States Infantry, on the field of battle on the 13th instant, and my succession to the command of the companies therein engaged, namely, B, C, D, detachment of E, and Companies F, G, and H, I have the honor to submit the following report, pursuant to paragraph 267 of the Regulations for troops in campaign: The formation was made at 3 A. M. on the 13th instant at the Nong Po Quilo Mortuary, near the Tientsin University, on the south side of the Foreign Settlement. The command moved out in column at 3:30 A. M., following the British Naval Brigades. After a circuitous march of about two hours, we took position as a reserve in line of battle fronting the West Arsenal at a distance of about eight hundred yards. From dropping shots at long range we suffered considerable loss, the heaviest being Company C, the second company from the left. Captain C. R. Noyes, the adjutant of the regiment, was slightly wounded at this place, but continued on duty. We then moved forward about 7 A. M. to the protection of the mud wall at West Arsenal, the First Battalion forming on right into line all as a support to the Japanese, the Second Battalion being on the right. At about 7:30 A. M. we moved quickly over the wall, and the command re-formed a short distance forward under the protection of some mud huts. In a few minutes the men enthusiastically moved forward rapidly, crossing the bridge, and, by Colonel Liscum's orders, took a position in battle order to the right along the banks of a broad canal. Owing to the contracted space, Company B was moved from the right to the front on a road at an angle to the general line, and followed soon after by Companies C, D, G, F, and H, it being the intention for this entire line to conform to the general advance of the Japanese toward the Takn gate. At this juncture a heavy enfilading fire was opened on the Ninth Infantry at a point about twelve hundred yards distant, and many casualties resulted. By Colonel Liscum's orders and personal directions, we fronted this fire and moved forward, Captain Brewster, Company B, in advance. This was about 8 A.;m. ^The^fire became hot and heavy from a fortified mud village in our front, which practically flanked the advancing column on the Taku gate of the walled city. We moved rapidly forward, suffering severe losses; Captain E. V. Bookmiller falling severely wounded at the first advance. Until about 9 A. M. the two battalions occupied an advanced position within one hundred to two hundred yards of the fortified village, where we were subjected to a deadly fire of musketry and shrapnel. The ground passed over was irregular, filled with dikes and ditches, the mud and wateravarying froniithree to eight feet deep. I repeatedly met^Coloneljlviscunvwho, with uplifted arms, coolly and calmly urged his men forward. When within about two hundred and fifty^ yards of the enemy's fortified position, which was protected by an^unfordable canal or moat fifty yards wide, 1 met Major Regan, commanding the Second Battalion, where he fell severely wounded. £After locating his wound, I directed the men to put him under cover, and moved forward. Captain Noyes, the adjutant, had received his second wound, a severe one, and was taken to a house for partial protection. Shortly before 9 a. M. T inquired for the Colonel, and was informed by Lieutenant Joseph Frazier that he had been hit and was in the trench mortally wounded. I then took command of the remnants of the First and Second Battalions, directing Captain A. W. Brewster to command the First, and First Lieutenant Joseph Frazier the Second. A further advance was impossible, and to retire was out of the question. About i0 A. M. I directed my gallant adjutant, First Lieutenant Louis B. Lawton, to go to the rear, he being compelled to cross the fieldAswept by a most destructive fire, and report to General Dorward, of Her Majesty's service, our need and condition. This he did, and in less than two hours returned, and, though twice wounded, coolly reported the result of his perilous mission. He was afterwards again hit by a shot in the sole of his shoe. We remained in this position under musketry and machine-gun fire, many of the men lying in water from their knees to their armpits, with no hope of withdrawal, until 8:10 P. M., when, under cover of darkness, we withdrew by squads, under fire, with a loss in so doing of i man of Company C killed. Our final withdrawal was handsomely covered by the British naval troops and United^States marines sent to our aid by General Dorward. These gallant men also aided us in the removal of our wounded, and we owe General Dorward and them a debt of gratitude which.will never be forgotten by the American soldiers on that bloody field, and the high tribute given by General Dorward to the officers and men of the Ninth Infantry will be sacredly cherished as long as the battle of Tientsin shall remain inscribed on our colors. Having removed our wounded and the body of our colonel, we assembled at the south gate of the West Arsenal at about 9:15 p. M., where 1 reported to Lieutenant-Colonel Charles A. Coolidge, Ninth Infantry, the senior officer of the regiment. It is but just to state that throughout the trying ordeal of the day the officers and the great majority of the men behaved with splendid gallantry. When our ammunition was nearly exhausted and our force on the firing-line greatly reduced, there was a grim determination on the part of every officer and man there under my command to hold on through the long hours of constant and deadly fire until such time as withdrawal could be effected under cover of night. In this connection attention is invited to the accompanying sketch of the field of operations prepared by First Lieutenant Harold Hammond (Exhibit A); also to a report (Exhibit B) by Captain Charles R. Noyes, adjutant, made in response to my request. Companv A of the regiment was not under my orders during the day, having been ordered on the preceding day to duty at the north pontoon bridge as a reserve to the troops at the railroad station. This command consisted of Company A, 66 men, and 32 men of Company D, commanded by First Lieutenant M. M. Weeks, Eleventh Infantry, with Second Lieutenant F. R. Brown, Ninth Infantry, attached. This command suffered casualties of 2 killed and 5 wounded from a bursting shell. Attention is invited to Lieutenant Weeks's report herewith, as Exhibit C. At the 3 A. M. formation on the 13th instant the effective force of the command to which I succeeded was as follows: 1 colonel, 1 adjutant. First Battalion: 1 major, 1 adjutant, 1 sergeantmajor; Company B, 2 officers, 64 enlisted men; Company C, 1 officer, 59 enlisted men; Company D, 2 officers, 41 enlisted men, and attached to Company D from Company E, 11 enlisted men; total, First Battalion, 7 officers, 176 enlisted men. Second Battalion: 1 major, 1 adjutant, 1 sergeant-major; Company F, 1 officer, 86 enlisted men; Company G, 2 officers, 7.5 enlisted men; Company H, 1 officer, 80 enlisted men; total, Second Battalion, 6 officers, 242 enlisted men. Recapitulation Ninth Infantry, 15 officers, 418 enlisted men. In addition to the above were 2 medical officers and 8 men of the Hospital Corps. Casualties.—Killed, 1 officer and 16 enlisted men; wounded, 4 officers and 67 enlisted men. Total casualties, 5 officers and 83 enlisted men. SPECIAL meNTION. The following-named officers are recommended: For Medals of Honor. Captain Charles R. Noyes, adjutant, lor conspicuous gallantry for continuing on until twice wounded' (special report forwarded). Captain Andre W. Brewster, for conspicuous gallantry in rescuing, at great risk to his life, a wounded soldier who would have drowned. tsi. First Lieutenant Joseph Frazier, for conspicuous gallantry in rescuing at great peril the colonel of his regiment, who had fallen mortally wounded, and conducting him to the trench. First Lieutenant Louis B. Lawton, adjutant First Battalion, for conspicuous gallantry in carrying a message for relief over a field swept by a deadly fire, returning and reporting after having been twice wounded in doing so (special report forwarded). For Brevets. Major James Regan, as lieutenant-colonel, for coolness, courage, and heroic exposure under deadly fire until severely wounded. Captain Charles R. Noyes, adjutant, as major, for constant coolness and gallantry under a deadly fire until disabled by a second wound. Captain Andre W. Brewster, as major, for conspicuous gallantry, coolness, and heroism in the extreme advance and inspiring the men of his company and battalion by fearless example. Captain Edwin V. Bookmiller, as major, for conspicuous coolness under a deadly fire, leading his company until he fell twice wounded. First Lieutenant Joseph Frazier, as captain, for conspicuous gallantry and fearless example, inspiring the riien of his company and battalion. First Lieutenant Louis B. Lawton, adjutant First Battalion, as captain, for conspicuous gallantry, coolness, and efficiency in the discharge of every duty throughout the day. First Lieutenant Harry F. Rethers, as captain, for conspicuous gallantry, coolness, and heroism, being with the extreme advance and inspiring his men by example throughout the day. First Lieutenant William K. Naylor, as captain, for conspicuous gallantry, coolness, and heroism, being with the extreme advance and inspiring his men by example throughout the day. First Lieutenant Edward A. Bumpus, as captain, for conspicuous gallantry, coolness, and heroism, being with the ex[7] THE CAPTURE OF TIENTSIN CITY. During the absence of the admiral and his force, the Chinese had kept our force defending the foreign settlement at Tientsin sufficiently busy, and did everything in their power to prevent trains with reinforcements going forward even before the 14th June, when the rails were torn up. Captain Bayly, RN, of HMS _Aurora_, had been left in charge of the British forces, and was joined on the 11th June by Commander Beattie, of HMS _Barfleur_, with 150 bluejackets and marines, and later by between 1600 and 1800 Russians, with cavalry and artillery. The Boxers made their first attack upon the settlement upon 16th June, and from that time, until the capture of the Chinese city, there was almost continual fighting, in the course of which the Naval Brigade lost several officers and men. The native city began to bombard the settlement on the 17th, and on the 25th a 12-pounder gun from the _Terrible_, one of those mounted on Captain Percy Scott's system, which had done such service in South Africa, arrived and shelled the forts. The _Terrible_ had also brought to Tongku a military force consisting of Royal Welsh Fusiliers, 7 officers and 328 men, some engineers, and other details, under Major Morris; these with a naval force of about 150, under Captain Craddock, RN, of the _Alacrity_, together with 1500 Russians with 4 guns and 100 American marines, made on the 23rd June an attack upon the military school, a strong position commanding the settlements. A great deal of bayonet-fighting took place in clearing the villages on the way, but the position itself was easily taken and the settlement relieved. The approximate total of the forces of all nations at Tientsin after this reinforcement was 4500, of whom about 1400 were British. On 27th June a force of British seamen under Commander Craddock, and marines under Major Johnstone, the whole about 600 strong, under the command of Captain Burke, joined with the Russians in an attack upon the