Talk:Duchy of Saint Sava

How article title and its scope was created

• On 20:02, 27 June 2007‎ PANONIAN created an article of unknow title, but on 7 July 2009‎ Surtsicna complained: "This article is awful Was this territory a state at all? There was no Mostar while it existed. There was no such place as "Hercegovina Vojvodstvo". which could mean that article started with the title Hercegovina Vojvodstvo or Dukedom of or Duchy of Herzegovina or some such inaccurate construct.
• On 1 August 2010 blocked abuser User:AVNOJist moved the page to Dukedom of Saint Sava without discussion
• On 18 March 2011‎, later blocked user Ajdebre/Zoupan (blocked for socking and nationalistic leanings) invented another construct and moved "Dukedom of Saint Sava" to "Duchy of Saint Sava" without discussion and against many objections espoused by User:Joy. who objected it here in TP, and User:Surtsicna, User:Praxis Icosahedron, User:Potočnik, User:Kebeta, all of whom objected in a number of reverts with elaborate edit-summaries.
• Then, many edit-wars and back-and-forth rv's ensued all the way throughout 2011 and 2012. - always without any TP discussion, and sometimes even without edit-summary.
• On 8 February 2021‎ Santasa99 moved page Duchy of Saint Sava to Dukedom of Hum then to Duchy of Hum, with an edit-summary: see TP discussion; I started a discussion "Long overdue rename...". However, I did not wait for reply, I moved the page the same day. But then again, it can't be said that I made a huge mistake as nobody responded to my discussion anyway, until, that is, Joy responded on 5 March 2021 with a new section asking some unrelated question, pointing to unrelated linking issue - unrelated to my move. I believe that the reason Joy did not complain is because he already in 2011 noticed problems with a title and nationalistic slant in article's scope and content.
• On 3 March 2021‎, almost a month after my first move and creation of TP discussion, to which only Joy joined, I moved Duchy of Hum to Humska zemlja
• On 17 March 2021, an unsigned IP commenced his nationalistic diatribe, for which they were soon blocked - I assumed that user was from Bosnian wikipedia where I crossed path with them on the same issue. Nevertheless, this IP was the first to complain about my move and respond to my discussion of it.
• User Mikola appeared on the same date and agreed with my move.
• On 18 March 2021 Sorabino appeared and replied to TP discussion, however, he moved the page back to Duchy of Saint Sava a day earlier on 17 March; he, of course, did it without discussing it and despite the fact that EdJohnston protected the page earlier same day !

This short analysis shows how unfair, to put it mildly, is Sorabino in his complaining ! A clique of blocked editors, who disrupted the project with their nationalistic leanings and biases, invented and imposed the problematic title and scope of this article, and all that without any discussion and despite the objections of many editors over many months and years. The same way of doing business adopted Sorabino and moved page without discussion (more than once). That era is finally behind us with the last merging and creation of a new article with an appropriate scope and properly sourced. ౪ Santa ౪^99° 12:52, 30 June 2024 (UTC)

• Thank you for reminding the community that it was you who tried to change the title and scope of this article back in 2021. Your disruptive edits were reverted, and in consequent discussions you failed to gain support for such radical changes. During those discussions it was revealed that you tried to impose similar changes in the same article on Bosnian Wikipedia, but your unilateral actions were reverted by administrators of that project, who protected that article against vandalism (here). It should be also noted that similar articles on the same subject, related to historical feudal polity, Duchy of Saint Sava (1448-1482), exist on 13 (thirteen) Wikipedia projects, with their stable scopes and identical titles. Your constant attempts to suppress that subject on some projects (BW, EW) are very revealing. Sorabino (talk) 15:26, 30 June 2024 (UTC)

  Unlike you, I started discussion on TP, and nobody responded for entire month, something you, and before that, both soon to be blocked, Ajdebre/Zoupan and AVNOJist never did. The three of you didn't just move the page back and forth without discussion, you did it despite the objections of several editors: at first User:Joy, User:Surtsicna, User:Praxis Icosahedron, User:Potočnik, User:Kebeta, and then me, User:DeCausa, User:Mhare, User:Mikola, Joy again, User:Tezwoo; how about that list of editors who told you this page with this title and scope need to go. And for these other wiki project - I simply don't care; not that I believe you, because I don't anymore, I literally don't care. ౪ Santa ౪^99° 16:14, 30 June 2024 (UTC)