Chinese arsenal. The Russians took the centre and right face, our men being ordered to advance parallel to the left face. At 200 yards they were met with a heavy fire, and had to advance for some space over a flat piece of ground until they could turn and face the arsenal, and when they advanced received the fire of a field-gun at the left corner. However, fixing bayonets, the bluejackets charged with a cheer, the enemy quickly bolted, and were met with the fire of the marines, who had been left outside for that purpose. The Russians also drove out the enemy at their end, and destroyed the arsenal. Our losses were 7 killed and 21 wounded. On 28th June and the following day messages came in from Pekin, dated 24th June, "Our case is desperate; come at once." Terrible news indeed for the allies; it was but two days since the expedition which had set out for Pekin had returned, and now the Tientsin settlement itself was in danger, besieged and bombarded daily by the Chinese forts. No attempt even at relief was at this time possible, and there was an awful anxiety both here and in Europe as to what the fate of the embassies might be. On the 4th of July the Chinese made an attack upon the railway station, and were repulsed; and on the same day two additional 12-pounder guns from the _Terrible_ arrived, and also two Krupp guns taken from the Taku forts, a most important access of strength to the Naval Brigade, for up to this time the only guns had been the 12-pounder of the _Terrible_, two 9-pounder marine field-guns, and three 6 pounder Hotchkiss. The next two days the forts in the native city were heavily bombarded by the _Terrible's_ guns, assisted by French and Japanese field-guns. Several of the Chinese guns were silenced, but others, difficult to locate owing to the use of smokeless powder, replied with spirit and made good practice. A gallant attempt was made on the afternoon of the 6th by Major Bruce of the 1st Chinese Regiment to silence a 9-pounder which had been pushed up to within short range, and appeared to be aiming at the waterworks. The admiral lent him a 9-pounder gun, and Commander Beattie, of the _Barfleur_, with 70 men. No cover could be found, and the 9-pounder could not be brought into action owing to the heavy rifle fire, and the attempt had to be abandoned. The force lost 2 killed and 5 wounded, among the latter being Major Bruce and Mr F. Esdaile, midshipman of the _Barfleur_, the latter mortally. The Chinese for some days had gradually been pushing their lines round to the west and south of the native city, with a view to cutting the communication by river and also placing the battery of the British naval guns under a fire from the rear as well as front. Moreover, the Chinese gunners were improving daily in their practice, and evidently had knowledge from spies of the exact position and ranges of the barracks. It became therefore necessary to clear the enemy out of their position. It was accordingly arranged that a combined movement should be made at daybreak on 9th July to drive the enemy out of their position, and by a wide flanking movement to converge upon and capture the west arsenal. The command was entrusted to the Japanese General Fukushima, whose force consisted of about 1000 infantry and 150 cavalry, with 150 American 9th Infantry Regiment. The British sent 1000 men, namely, two companies 2nd Battalion Royal Welsh Fusiliers, half company Hong-Kong Regiment, two companies Chinese Regiment, and 400 bluejackets and marines under General Dorward as supports; and the Russians a reserve of 400. The force moved off before daylight on the 9th. The bulk of the fighting fell upon the Japanese, but there was very little of that, for though the Chinese artillery replied briskly for some time, when once the guns were silenced and the infantry through the line of fire, the Chinese fled precipitately. The Japanese cavalry charged and dispersed a body of Boxers, killing about 200, and the infantry advancing captured four Krupp guns. The arsenal was taken with a rush by the Japanese, and found to be deserted, but being commanded by rifle fire was found to be untenable. The place was therefore set on fire, and the forces returned, having most thoroughly effected their purpose. The naval casualties among the British were 1 killed and 3 wounded. This reverse, severe though it was, did not weaken the determination of the Boxers, for early in the morning of the 11th they made a most determined attack upon the railway station, an important position for them, from which they could bombard the settlement as well as destroy the rolling stock. The fight lasted three hours, and was stubbornly contested. The Chinese got to close quarters and even crossed bayonets with the allies. They were at length driven out with very heavy loss. The allies also lost heavily, 150 killed and wounded, principally Japanese and French. The British loss was very slight. At this time the number of the enemy attacking was estimated at 20,000, while of the allies the total force was 12,170, namely, 50 Austrians, 2160 French, 1420 British, 400 Germans, 40 Italians, 3090 Japanese, 4450 Russians, and 560 Americans. The bombardment of the settlement by the Chinese was inflicting daily losses. Hitherto their artillery had been superior to ours, but by the arrival of two 4-inch guns, one from HMS _Algerine_, and another from HMS _Phoenix_, the position was altered and it was at length decided to make a general attack upon the enemy on the 18th, with a view to capturing the native city and finally relieving the foreign settlement. In this action the British naval guns were assigned a prominent part, and to their very accurate shooting the success was mainly due. The plan arranged was that under cover of the naval guns on the east the Russians and Germans should take the Chinese batteries to the north-east of the city, while the Japanese and British should at the same time deliver their attack upon the city to facilitate the capture of the batteries by the Russians. The Japanese were under their own general, the rest of the allies under General Donvard. The forces consisted of 1500 Japanese, under General Fukushima; 800 British, of whom 300 were naval; 900 Americans, 30 Austrians, 900 French, and about 3000 Russians and 400 German marines. After about an hour's bombardment the main attack was delivered, the French on the right, the British on the left, and the Japanese in the centre, which was the point of greatest danger, for they were to advance upon the south gate and blow it up to effect an entrance. The Americans were ordered to support the left of the Japanese, and to their left were the Welsh Fusiliers. The Americans unfortunately soon became involved in a very exposed position, whence they could neither retreat nor advance, their colonel was killed and they lost very heavily, and 100 men of the Naval Brigade under Lieutenant Phillimore were sent to their aid. Meantime the naval guns were keeping up a constant and accurate fire, keeping down the fire from the city walls. Still, however, the day wore on; the Japanese were unable to reach the gate, and the city, which it was expected to enter by noon, was not yet taken, and the Japanese general decided to hold his position through the night and to resume the attack in the morning. Under fire of the naval guns the Fusiliers and American marines were withdrawn with very slight loss, and then the unfortunate 9th Regiment with the company of the Naval Brigade. This was a very delicate business, for they were in danger of being themselves hit by the guns, but so accurate was the fire that it was performed without accident. Splendid work had meantime been done by our men in getting in the American wounded, nearly all of whom they brought in under fire. The Russians, of whom nothing had been heard during the day, had been thoroughly successful, although their attack had been delayed. In the end they completely routed the Chinese and captured 11 guns, but not without heavy fighting, in which they lost 120 in killed and wounded. The next morning the Japanese, who in the night had made a bridge across the canal, crossed over at three a.m., blew in the gate, and in less than an hour the city was taken. The British seized a number of junks and a steamer and 8 guns, which had kept up such a fire on the preceding day. The total loss of the allies concerned in the attack on the south gate was--British, naval, 6 men killed, among whom was Captain Lloyd of the marines, and 38 wounded; military, 12 killed, 38 wounded; Americans, 9 killed, 119 wounded; French, no killed and wounded; Japanese, 400. The effect of the naval guns was remarkable, and is thus reported by General Dorward: "The success of the operations was largely due to the manner in which the naval guns were worked by Lieutenant Drummond, RN, the accuracy of their fire alone rendering steady fire on the part of the troops possible against the strong Chinese position, and largely reducing the number of casualties. "The delicate operation of withdrawing troops from advanced positions at nightfall to strengthen other parts of the line, and the bringing back of the wounded, could not have been effected without the aid of the well-directed fire of the guns. "I desire to place on record my appreciation of the gallantry and fine spirit of the men, and to join in their regret for the heavy loss in killed and wounded, and particularly with the Royal Marines in regret for the death of Captain Lloyd. "The Naval Brigade had their full share in the fighting at the centre and right of the position, and had the honour of being among the first troops to enter Tientsin. The succour they brought under a heavy fire to the hard-pressed American troops on the right was highly appreciated by the 9th Regiment United States Infantry, who found themselves unexpectedly under the heaviest fire of the day, and were much heartened by the arrival of Lieutenant Phillimore, RN, and his men." A YOUNG V.C. During the fighting on 13th July a midshipman, Basil John Douglas Guy, displayed great coolness and bravery in stopping with and attending to a wounded seaman, under an excessively hot fire, eventually assisting to carry him across a fire-swept force. When it is remembered what kind of treatment the Chinese dealt out to all who fell into their hands, and the brutalities of which they were guilty, the heroism of the above act stands out all the more sharply and unmistakably. For the action thus described in the _Gazette_ Mr Guy was awarded a Victoria Cross. [8] Our Sailors Gallant Deeds of the British Navy During the Reign of Queen Victoria by W. H. G. Kingston [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]