• Regarding the creation and scope of articles that are relevant for this discussion, I have a related question for user Santasa99. Since EW has a long standing-article on the medieval region of Zachlumia (Zahumlje, also known as Hum or Humska zemlja), why did you recently (28 June 2024) duplicate the same subject by turning a redirect Humska zemlja into a separate article (here)? It would be interesting to hear your reasons for such an unusual action, since you have mentioned various issues related to names of that historical region on several occasions in these debates here. Are you claiming that those are two distinctive subjects? Sorabino (talk) 16:31, 11 July 2024 (UTC)

new additions to the Sources section

I noticed this edit. I had a look at some of these that were available:

• Hercezi svetoga Save: 50 godina povjesti hercegovačke, an 1895 book by Croatian historian Bare Poparić that is titled "Herzogs of Saint Sava: 51 years of Herzegovinian history", where the latter adjective is for the place, Herzegovina. It starts with the section titled Herceg Stjepan Kosača and says:

Poviest Hercega sv. Save, koji su dali ime Hercegovini, ujedno je poviest zadnjih decenija te zemlje prije nego li je potpala pod Osmanlije. Hercezi sv. Save vuku lozu od vojvodske porodice Hranića, koja se kašnje pozvala Kosača.

So that land is again clearly called Herzegovina, and that is the actual significance of the title. The book makes several references to the title as such, discussing earlier sources about who could have invented it etc. I noticed at some point it also mentions the term Hercezštvo Sv. Save but that does not appear to be in reference to the territory, but the concept of who can hold the title. The same historian also wrote Tužna povijest Hercegove zemlje in 1942,[1] which means "The sad history of Herzog's land", which leads with

Neobičan je naslov ove radnje. Ne sadržava ona povijest Hercegovine od najstarijih vremena, kao što se običava kad sе piše povijest jedne zemlje, već je u njoj opisano samo kratko razdoblje, i to baš ono, kad ja ta zemlja dobila današnje svoje ime. A to je razdoblje nada sve tužno.

So he says the work is oddly titled, refers to the place as Herzegovina, and emphasizes that this is just about the short time period when the land got its present-day name. It also mentions Hrvoje as the Duke of Spljet, etc.

• Prilog rodopisu hercega sv. Save[2], an 1898 article by Croatian historian Emilij Laszowski which means contribution to the genealogy of Herzogs of St. Sava, and introduces the topic of O rodu hercega sv. Save (duces s. Sabbae) as interesting (the family of these dukes), and later talks of Stjepan as gospodar zemlje Hercegovine - the lord of the land of Herzegovina. It also talks of Vladislav as the lord of Kalnik, and notes the specific Latin term dux de Kemlek.

I couldn't open the other links to investigate further, Google Books only showed me the summary. Still, so far, there's still zero ways anyone could interpret even these old sources as sourcing for the idea that this place should be described as anything other than "Herzegovina", and the historically relevant thing about the story was the fancy title among these noblemen. --Joy (talk) 12:52, 10 July 2024 (UTC)

• Joy, it seems that you are not accepting the common translation of title herceg/herzog as duke? Good luck with rewriting English dictionaries. Sorabino (talk) 04:38, 11 July 2024 (UTC)

  That translation is immaterial, as the idea that every claim of dukedom corresponds to a duchy and that every duchy needs to have a standalone article - is not based in sources. When most sources discussing this topic don't dedicate even a standalone section to it, having the encyclopedia do it would be prescription, not description. --Joy (talk) 07:50, 11 July 2024 (UTC)

sources mentioned in the RFD

I had a look at the sources posted in this edit, too.

• Pitcher 1972 - uses quotes around the name 'Duchy' and notes the name Herzegovina in the same breath. Didn't read further, doesn't seem likely that there's anything else there that would contradict this.
• Petrovich 1967 - uses primarily Herzegovina and this title in parentheses, so likewise I didn't try to read more into it.
• Houtsma 1993 - uses this as part of the name of one of the six periods of Bosnian history 12th-19th c., sadly I can't read the next page after this one to see the context further, will try later
• Zlatar 1992 - explains the term as Herzegovina
• Nicol 1997 - explains the term as ruling family, not place, and just notes dukes twice after this mention of 'duchy'. Interestingly, it does not mention the term Herzegovina, just Bosnia. For reference, the work refers to Ragusa and Ragusans, and doesn't mention the term republic in reference to them - doesn't seem like they were too interested in these sorts of fine details.
• Elsie 2003 - mentions a lord called Ercecho, but that seems like a corruption of Herzeg, because I can't find this search string anywhere else.
• Short 2022 - sadly couldn't open this one in gbooks, will try later
• Djukanovic 2023 - sadly couldn't open this one either, ditto. I was able to see some other pages, and saw mentions of Herzegovina, so it seems moot at best.

So, does it make sense to wait for the RFD to be closed before starting the next formal discussion? --Joy (talk) 13:09, 10 July 2024 (UTC)

Ah, I just happened to be half an hour early on that. --Joy (talk) 13:46, 10 July 2024 (UTC)

Hi, @Joy. Is AfD, then, proper forum? Since we already have text of this article in at least four bigger more comprehensive ones, I presume there is nothing to merge/move from here to elsewhere. If accepted, the AfD should look to turne this article into redirect(?) - probably without possibilities so that we don't experience any kind of RS manipulation in the future as basis for POV fork recreation. ౪ Santa ౪^99° 07:48, 11 July 2024 (UTC)

@Seraphimblade closed WP:AE#Sorabino saying:

The article Duchy of Saint Sava is placed indefinitely under a "consensus required" restriction as follows: Prior to taking any of the actions of moving, merging and redirecting, or blanking and redirecting the article, consensus must be established for such an action. That consensus may be established by any normal process, including request for comment and requested move. If there is any dispute over whether such a discussion establishes consensus, formal closure of the discussion by an uninvolved editor must be sought. Edits or moves covered by this restriction made without establishing such a consensus may result in sanction, and may be reverted by any editor.

While the two listed process examples were RFC and RM - AFD is still a normal process and can be used. Right? --Joy (talk) 07:53, 11 July 2024 (UTC)

I have asked Seraphimblade here, and they said this, so I guess it is exactly what you say it is. ౪ Santa ౪^99° 09:30, 11 July 2024 (UTC)

I am more interested what's your assessment regarding presented sources, in relation to possible AfD? ౪ Santa ౪^99° 13:37, 11 July 2024 (UTC)

Same as before, it looks like it's a bunch of cursory mentions. Later I noticed that a lot of these sources were actually from the article text, so they're not actually new. I tried to open those three I couldn't see yesterday, still no go, but it doesn't matter, we already have a decent idea of how scholarship treats this topic. --Joy (talk) 14:54, 11 July 2024 (UTC)

BTW, it should be noted that giving this title space in the Herzegovina article will probably give it more prominence than keeping it in this weird separate article. The readership of the two articles is mostly 20 : 1 (10 : 1 at best). --Joy (talk) 15:00, 11 July 2024 (UTC)

Other specific articles like Herzegovina Eyalet and Sanjak of Herzegovina also have much lesser views then the general article Herzegovina, and that is a common ratio of views between specific and general articles. Would you advocate to merge those articles too, into the same general article, on the same grounds? I guess not. Sorabino (talk) 16:14, 11 July 2024 (UTC)

Eyalet and Sanjak are part of established field of research, Ottoman B-H history, regardless of pageview stats on Wikipedia - "Duchy" is synthesis and pov fork created by abuser whose known blocked accounts were Zoupan and Ajdebre. ౪ Santa ౪^99° 16:54, 11 July 2024 (UTC)

Some thoughts

The way I see it, this entire dispute centers around a single medieval polity that historically went by several different names (we have Humska zemlja and Duchy of Saint Sava, which are WP:CFORKS of each other). So rather than debating whether the Duchy of Saint Sava existed as such (it most certainly did), the nature of this discussion should instead revolve around how best to go about reconciling the different names and making things more accessible for readers. All sides are going to need to compromise here, otherwise we'll be running in circles forever and nothing is ever going to get done (this dispute has been ongoing for nearly 15 years!) Here are two potential solutions:

1) We can merge Humska zemlja with this article (or vice versa) and have the lead and infobox mention that reliable sources refer to the polity by different names (Humska zemlja, Duchy of Saint Sava, etc.) The alternative titles would become redirects (which aren't going to be nominated for deletion). Here are a few variations of what the opening line of a merged article could look like:

• Humska zemlja (Serbo-Croatian Cyrillic: Хумска земља; lit. 'Land of Hum'), also known as the Duchy of Saint Sava, was...
• The Land of Hum (Serbo-Croatian: Humska zemlja; Serbo-Croatian Cyrillic: Хумска земља), from 1448 to 1482 known as the Duchy of Saint Sava, was...
• The Duchy of Saint Sava (Serbo-Croatian: Vojvodstvo Svetog Save, Војводство Светог Саве), also known as Humska zemlja or the Land of Hum, was...
• The Duchy of Saint Sava (Serbo-Croatian: Vojvodstvo Svetog Save, Војводство Светог Саве), also known as the Land of Hum (Serbo-Croatian: Humska zemlja; Serbo-Croatian Cyrillic: Хумска земља), was...