REPORT OF THE BATTLE OF TIENTSIN, CHINA. JULY 13, 1900, BY LIEUT. COL. CHARLES A. COOLIDGE, NINTH INFANTRY, COMMANDING. JULY 13, 1900.—BATTLE OF TIENTSIN, CHINA. REPORTS. Pag* Report of Lieut. Col. Charles A. Coolidge, Ninth Infantry 17 1. Report of Maj. J. M. Lee, Ninth Infantry 19 2. Report of Capt. C. R. Noyes, adjutant, Ninth Infantry 22 3. Report of Lieut. M. M. Weeks, Eleventh Infantry (commanding Company A, Ninth Infantry) 24 4. Letter from Brig. Gen. A. R. F. Dorward (commanding British forces in North China, to commanding officer United States forces) 24 Hdqrs. Ninth United States Infantry, Tientsin, China, July 25, 1900. The Adjutant-general, U. S. A., Washington, D. C. Sir: I have the honor to inclose herewith the reports of Major Lee and Capt. C. R. Noyes, adjutant, Ninth Infantry; Lieut. Weeks, commanding Company A, Ninth Infantry, and to render the following report as Third Battalion and regimental commander, Ninth Infantry, in the engagement of July 13, 1900, at Tientsin, China. I had been left in charge of the Third Battalion and regimental property on board the U. S. Army transport Logan, on the departure of regimental headquarters and the First and Second battalions, at the anchorage off Taku Forts. I proceeded with my battalion, by lighter, up the Pie Ho River, the 12th instant, arriving at the encampment of the regiment on the German "Concession," Tientsin, China, about 10 a. m. July 13, 1900. Upon landing I learned of the departure of the First and Second battalions, under Colonel Liscum, at 3 a. m. July 13 for an attack on the south gate of the walled city of Tientsin. Company A had been sent to the railroad station and Company E left in encampment to guard property; General Liscum had token 420 men with the six companies. While preparing my command to join the regiment, a staff officer from Lieutenant-Colonel Bower, of the British army, commanding at the railroad station, arrived and requested me to send him reenforcements, as they "were hard pressed;" consequently I sent him two companies, Kand M, under command of Major Footc, Ninth Infantry. A messenger from Surgeon Banister shortly arrived with a request for medical stores, dressings, water, etc. I procured some carriages, to be drawn by hand, and filled them with supplies, including ammunition, and 17 WAR 1900 VOL 1, FT IX 2 Froceeded to the south gate of the outer mud wall, with companies and L, Ninth Infantry, where we arrived about 4 p. m. I reported to General Dorward, of the British Army, who was in command of the British and American forces that day. He informed me that he intended to withdraw the Ninth Infantry at dark under the shelter of a cannonade from his batteries; that it would be useless to reenforce them and that I could not get to them without a great sacrifice of life, which he would not order; that the reenforcements I had would be of no utility, even if we reached the position held by the rest of the regiment; that it was impossible for the regiment to advance from their position. He then directed me to proceed to take care and dispose of the wounded as they arrived. The men under Major Lee arrived between 8 and 10 p. m., bringing in their wounded, which were attended to by Major Banister, who had established a temporary field hospital at the south gate of the mud wall, bringing back from nearly the advanced line Captain Bookmiller and other wounded. His zealous and efficient labors are highly to be commended, as well as his assistants, Surgeon Marrow, who was with the firing line, and Acting Assistant Surgeon Calhoun, who arrived with my command. The wounded were all sent in to the marine hospital in the British "Concession" before midnight, and the men under Major Lee, who had been fighting since daylight, lying in the mud and water for over eleven hours, were sent back to their quarters to change their clothing, get something to eat, and to return to the south gate the next morning. Company A from the railroad station, which had been relieved by Major Foote, reported to me at the south gate about dusk. On the morning of the 14th the south gate of the walled city of Tientsin having been blown open by the Japanese and the city entered by the allied forces, our services were no longer required, and by direction of General Dorward the Ninth Infantry were returned to their encampment. I am pleased to concur in the recommendation of the company and battalion commanders of their men who distinguished themselves during the battle and so richly deserve the brevets, medals of honor, etc., or honorary mention for distinguished services in the battle of Tientsin. There were 1 officer and 19 men killed, 4 officers and 72 men wounded, and 1 man missing. The body of Col. E. H. Liscum was brought in from the field by Major Lee's men and sent into the hospital that evening. His body was sent down to Tongku the evening of the 14th instant, the funeral procession from the hospital to the boat being attended by General Dorward, of the British Army, and his aides, also by officers of the Marine Corps and all of his regiment, the Ninth Infantry. At Tongku he was buried with military honors under direction of Captain Wise, of the U. S. cruiser Monocaey, attended by all the senior officers of the naval fleet of Russia, Japan, France, America, Germany, Austria, and Italy. The enlisted dead having been brought off the field of battle, with two exceptions, were buried the evening of July 15 near the southeast corner of the "compound" where the regiment is encamped. The body of one man was subsequently found on the field of battle by Lieutenant Hammond and buried where it lay; one man reported "missing," body not found.[17][18]
received from the Terrible, and two Krupps (about 9-prs.) from the Taku forts. Up to that time, the Tientsin brigade had had only one 12-pr., two 9-pr. muzzle-loading field guns, and three 6-pr. Hotchkiss guns. An effort was made on the morning of July 6th further to supplement these by cutting out a 1-pr. quickfirer which had been pushed up by the enemy to within short range; but the attempt failed, owing to the gun being on the opposite side of the river, and the nearest bridge being too exposed for men to cross it. At noon, the Allies opened a bombardment of the forts in the native city, and of the western arsenal. The forts were silenced by the 12-prs.; the French guns set fire to the Viceroy's Yamen ; and the Japanese guns shelled the arsenal. In the afternoon, Major Bruce, of the 1st Chinese regiment, offered to take out a 9-pr., and silence the l-pr. quick-firer before mentioned by approaching it along a covered road known to him. Finding this road too narrow for his gun, he unfortunately ventured upon the main road, which was swept by the enemy’s fire, and was thus obliged to retreat, with a loss of 2 killed, and 5, including himself, and Midshipman Frank Samuel Drake Esdaile (Barfieur), wounded. Young Esdaile died on the following day. The bombardment was renewed on the 7th, it being absolutely necessary to do everything possible to keep down the fire of the Chinese guns, which were very troublesome, and very difficult to locate. A reconnaissance by Japanese cavalry to the south-west showed also that the Chinese were endeavouring to work round on that side, in order, probably, to cut the communications of the allies by river. A large force was discovered near the racecourse, and opened a heavy fire. On the 8th it was decided to make a combined movement with the object of driving off this body; and, accordingly, early on the 9th, the Japanese Brigadier-General Fukushima led out to the southward a number of his own men, with 1000 British (400 naval) under Brigadier-General Dorward, 150 Americans, and 400 Russians. When well clear of the settlement, the force wheeled t0 the right, attacked the Chinese near the racecourse, seized some earthworks, and captured four 3-pr. Krupps, and about 50 rifles, and then advanced further in a northerly direction, ultimately entering the western arsenal, which was found to have been VOL. VII. 2 N evacuated, but which still contained two guns. Beyond the arsenal, and towards the south wall of the city, the troops and seamen were exposed to so heavy a fire that they retired, after burning the arsenal. The British naval loss on this occasion was 1 killed and 3 wounded. Early on July 11th the Chinese made a more determined attack than ever before upon the railway station, and were not repulsed until they had fought for three hours in the most stubborn manner. The allies lost rather heavily; but the casualties1 were almost entirely confined to the French and Japanese. Later in the day, opening on the forts in the native city, the Terrible’s 12-prs., and one of the Algerine’s 25-pr. (4-in.) quick-firing guns did excellent work, demolishing a pagoda which had been used as a look-out station; but, in spite of repulses and defeats, the number of the enemy seemed to increase. Seymour, writing on July 12th, estimated it at not less than 20,000; while against them were, on the same day, 1420 British, 560 Americans, 400 Germans, 5O Austrians, 2160 French, 40 Italians, 4450 Russians, and 3090 Japanese; total 12,170, a number quite insufficient both to protect the settlement and to take a vigorous offensive. Happily the river remained open, and traffic undisturbed, so that supplies came up freely. In the meantime the Russians were hard at work repairing the railway. For their services during the period from June 26th to July 11th, Sir Edward Seymour specially mentioned and recommended Lieutenants Thomas \Vebster Kemp2 (Aurora), John Edmund Drummond (Terrible), and Frederick Armand Powlett (Centurion), Sub-Lieutenant Edward Coverley Kennedy“ (Barfleur), Signal Boatswain George Ellis (Centurion), acting Gunner Joseph Wright (Terrible), Midshipman Edward Oliver Brudenel Seymour Osborne ‘ (Centurion), and Carpenter James Attrill (Centurion). Lieutenant Kemp, in addition to other services, had been found particularly useful as interpreter5 in Russian; Sub-Lieutenant Kennedy had been recommended to the Vice-Admiral by Major \Valler, of the l The only British naval loss was one Marine killed. 2 Com., Nov. 9, 1900. ' Lieut., Nov. 9, 1900. ‘ Noted for promotion. “ There were not, at the time, more than three officers in the service qualified as interpreters in Russian. Kemp was also qualified in Hindustani and Arabic. 1900.] CAPTURE OF THE CHINESE CITY. 547 United States’ marines. The British naval casualties in the same period were :— [graphic][ocr errors][ocr errors][ocr errors][graphic][ocr errors][ocr errors][ocr errors][ocr errors][ocr errors][graphic][graphic][graphic][graphic] On the evening of July 11th, the Allies having received reinforcements of American and Japanese troops, the officers and men of the Centurion were sent back to their ship, and Sir Edward Seymour himself, with his staff, returned to his flagship outside Taku bar. The senior British naval officers left ashore were Captain Bayly, commandant at Tientsin, and Captain Burke, commanding the Naval Brigade. On July 13th a general attack was made by the allies upon the Chinese walled city of Tientsin, and its forts. A large force of Russians, accompanied by some Germans and French, attacked on the east and north-east; and the rest of the forces from the settlement marched out by the Taku gate, and began a detour to the west, in preparation for an assault on the south gate of the city. At General Dorward’s request, Captain Bayly directed all the naval guns which were in position to bear on the enemy’s posts to be ready to open fire at 4 A.M; and he arranged to control the batteries by telephone from the signal tower of Gordon Hall. Owing to darkness and mist, fire was not actually opened until 4.30, whereupon the Chinese responded by heavily shelling the settlement. The British naval guns were admirably handled by Lieutenants Herbert Du Cane Luard, and John Edmund Drummond. The fighting lasted continuously until about 1 P.M., after which the allies contented themselves for the most part with merely maintaining or improving their positions. In the night, most of the defenders abandoned the walled city; early on the morning of the 14th, the Japanese blew in the outer southern gate ; and by 6 A.M. the whole southern part of the place was in the hands of the allies. Very many junks, and a stern-wheel steamer were captured in the canal to the north; and, at about noon, the large fort to the north-east was taken by the Japanese, who behaved most bravely throughout. A few hours later, the city was divided into four administrative districts, the north-west portion being assigned to the British. Captain Burke, who led the Naval Brigade of about 300 bluejackets and Marines, and marched out at 3.30 AM. on the 13th, with the mixed force by the Taku gate of the settlement, joined the left attacking column, to support the Japanese in the efl'ort -against the south gate of the walled city. He says :— “After passing the end of a deserted village at 4 AJI. the head of the column turned to the right, in the direction of the western arsenal. The British naval guns on the mud well now opened fire on the arsenal and city. Soon after the Japanese had reached the plain they deployed, and immediately came in contact with a body of Imperial Chinese troops, whom they soon drove back, with apparently slight loss to themselves. The column then advanced till the bridge leading to the front gate of the western arsenal was reached. This was at about 5 run, when a halt was made to permit the Japanese to repair this bridge, which had previously been destroyed by fire on the 9th inst. The Naval Brigade was extended, and ordered to lie down, and maintained this position for some time, when the Chinese small-arm men on the city wall got the range very accurately, and caused many casualties in our ranks, including the deaths of Captain Lloyd, R.M.L.I., H.M.S. Aurora, and James Brown, A.B., H.M.S. Barfleur. I then moved the Brigade some distance to the right, and it was some little time before the enemy again obtained our range, when their fire was again very destructive. “At about 7.15 A.M., the Japanese having completed the repair of the bridge, the whole column advanced over it, the Japanese entering the arsenal, and the remainder taking cover under its mud wall. Here we remained without further casualty until noon, when the Japanese had cleared the arsenal and commenced the attack. Shortly after this the American marines joined in the attack, and were reinforced by our ‘A’ company of seamen. “ About 1 P41. our ‘ B’ company and all our Marines advanced under a. heavy fire in support of the Japanese centre, and took cover as supports in a village, and remained there for the rest of the day. At 8 EM. the remaining two companies of our seamen went out to occupy two large houses on our left, to prevent their occupation by snipers, and, an hour later, were reinforced by 100 French marines. All these men returned to the mud wall shortly after daybreak on the 14th. At 10 RI. on the 13th our ‘ A’ company returned from the firing-line, bringing in the American wounded,‘ who were very numerous. “At 3.45 run. on the 14th, the Japanese succeeded in blowing in the outer southern gate of the city, and opened the inner gate and entered, supported by our ‘ A ’ company and Marines. They then occupied this gate. The remaining three companies of our seamen advanced at 5 run, entered the city, and cleared the main road and side streets between the south and north gates. Outside the latter were several junks in the canal, which Were seized by us." Captain Burke praised the behaviour of his officers and men; ' Belonging to the 9th regt. U.S. infantry, which lost 23 killed and 32 wounded. 1900.] FRESH EFFORT TO REACH PEKING. 549 and General Dorward, in a letter to Sir Edward Seymour, declared that the success of the operations was largely due to the manner in which the naval guns were served by Lieutenant John Edmund Drummond. He expressed his appreciation of the gallantry and fine spirit of the seamen and Marines generally, who had been among the first to enter the city, and of the way in which, under a heavy fire, Lieutenant Phillimore and "A" company had succoured the hard-pressed United States’ 9th regiment. ' The naval casualties in these operations were :— [graphic][graphic][graphic][graphic][ocr errors][graphic][ocr errors] The Commander-in-Chief specially noticed the behaviour of Lieutenant Valentine Egerton Bagot PhillimoreI (Barfleur), Midshipman Basil John Douglas Guy (Barfleur), who was subsequently awarded” the Victoria Cross for having coolly attended a wounded man under a very hot fire, and then helped to carry him into shelter, Ernest Whibley,3 O.S. (Barfieur), for helping to carry three men across a fire-swept zone, sick berth steward Thomas Gardner3 (Barfleur), and first-class petty ofiicer James Drew (Barfleur). To these names would have been added that of Captain Henry Talbot Rickard Lloyd, R.M.L.I., had he not unfortunately fallen while gallantly doing his duty. Between July 14th and July 20th the greater part of the Naval Brigade returned to the fleet, Captain Bayly thanking the oflicers and men very warmly in a letter dated July 20th. The capture of Tientsin liberated a considerable force of the allies, and, no doubt, taught a valuable lesson to the Chinese. On July 27th, when Lieutenant-General Sir Alfred Gaselee arrived at Tientsin, to take the command of the international forces, there were, consequently, fewer difliculties than there had been in the ‘ D.S.O., Nov. 9, 1900. 2 Nov. 8, 1900. 3 Conspic. Gallantry medal.[19][20] The Ninth Infantry were joined by the Colt gun company under Captain Fuller as commanded by General Dorward. The injured included Captain W. B. Lemly, Captain C. G. Long, First Lieutenant Henry Leonard who lost his arm, First Lieutenant S. D. Hiller while a gingal shot killed Captain A. R. Davis resulting in 6 officers and 15 other men from among the victims of Chinese guns from the Marine Regiment while Colonel E. H. Liscum died in action with 77injured and 18 dead among the casualties inflicted by the Chinese upon the American Ninth Infantry when the Chinese utilized the walls to rain down gunfire upon the American marines. During the entire night the Alliance forces at the wall were rained upon by shots from Chinese small arms and artillery. French troops, American Marines (4 injured 1 dead) and American Ninth Infantry soldiers (5 injured 2 dead) suffered injured and deaths when Chinese artillery fire bombarded the railway station. After the Alliance entered the city Chinese snipers continued to fire upon them.[21] During discussions over how many soldiers to launch on the Gaselee Expedition towards Beijing, a figure of 60,000 was put forward due to the fact at Tientsin the Alliance troops suffered major losses at the hands of Chinese weapons as witnessed by General Dorward. British officers led 200 Chinese collaborators..[22] There were 280 injuries and 62 deaths in the Seymour expedition. The assault by the Alliance forces to take the native city of Tientsin from the Chinese with 12,000 soldiers led to heavy casualties inflicted upon the American marines and 9th Infantry.[23][24][25]
the Japanese leading the attack in the centre. On their right were the French. Two battalions of the 9th American Regiment under Colonel Liscombe were sent out to the left along the mud wall where they remained a short while under its cover, pre- paratory to going over it to support the Japanese left. To their left again two companies of the Royal Welsh Fusiliers under Captain Gwynne were making ready to follow. Colonel Liscombe called on his men and instantly the whole dark blue line climbed up and over the wall and ran forward towards the city, from the old-world battlements of which a furi- ous rifle fire was now pouring. As ill-luck would have it, Colonel Liscombe appears to have changed his direction under the impression that the Japanese urgently needed his help on their right. In any case, instead of keeping to their left, he crossed in their rear from left to right, and eventually brought up where the fire of the enemy was so hot that it was alike impossible to go on or to extricate his men from the position. He behaved with the utmost gallantry, not taking cover himself, but direct- ing his men where to take it, and showing them a splendid example of courage and coolness. While thus occupied he was struck by a bullet over the heart, surely not an unenviable end for an old sol- dier. The fact alluded to by this correspondent, namely, that Japanese infantry run and can keep on running when celerity of movement is desirable, indicates his keen observation. Of course, we that live in Japan are aware of the remarkable capacity possessed by the Japanese for sustained rapid movement. They can scarcely be said to have a great turn of speed, but they certainly have quite exceptional “wind.” Probably they owe it to their rice diet. The second fight described is the capture of the walled city of Tientsin. But all this took some time to happen. In the meantime the Royal Welsh Fusiliers had gone over the mud rampart, and Captain Gwynne had found cover for his men in the position assigned to him on the left of that which should have been occupied by the 9th American Regiment. The extreme left was guarded by a company of the Hongkong Regiment, under Captain Rowcroft, and a party of American Marines. From the inside of the gateway in the mud rampart the guns of the Royal Asiatic Artillery, under Major St. John, shelled the city wall, as did also the two batteries of Japanese field guns from the arsenal. The American field guns had been at work previous to this, but were now retired, having exhausted their ammunition. Along the mud wall to the right the naval guns thundered. For two hours from now a hot shell and rifle fire continued. Towards Io a.m. the fire of the Chinese slackened somewhat and sanguine onlookers thought the end had come, but those informed as to the nature of the news which had been coming in from the tighting line knew better. Apart from this it could be seen that our men were still for the most part in the positions which they had taken up a couple of hours earlier. Some were taking shelter behind houses at the outskirts of the suburb surrounding the approach to the South Gate, others, to the right and left, in ditches or behind graves in the open. The Japanese storming party we could not see. They were evidently working up through the mud houses of the suburb towards the gate. Outside the city wall, between it and the suburbs, is a ditch dignified with the title of “moat” on the maps. . In my recollection it was usually dry, and so I found it the following morning, but even dry it was difficult to cross in the face of such heavy firé. A report came back from the front that the Chinese had destroyed the bridge by which the Japanese had intended to cross. Evidently things were not going so smoothly as had been anticipated, and by the number of wounded being brought back for shelter behind the mud wall it was plain to be seen that the losses were going to be very heavy. News of Colonel Liscombe's death had just been received. Six other officers of the 9th American Regiment were reported wounded, and two United States marine officers. From the 9th American Regiment came an urgent request for assistance, and the naval brigade which had been held in reserve was now ordered out. Commander Beattie with a company of seamen, and Major Luke with a company of marines from H.M.S. Barfleur went down to strengthen the Japanese right, aud Lieutenant Philimore with a second company of BarJ/eir bluejackets crossed over to the right to support the 9th American Regiment. In reserve now only remained a company of 1st Chinese Regiment, some French and American bluejackets, and some Australian and Japanese bluejackets, hardly a sufficient force to protect the left flank if a descent were made upon it by the body of Chinese infantry and cavalry which during the whole morning had been up on the plain away to the westward. Their banners could be easily seen, but it was hard to tell how many troops there were. Fifteen hundred was the military estimate. But the possibility of their being but the advance guard of a larger force existed, and was somewhat disturbing. The slight slackening of the Chinese rifle fire noticeable about 10 a.m. proved to be only a lull. It grew fierce wherever and whenever our men showed any signs of moving, and continued so for several hours later. But our shell fire was clearly telling on theirs. Requests for more rifle ammunition came in from the fighting line about midday, and orders were sent in to hurry it out. Clearly the action was going to last all day. At the outset many officers had prophesied that it would be all over by 11 o'clock. At a quarter-past 1 the look-out man reported to Captain Menzies, Chief of of Staff to General Dorward, that the Chinese on our left flank were advancing. Had it been true, the position would have been distinctly awkward. General Dorward went down along the mud wall to the left, and, after a careful personal inspection of the enemy, came back satisfied that the force had not moved. In the position in which they were first seen they remained till late in the afternoon when they moved off apparently in the direction of the West Gate of the city. Hour after hour passed, and still we watched in vain for the South Gate to be blown up. Then came a letter from Fukushima to General Dorward saying that it was his intention to hold his present position throughout the night, and asking General Dorward to protect his left flank during it. General Dorward of course agreed, being very unwilling to withdraw under the circumstances. General Fukushima's plan was to throw a bridge over the moat under cover of darkness and resume the attack on the South Gate early in the morning. Up to this time General Dorward had received no message from the Russian general informing him of the progress of the operations on the left bank of the river. Contradictory reports were flying about. First we heard that the Russians had captured the battery of guns on the Lutai Canal with but little opposition, and that they were swooping down on the fort and the city from the east. Next the rumour ran that they had been repulsed with heavy loss; then, again, though successful as at first reported, they were retiring from the position captured and returning to barracks. Their operations were designed to be the leading feature of the day; those undertaken by Generals Fukushima and Dorward were assumed to be in support of and to be dependent upon the operations conducted by the Russian general. It was therefore rather strange that he should have left General Dorward all day in ignorance of his movements. However, this failure to communicate had no practical result. General Fukushima had decided to remain where he was, and General Dorward to stand by him, before they knew for certain that the Russians had been successful. They had been very successful. After heavy fighting they had captured the batteries on the north bank of the Lutai Canal and pushing on to the north had destroyed the two Chinese camps. Leaving a force to attack the forts at dawn, the main body returned to camp in the evening, having lost in round numbers 150 men. I have already given some idea of the difficulties in the way of obtaining accurate returns of the casualties. On our side of the river they were far heavier. A constant stream of wounded seemed to emerge from the gateway in the mud wall. Outside to right and left of it they lay in long lines, often two or three deep. Splendid work was done by British naval officers and men and by the men of the 1st Chinese Regiment in bringing them in. Nearly all the American wounded were carried out of fire by our men, who returned again and again to get more. Whatever the future may show as regards the active fighting qualities of the 1st Chinese Regiment they certainly possess in a highly-developed degree the quality of passive courage so often before displayed by Chinese coolies. The incident of the scaling ladders at Taku in 1859 is a well-known case in point. Major Pereira, of the 1st Chinese Regiment, was hit while making his third journey to the place where the 9th American Regiment were. Twice he went for their wounded and the third time to take them ammunition, men of the 1st Chinese Regiment accompanying him each time. Needless to say our own men, mostly of the naval contingent, were not behind in this way. The unexpectedly heavy casualties threw upon Major Watson, R.A.M.C. and Captain Prynne, R.A.M.C., very heavy work. They came up with the British troops sent from Hongkong, but, as may be easily imagined, their services was not confined to attending to their own men. As in all other respects, the Japanese army is splendidly equipped medically, but even their arrangements were indequate thoroughly to cope with the number of their cases that came along. , But though his losses were heavy General Fukushima expressed himself well satisfied at the end of the day. And, indeed, the fight was won. His knowledge of the Chinese told him that # would sneak away in the night, Most of them l The Japanese met with but little opposition when at 3 in the morning of the 14th they crossed the moat, blew up the entrance to the bastion of the South Gate, scaled the walls, and, opening the gate itself from the inside, admitted the rest of the force. The French were nearest to the gate when the Japanese flag went up overit, and they immediately rushed in and hoisted a huge tricolour on the wall, the British and Americans following. Commenting editorially on the above, The Thines, says:— The interesting account of the fighting about Tientsin sent to us by our Special Correspondent shows, as usual, that intelligent foresight did not characterize our military preparations in that part of the globe. It is not exactly creditable to the wealthiest State in the world to learn that in some respects our equipment was distinctly inferior to that of the Japanese. The Japanese, for example, were able in at least one instance to employ excellent modern artillery where the British contingent had only obsolete muzzleloaders, and the Japanese medical arrangements appear to have thrown ours altogether into the shade. It is consolatory, on the other hand, to see that the naval “handy man” was as handy and as useful as ever in improvising mountings for the big guns brought up from the ships," and to know that those guns proved highly effective in action. Our men, including our new Chinese Regiment, fought well, of course, as, indeed, did those of all the allies, but the brunt of the work fell on Japan, and the greatest share of credit for the ultimate success of the operations seems fairlv to belong to her. Her proximity to the scene of action gave her great advantages, no doubt, but it is plain from every line of our Correspondent's letter that she has known, in this campaign as in the last, how to make the most of the splendid military gifts of her people.[26]
The Taking of Tientsin.—The Boxers and Kansu troops that destroyed the railroad and cut off Admiral Seymour's column proceeded to invest the European settlements at Tientsin, which were defended by about 3,000 men, with few machine or other guns and a short supply of ammunition. The besiegers had modern artillery, and after the fall of Taku the guns in the forts and troops of the Pekin field force joined in the attack. Three hours after the capture of the Taku forts a determined attack was begun, which was kept up day after day, burning most of the European buildings and compelling the garrison and residents to retire to the British settlement. The Russian troops endeavored to hold the railroad station across the river, but withdrew on June 19, having lost 7 officers and 150 men and shot away nearly all their ammunition. Relief could not be brought from Taku because the railroad was cut on June IS. A force of 400 Russians and 150 American marines with 3 field guns attempted to break through on June 20, and were driven back. On June 20 a relief force of 1,500 Russian soldiers and 380 British, 240 German, 100 Japanese, and 50 Italian marines started in armored trains, with an abundance of artillery, followed by 750 German troops. This force raised the siege on June 23, after silencing the field guns of the Chinese and the guns of the forts in the old city. In the night of June 25 a detachment of 2,000 Russian and other troops relieved Admiral Seymour in the Chinese armory and brought his force and 200 wounded safely away. The railroad was then opened, and troops were landed at Taku and taken up to Tientsin. As the allies made no further move, the Chinese were encouraged to take the offensive again. As soon as the allies advanced on Tientsin regular Chinese troops from Pekin and other ports were ordered to oppose them. Gen. Nieh with 10,000 Chinese regulars arrived on July 4 and occupied the arsenals and southwest to the northeast, taking in the arsenal as the final objective. Gen. Fukushima, commanding the Japanese, suggested the plan and conducted the operation. W^ith 1,000 infantry, 150 cavalry, and 2 mountain batteries, on July 9 he made a wide sweep, with the British in line on the right, under Gen. Dorward, consisting of the Welsh Fusileers, a regiment of Chinese trained at Wei-Hai-Wei, a Hong-Kong regiment, and a naval brigade under Admiral Seymour, and at the pivotal point of the turning movement a force of Japanese blue jackets and 100 United States marines under Major Waller, whose duty it was, when Gen. Fukushima approached the arsenal from the left, to advance under cover of the mud wall, the whole of the forces converging on the arsenal. Gen. Fukushima's infantry charge, prepared by the British artillery and carried out under cover of his own guns, was a marvel to the military men of other nations. When the Japanese soldiers came into the fire zone they broke into a brisk run and kept it up for 2,000 yards. The [graphic][ocr errors][merged small] forts in Tientsin. Extending their lines so as to partly inclose the settlements, the Chinese planted guns in close proximity to the lines of the allies and held the large European force practically in a state of siege. On Julv 6 the English and French settlements were shelled with fieldpieces concealed in the suburbs of the Chinese city. Outpost fighting was constant, and the rifle and gun practice of the Chinese continually improved. The railroad station was all the time under fire, and along the whole line the Chinese attacked nightly. Shells exploded in the buildings used as barracks with increasing frequency. The investing line was extended until it formed a crescent six miles in length. The battery of British naval 12-pounders was shelled from front, rear, and side, and this cross fire and the bombardment from a fort and several field batteries caused many casualties in the settlements. The military commanders decided to clear the flank and rear of their principal battery, when its position became precarious, by a wide flanking movement from the Chinese, as soon as they saw the Japanese coming, stopped firing and retreated helter-skelter. The rest of the line then advanced so as to encircle the Chinese works. All the Chinese disappeared, leaving 4 guns and many banners, except 500 Boxers, who were found in a village and nearly exterminated by the Japanese infantry and cavalry. The arsenal was deserted when the Japanese and American storming party scaled the wall. In the afternoon the settlement was hotly shelled from the city, but on the following day the Chinese even refrained from attacking the outposts. The portion of Gen. Nieh's command with whom the battle had been fought was reported to be retreating, about 3,000 in number, and the rest of these trained Chinese soldiers to be quarreling with the Boxers, who alone made a vigorous bayonet attack on the railroad station on July 11, and were only repelled after three hours of sharp fighting, in which the Japanese lost 80 men, the French 00, and the British 18. The troops were on the spot, because a general attack on the Chinese position was planned for the same day. The plan was that of the Russian Gen. Stoessel, who undertook to cross the Lutai Canal on a pontoon bridge and capture the batteries on the north bank, after which his force was to attack the Chinese camp and afterward the fort, while the rest of the allied forces made an attack on the south wall of the city and the neighboring suburbs. The operation was not carried out until July 13, when with the newly mounted British naval guns the European artillery, numbering 42 guns, for the first time overmatched the Chinese. A reenforcement of 1,200 Americans arrived on July 12, bringing the international force up to 10,000, including 1,200 Japanese. The Russians advanced early the next morning on the right with 3,100 soldiers and 400 French and German marines, to capture the batteries on the Lutai Canal and clear the camps, while under cover of the naval battery on the west 2,000 Japanese, under Gen. Fukushima, and 850 French, 800 Americans, 800 British, anil 50 Austrians under command of Gen. Dorward, attacked the city by another wide flanking movement. The Russians were successful after a hard day's fight. They captured the batteries and destroyed the camps, losing 150 men, and returned in the evening, leaving a force to attack the forts at dawn. The attack on the city was begun by a heavy bombardment from the two English naval batteries, which landed their shells so well that a powder magazine exploded at the beginning of the battle, and the Chinese fire, which was spirited at first, soon grew slack. A terrific explosion of brown prismatic powder occurred soon after the infantry began to advance. The turning movement was made in long lines, the Japanese advancing under cover of the mud wall to the south gate, the other troops following in three lines, the plan being to take the city by working round the walls. As the Japanese led the attack in the center, the Ninth American Regiment, supporting them on the left, was taken over to their center when it was seen that they urgently needed help there, and was caught in a furious rifle fire. Col. Liscum was killed while directing his men to cover. The French also went to the support of the Japanese and lost heavily. The Japanese were brought to a stop by the heavy fire from the walls, and made only slight and intermittent progress beyond the mud wall, from which the artillery of the allies at times caused a momentary pause in the Chinese fire. The Japanese hung on to every foot they gained, although their losses were enormous. Those of the British, resting under cover, were slight excepting among detachments of sailors and marines that were sent to support the Americans and to strengthen the Japanese right. The shell fire of the allies produced considerable effect, yet evening came before the Japanese could reach the gate to blow it up. The Chinese had destroyed the bridge over the moat. Gen. Fukushima determined to hold his position through the night, to throw a bridge over under cover of darkness, and to resume the attack early in the morning unless the Chinese, as his experience taught him they might, should evacuate their positions during "the night. This most of them did, and when the Japanese crossed the moat, blew up the entrance to the bastion, and scaled the walls with remarkable quickness and skill before it was light in the morning of July 14, they met with but little opposition. The French, British, and Americans followed. The Chinese troops retreated toward Pekin. The losses of the allies in the battle were 775 men among 8,000 troops engaged. The city was divided into four sections, and these were placed respec tively under British, Japanese, French, and American jurisdiction. The guards were of little use, except the Japanese. Arson and the butchery of noncombatants began at once, and the object was the looting of this rich commercial city, in which European soldiers and officers vied with the Chinese rabble. The Yangtse viceroys appealed to foreign powers to save Tientsin from destruction, as it would take a hundred years to restore it, and the effect would be disastrous to foreign as well as to Chinese commerce, saying that the foreign ministers in Pekin were protected, and that Li-Hung-Chang had been transferred to north China as Viceroy of Pechili. After the capture of Tientsin the generals decided that, in view of the large forces that the Chinese Government had assembled to contest the route and of the difficulty of moving troops and transporting supplies in the rainy season, they could not safely advance to the relief of the legations until their forces were much strengthened and the organization of transport more complete. Capture of Pekin.—The march from Tientsin to Pekin began on the afternoon of Aug. 4. There were 22,000 men in the relief column when it Btarted. Of these, 12,000 were Japanese, forming 11 battalions, 3 field and 3 mountain batteries of 6 guns each, and 3 squadrons of cavalry. They were organized in two brigades, one under Gen. Yamaguchi and one under Gen. Fukushima. The chief command of the international forces devolved upon the Russian Gen. Linevich as senior officer. The British contingent consisted of a battalion of Welsh Fusileers, a Sikh and a Rajput regiment, a regiment of Punjabi infantry, one of Bengal lancers, and a naval brigade of sailors and marines, with a battery of 4 12-pounder naval guns, 1 of 15-pounders of the royal artillery, and 1 of muzzle-loading 7-pounder screw guns belonging to the Asiatic artillery, the total force numbering 2,800. The Americans, under Gen. Chaffee, numbered 2,400 men of the Ninth and Fourteenth Infantry and the Sixth Cavalry, marines, and a field battery and a number of Colt automatic and Catling guns. The Russians had 3 battalions of 1,000 men each, with 4 field batteries of 8 guns each, some Maxim guns, and a sotnia of Cossacks. The French had a force of 800 men, Anamese and Europeans, ready to start, with a battery of old field guns. The Austrians, Italians, and Germans were not in sufficient force to join the column. During the preliminary reconnoissances Capt. de Marolles, with a party of French marines, embraced a chance to seize the Hsiku arsenal, which his men held in spite of the determined efforts of the Chinese to recapture the position. When the general movement began the Japanese had the advance on the west side of the river, supported by the British and Americans. The Russians and French, 4,000 strong, took the east bank between the river and the railroad, beyond which the Chinese had flooded the country to prevent a flanking movement. Reconnoissances had shown a long line of intrenchments at Hsiku, which were believed to be held by about 30,000 men. At daylight on Aug. 5 the Japanese cavalry made a brilliant charge into a battery on the extreme right of the Chinese line and cut down the gunners before they recovered from their surprise, though not without severe loss. This capture equalized the artillery forces. Under cover of a heavy fire from the British naval 12-pounders which cheeked the Chinese fire of shrapnel, the Japanese infantry, without waiting for the British and Americans to come up, extended their line, advanced close to the Chinese intrenchments, and charged on the double quick through a rain of bullets, not once faltering in spite of prodigious losses. Before they reached the trenches the Chinese fled. The main trenches, partly enfiladed by the British artillery, were evacuated when the whole line advanced, the Chinese artillery having already retired and the infantry only waiting to empty their magazine guns at long range. They evacuated the left bank also without coming into action with the Russians and French, and deserted the town of Peitang. The Russians and French precipitated their withdrawal by sending a column beyond Peitang, threatening the line of retreat. The impetuous assault on the first line of trenches cost the Japanese 300 men, but it had the effect of demoralizing the Chinese, who believed after that that with repeating rifles behind the best intrenchments they could not stop a rapid infantry charge. From that time they would not await a Japanese attack on their trenches. Before other troops they stood their ground better. They retreated from Peitang to the much stronger position that they had prepared at Yangtun. It was the suggestion of Gen. Yamaguchi that the allies should follow up their initial victory by continuing to pound the Chinese until they became completely demoralized. Accordingly, the allies advanced on Yangtun the next day. There the Boxers and imperial troops were found in greater force and in a more extended position. The Americans and British began the fight with artillery preparation, and when the Chinese right retired the infantry advanced in the center. The Indian troops began to waver as the shell and small-arms fire from the railroad embankment became hot, but the Fourteenth Americans, under Col. Daggett, dashed onward with a yell and carried the embankment, where for a time they suffered from the fire of the English artillery in the rear as much as from that of the Chinese intrenchments ahead. The casualties of the Fourteenth were 10 men killed and 55 wounded, 10 of them by British shells. Gen. Chaffee with the rest of the Americans cleared the villages on the right, coming under a severe cross fire at one point, and the Russians advanced cautiously through the already deserted villages on the left, and after a stubborn fight made themselves masters of the bridges and railroad station, losing 118 men. The Chinese had several lines of excellent intrenchments, but most of them were undefended. The Japanese, who were in the rear, brought up their batteries in time to join the Americans in shelling the retreating columns. The fighting lasted six hours, in the midst of tall corn that shut off the view in front, and in an atmosphere so stifling that, while the casualties of the Americans were 74, more than 1,000 men dropped from exhaustion. Of the British, 45 fell in the battle. The Chinese, screened by the broom corn and evading a close fight, got away with slight losses.[27][28][29][30]
|
Seyeednu (talk) 05:49, 16 October 2012 (UTC)
References
- ^ Arthur Alison Stuart Barnes (1902). On Active Service with the Chinese Regiment: A Record of the Operations of the First Chinese Regiment in North China from March to October 1900. Grant Richards. pp. 26–.
- ^ http://library.umac.mo/ebooks/b2545285x.pdf
- ^ "The Soldier's Burden".
- ^ Harry Thurston Peck; Edward Lathrop Engle (1901). The International Year Book. Dodd, Mead. pp. 204–.
- ^ Edward Sylvester Ellis; Charles Francis Horne (1914). The Story of the Greatest Nations: A Comprehensive History, Extending from the Earliest Times to the Present ... Including Chronological Summaries and Pronouncing Vocabularies for Each Nation; and the World's Famous Events, Told in a Series of Brief Sketches Forming a Single Continuous Story of History and Illumined by a Complete Series of Notable Illustrations ... of All Lands. pp. 2–.
- ^ a b Edward Sylvester Ellis; Charles Francis Horne (1906). The story of the greatest nations, from the dawn of history to the twentieth century: a comprehensive history, founded upon the leading authorities, including a complete chronology of the world, and a pronouncing vocabulary of each nation. F.R. Niglutsch. pp. 2–. Cite error: The named reference "EllisHorne1906" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ Aaron Simon Daggett (1903). America in the China Relief Expedition. Hudson-Kimberly publishing Company. pp. 161–.
- ^ Our Sailors. Forgotten Books. pp. 326–. ISBN 978-1-4400-5982-7.
- ^ http://www.readbookonline.net/read/41512/85755/
- ^ http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:5MSKJ39yYuoJ:www.readbookonline.net/read/41512/85755/+&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us
- ^ William Henry Giles Kingston (2007). Our Sailors: Gallant Deeds of the British Navy during Victoria's Reign. Library of Alexandria. pp. 285–. ISBN 978-1-4655-9684-0.
- ^ http://www.easybooksearch.com/compare.aspx?isbn=1440059829
- ^ W. H. G. Kingston (1 October 2007). Our Sailors. Echo Library. ISBN 978-1-4068-6344-4.
- ^ https://www.gutenberg.org/files/21402/21402.txt
- ^ https://archive.org/stream/Kingston_Our_Sailors/Kingston_Our_Sailors_djvu.txt
- ^ https://archive.org/stream/commissionofhmst00crow/commissionofhmst00crow_djvu.txt
- ^ United States. War Dept (1900). Report of the Lieutenant-General Commanding the Army, in Seven Parts. pp. 18–.
- ^ United States Congressional serial set. 1900. pp. 18–.
- ^ Sir William Laird Clowes (1997). The Royal Navy: A History from the Earliest Times to 1900. Chatham Pub. pp. 545–. ISBN 978-1-86176-016-6.
- ^ William Laird Clowes; Roosevelt (1903). The Royal Navy: A History from the Earliest Times to the Present. Sampson. pp. 545–.
- ^ Chester M. Biggs, Jr. (2 May 2003). The United States Marines in North China, 1894-1942. McFarland. pp. 59–60. ISBN 978-0-7864-8023-4.
- ^ Robert B. Edgerton (1997). Warriors of the Rising Sun: A History of the Japanese Military. Norton. pp. 87–. ISBN 978-0-393-04085-2.
- ^ Max Boot (22 March 2007). The Savage Wars Of Peace: Small Wars And The Rise Of American Power. Basic Books. pp. 87–. ISBN 978-0-465-00470-6.
- ^ Max Boot (11 March 2014). The Savage Wars Of Peace: Small Wars And The Rise Of American Power. Basic Books. pp. 87–. ISBN 978-0-465-03866-4.
- ^ Max Boot (2002). The Savage Wars of Peace: Small Wars and the Rise of American Power. Basic Books. p. 87. ISBN 978-0-465-00720-2.
- ^ The Japan Daily Mail. A.H. Blackwell. 1900. pp. 416–.
- ^ Appleton's Annual Cyclopedia and Register of Important Events of the Year ... D. Appleton & Company. 1901. pp. 102–.
- ^ Appleton's Annual Cyclopedia and Register of Important Events of the Year ... D. Appleton & Company. 1901. pp. 102–.
- ^ Appletons' Annual Cyclopaedia and Register of Important Events: Embracing Political, Military, and Ecclesiastical Affairs; Public Documents; Biography, Statistics, Commerce, Finance, Literature, Science, Agriculture, and Mechanical Industry. D. Appleton and Company. 1901. pp. 102–.
- ^ Appletons' Annual Cyclopædia and Register of Important Events ...: Embracing Political, Military, and Ecclesiastical Affairs; Public Documents; Biography, Statistics, Commerce, Finance, Literature, Science, Agriculture, and Mechanical Industry. V.[1]-15, 1861-75; V.16-35 (new Ser., V.1-20) 1876-95; V.36-42 (3d. Ser., V.1-7) 1896-1902. D. Appleton. 1901. pp. 102–.
- ^ Battles of the Nineteenth Century. Cassell and Company, Limited. 1900. p. 574.
Sentence Structure
edit"The army were led by general Nieh Shih-ch'eng, who was considered one of the ablest Chinese officers."
Shouldn't 'were' be 'was' since there was only 1 army? Shouldn't 'general' be capitalized? Wouldn't this read better (active voice) as "General Nieh Shih-ch'eng, one of the ablest Chinese officers, led the army." Jtyroler (talk) 14:20, 16 October 2012 (UTC)
Siege of the concessions in tianjin
editExternal link directory #2
|
|---|
|
These books provide information on the siege of the concessions. http://books.google.com/books?id=X9RAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA446#v=onepage&q&f=false http://books.google.com/books?id=X9RAAAAAYAAJ&q=Occupy#v=onepage&q=Resistance&f=false Seyeednu (talk) 06:49, 17 October 2012 (UTC) The artillery fire against the foreign settlements was so accurate that the allies could not believe that chinese gunners were behind them, oreffering to think that they were russian officers who were taken hostage by the chinese The artillery shells would have destroyed the foreign settlements since tens of thousands were fired, except that they lacked explosives due to corruption. http://books.google.com/books?id=wkHyjjbv-yEC&pg=PA76#v=onepage&q&f=false Western news reports also emphasized the role of the chinese artillery http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/23840174 |
Relief attempts
editExternal link directory #3
|
|---|
|
http://books.google.com/books?id=mF1m1P6BKAYC&pg=PT141#v=onepage&q&f=false |
American forces in the siege
editUnited States
editExternal link directory #4
|
|---|
|
Presidential documents http://books.google.com/books?id=hEgd2Cth-8QC&pg=PA6422#v=onepage&q&f=false http://books.google.com/books?id=pgAa140bnl0C&pg=PA103#v=onepage&q&f=false Primary source presidential documents http://books.google.com/books?id=4KoXAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA1205#v=onepage&q&f=false http://books.google.com/books?id=k6QyAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA6422#v=onepage&q&f=false http://books.google.com/books?id=3DMwAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA3008#v=onepage&q&f=false http://books.google.com/books?id=VIEoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA119#v=onepage&q&f=false Elihu Root (primary source) http://books.google.com/books?id=D4pQAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA540#v=onepage&q&f=false Congressional serial sets (primary source) http://books.google.com/books?id=ep5WAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1242#v=onepage&q&f=false http://books.google.com/books?id=nu83AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA1242#v=onepage&q&f=false http://books.google.com/books?id=SRBHAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA1242#v=onepage&q&f=false War Department (primary source) Page xv (it says page 9 on the actual page) http://books.google.com/books?id=GUoMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR15#v=onepage&q&f=false http://books.google.com/books?id=F_cRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR15#v=onepage&q&f=false Page iv (it says 9 on the actual page) http://books.google.com/books?id=q6UdAQAAIAAJ&pg=PR4-IA11#v=onepage&q&f=false Page iv http://books.google.com/books?id=_Cj235yltP0C&pg=PR4-IA11#v=onepage&q&f=false Department of state (primary source) Page xiii http://books.google.com/books?id=KpMLAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR13#v=onepage&q&f=false Page xiii President, department of state, department of justice (primary source) http://books.google.com/books?id=3mUHAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA509#v=onepage&q&f=false Military service institution http://books.google.com/books?id=TLRMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA568#v=onepage&q&f=false http://books.google.com/books?id=6Ng1AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA568#v=onepage&q&f=false Naval Institute (primary source) http://books.google.com/books?id=5iRKAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA115#v=onepage&q&f=false http://books.google.com/books?id=FSRLAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA115#v=onepage&q&f=false Navy department http://books.google.com/books?id=DmdnNiWZ4o8C&pg=PA449#v=onepage&q&f=false Military order of the dragon Contemporary historians (primary source) http://books.google.com/books?id=4uBAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA437#v=onepage&q&f=false http://books.google.com/books?id=--FNAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA364#v=onepage&q&f=false http://books.google.com/books?id=9fYTAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA281#v=onepage&q&f=false http://books.google.com/books?id=k00iAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA439#v=onepage&q&f=false http://books.google.com/books?id=oYwoAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA2123#v=onepage&q&f=false http://books.google.com/books?id=H_4sAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA449#v=onepage&q&f=false http://books.google.com/books?id=gmI-AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA2211#v=onepage&q&f=false http://books.google.com/books?id=yusEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA101#v=onepage&q&f=false http://books.google.com/books?id=EfxKAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA398#v=onepage&q&f=false http://books.google.com/books?id=CN1BAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA136-IA1#v=onepage&q&f=false Page vii http://books.google.com/books?id=TWZCAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR7#v=onepage&q&f=false Page xxxv http://books.google.com/books?id=5wNarV3r3-QC&pg=PR35#v=onepage&q&f=false Adjutant general's office (primary source) http://books.google.com/books?id=VRItAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA429#v=onepage&q&f=false http://books.google.com/books?id=LYYLAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA549#v=onepage&q&f=false http://books.google.com/books?id=J7g3AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA549#v=onepage&q&f=false http://books.google.com/books?id=j5AtAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA549#v=onepage&q&f=false http://books.google.com/books?id=T6VAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA549#v=onepage&q&f=false Page 429 United states military academy at west point (primary source) http://books.google.com/books?id=WGtNAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA807#v=onepage&q&f=false Military reports (primary source) News media and magazines (primary source) http://books.google.com/books?id=-YoxAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA658#v=onepage&q&f=false http://books.google.com/books?id=NzxYAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA64#v=onepage&q&f=false http://books.google.com/books?id=yFQ9AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA272#v=onepage&q&f=false http://books.google.com/books?id=-8RZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA145#v=onepage&q&f=false http://books.google.com/books?id=34lRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA102#v=onepage&q&f=false http://books.google.com/books?id=McACAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA156#v=onepage&q&f=false http://books.google.com/books?id=urErAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA156#v=onepage&q&f=false Modern Historians http://books.google.com/books?id=mF1m1P6BKAYC&pg=PT188#v=onepage&q&f=false http://books.google.com/books?id=LRmj4wHv-kIC&pg=PA76#v=onepage&q&f=false http://books.google.com/books?id=0lIg-lGwqBoC&pg=PA87#v=onepage&q&f=false http://books.google.com/books?id=5K9BN96p1hcC&pg=PA133#v=onepage&q&f=false http://books.google.com/books?id=wWvl9O4Gn1UC&pg=PA50#v=onepage&q&f=false http://books.google.com/books?id=S8YtE0SIDq0C&pg=PA273#v=onepage&q&f=false http://books.google.com/books?id=sXiHihVtoKgC&pg=PA35#v=onepage&q&f=false Page 38 Page 207 Page 114 Page 61 and 65 Page 419 Page 135 Page 125 page 145 Page 123 Page 16 page 39 Page 16 page 39 Page 39 Page 1008 Page 149 Page 149 Page 14 Memoirs http://books.google.com/books?id=f0mkynJ-4lQC&pg=PA244#v=onepage&q&f=false Other Pages 22, 23, 24 Page 176 Page 176 Page 25 Page 198 Page 926 Page 277 Page 208 Page 56 |
more sources
editExternal link directory #5
|
|---|
|
These are to be put into wikisource. Appleton http://books.google.com/books?id=Qo8EAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA102#v=onepage&q&f=false http://books.google.com/books?id=jpJRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA102#v=onepage&q&f=false War department, annual reports of the secretary of war http://books.google.com/books?id=_Cj235yltP0C&pg=PA245#v=onepage&q&f=false http://books.google.com/books?id=q6UdAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA245#v=onepage&q&f=false http://books.google.com/books?id=F_cRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA245#v=onepage&q&f=false War department, military reports http://books.google.com/books?id=GUoMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA245#v=onepage&q&f=false Elihu Root documents http://books.google.com/books?id=FoRQAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA245#v=onepage&q&f=false Congressional documents http://books.google.com/books?id=1w1HAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA245#v=onepage&q&f=false http://books.google.com/books?id=dS5UAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA245#v=onepage&q&f=false http://books.google.com/books?id=xoI3AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA245#v=onepage&q&f=false China in convulsion, Volume 2 By Arthur Henderson Smith http://books.google.com/books?id=TYQZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA451#v=onepage&q&f=false The commission of H.M.S. "Terrible," 1898-1902 By George Crowe http://books.google.com/books?id=LzpCAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA267#v=onepage&q&f=false Our Sailors By W. H. G. Kingston http://books.google.com/books?id=iiKDo8nwdMwC&pg=PA183#v=onepage&q&f=false Entering China's Service: Robert Hart's Journals, 1854-1863, Volume 1By Sir Robert Hart, Katherine Frost Bruner, John King Fairbank, Richard Joseph Smith Under marching orders: a story of Mary Porter Gamewell By Ethel Daniels Hubbard Page 199
Page 96
Page 276 From Tientsin to Peking with the allied forces By Frederick Brown http://books.google.com/books?id=ubZFAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA37#v=onepage&q&f=false http://books.google.com/books?id=ubZFAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA38#v=onepage&q&f=false The fighting in North China (up to the fall of Tientsin City) By George Gipps |
Allied wounded and medical care
editExternal link directory #6
|
|---|
|
Great britain parliament, house of commons http://books.google.com/books?id=_1QOAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA2-PA88#v=onepage&q&f=false http://books.google.com/books?id=VEJEAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA2-PA88#v=onepage&q&f=false Congressional documents http://books.google.com/books?id=VOc3AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA823#v=onepage&q&f=false http://books.google.com/books?id=7RxUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA823#v=onepage&q&f=false http://books.google.com/books?id=jg9HAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA553#v=onepage&q&f=false Page 690 http://books.google.com/books?id=TxVHAQAAIAAJ&q=Leonard+amputated#search_anchor Page 823
Elihu Root documents http://books.google.com/books?id=i3dQAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA621#v=onepage&q&f=false http://books.google.com/books?id=C4pQAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA690#v=onepage&q&f=false Report of the surgeon general on the army http://books.google.com/books?id=mjKgAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA152#v=onepage&q&f=false http://books.google.com/books?id=XNAtAAAAIAAJ&pg=RA2-PA152#v=onepage&q&f=false http://books.google.com/books?id=XNAtAAAAIAAJ&pg=RA2-PA285#v=onepage&q&f=false http://books.google.com/books?id=ug1AAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA152#v=onepage&q&f=false http://books.google.com/books?id=ug1AAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA285#v=onepage&q&f=false Surgeon general http://books.google.com/books?id=mjKgAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA152#v=onepage&q&f=false http://books.google.com/books?id=ki7tgQ5PMOMC&pg=PA286#v=onepage&q&f=false http://books.google.com/books?id=ki7tgQ5PMOMC&pg=PA288#v=onepage&q&f=false Report of the surgeon general on the navy http://books.google.com/books?id=Us8EAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA214#v=onepage&q&f=false Navy department, annual reports of the secretary of the navy http://books.google.com/books?id=DmdnNiWZ4o8C&pg=PA1127#v=onepage&q&f=false The world's navies in the Boxer rebellion (China 1900) By Charles Cabry Dix http://books.google.com/books?id=fjEQAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA294#v=onepage&q&f=false A Soul on Trial: A Marine Corps Mystery at the Turn of the Twentieth Century By Robin R. Cutler http://books.google.com/books?id=secICM-yPeoC&pg=PA80#v=onepage&q&f=false Smedley D. Butler, USMC: A Biography By Mark Strecker http://books.google.com/books?id=5vOF9b9amIYC&pg=PA23#v=onepage&q&f=false Page 65
Page 166
Page 330 Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research, Volume 12 By American Society for Psychical Research (1906- ) http://books.google.com/books?id=O3kYAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA732#v=onepage&q&f=false German Page 36
Page 186
French and Russian friendly fire http://books.google.com/books?id=V6ZMAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA820#v=onepage&q&f=false Page 234 Leonard Page 330 Page 234 |
Skirmishes outside of Tianjin
editExternal link directory #7
|
|---|
|
Several skirmishes between Imperial Chinese army troops and Russians and Americans happened outside of Tianjin before the main battle. The imperial toops managed to ambush and defeat them in several battles. http://books.google.com/books?id=wWvl9O4Gn1UC&pg=PA40#v=onepage&q&f=false http://books.google.com/books?id=wWvl9O4Gn1UC&pg=PA84#v=onepage&q&f=false 525 http://books.google.com/books?id=wWvl9O4Gn1UC&pg=PA535#v=onepage&q&f=false http://books.google.com/books?id=sXiHihVtoKgC&pg=PA27#v=onepage&q&f=false Nianhua http://books.google.com/books?id=wWvl9O4Gn1UC&pg=PA204#v=onepage&q&f=false http://books.google.com/books?id=wkHyjjbv-yEC&pg=PA77#v=onepage&q&f=false http://books.google.com/books?id=wkHyjjbv-yEC&pg=PA78#v=onepage&q&f=false Retreating seymour expedition http://books.google.com/books?id=wWvl9O4Gn1UC&pg=PA521#v=onepage&q&f=false |
Reference rot
editReference 12 says "Thompson, pp. 130-131; Fleming p. 163". While a work by Thompson is listed in the further reading, nothing by Fleming is. This needs to be fixed. Presumably it is Peter Fleming's book, but as I do not have it to hand I cannot check this. DuncanHill (talk) 13:03, 17 February 2016 (UTC)