These aren't hard and fast proposals, just suggestions meant to kick-start some discussion. If we decide to go down this route, the article title should probably come down to what most reliable English-language sources say (WP:COMMONNAME), for which we can use Google Trends or something similar. I'm personally not a huge fan of the title Humska zemlja because of WP:ENG. A Google Books search shows that reliable sources do indeed use Land of Hum, which means the same thing in English. Other than this pet peeve, I personally don't care much one way or the other, other than that I am steadfast that Duchy of Saint Sava is clearly attested to in reliable sources and shouldn't be whitewashed and removed, as was attempted recently, whatever the outcome of any potential discussion vis the merger of the two articles/deletion of the one, etc.

2) Instead of merging the two or deleting the one, we can expand Duchy of Saint Sava with reliable sources but restrict its WP:SCOPE to the period 1448–1482, whilst the scope of Humska zemlja would be restricted to the period before 1448, thereby avoiding the CFORK issue, as the Duchy of Saint Sava article would then be dedicated solely to covering Hum's twilight years. I'm open to different opinions. Let's discuss. Amanuensis Balkanicus (talk) 19:13, 11 July 2024 (UTC)

Compromise is always the best solution, but, in this case and with the following ideas, to go with Humska zemlja....also known as the Duchy of Saint Sava, including all other versions mixing the two would be WP:SYNTH, not compromise. I started "Humska zemlja" article with half a dozen of books and research essays whose scope is description of Humska zemlja (among other things) without mention of "Duchy" in any context; sources such as Ćirković ("Herceg Stefan i njegovo doba"; "Istorija bosanske države"); Mladen Ančić ("Šta je Bosna bez Hercegovine"; "Na rubu zapada: tri stoljeća bosanske države"), Esad Kurtović ("Veliki vojvoda bosanski Sandalj Hranić"), Zilic ("Radivojević-Vlatković, gospoda Humske zemlje") Kresic ("Vjerske prilike u Humskoj zemlji"), even Misic and Vego and their books with a same title, "Humska zemlja". This is to name several just from the top of my head. To use an article written upon these sources that describe the region in context of the "Humska zemlja" name and scope, and to include (to attach to it) another phrase that is nowhere in those sources but is cursory mentioned in some other, is WP:SYNTH. My position is that only redirect per WP:REDIRECT is acceptable. ౪ Santa ౪^99° 22:38, 11 July 2024 (UTC)

• As noted on several occasions in these discussions, the region of Hum/Humska zemlja was just one of several regions within the Duchy of Saint Sava, since the territory of that feudal polity was much wider then Hum/Humska zemlja, and also included several other regions, such as: Primorje, Travunija, Drina, Polimlje and others. Distinction between main constituent regions within the Duchy of Saint Sava was clearly expressed in the titles of its rulers. Therefore, the Duchy of Saint Sava can not be reduced to any of those narrower regions. Adding to that, all of the western regions of the Duchy, including Hum/Humska zemlja, were lost to Ottomans already during the 1460s, while the Duchy continued to exist until 1481/1482. Regarding the recent transformation of a previous redirect Humska zemlja into a separate article by user Santasa99, that question was addressed here in hope of some clarification. Sorabino (talk) 07:23, 12 July 2024 (UTC)

I don't even quite see the reason why to split up Zahumlje and Hum (zemlja) as all these articles seem to significantly overlap in content. There's comparatively so little content here that we might as well split off History of Herzegovina and use that to describe it all. Having a separate article about every 50-year period is nonsensical, it just makes everything harder to follow for the average English reader. We already have an unavoidable need for separate biographies about various rulers, but the general history timeline doesn't have to be chopped up into bits and pieces. --Joy (talk) 07:59, 12 July 2024 (UTC)

Zahumlje and Humska zemlja are not synonymous, they are different geopolitical formations. Zahumlje article was a battleground for years and resulted in a mess created by many blocked and banned editors. There was no way to make it into smaller article on the narrower subject, which is quiet well defined geo-politically and differentiated in historiography. Instead, it was practically general history of the region that, at present, include entire epoch from coming of a Slavs to coming of Ottomans - which is ridiculous, but it was for years a place to entertain our lowest nationalistic impulses from all three, Bosniak, Croatian and Serbian side. I think that I tried to complain about it long time ago, but I don't remember that my arguments were anything but outright dismissed. Humska zemlja already include info that is not part of Zahumlje article. Herzegovina article should be main article on the subject, but both periods, Zahumlje with Humsko kneštvo (from earliest time to 1326), and Humska zemlja (from 1326 to 1481) should have their separate articles. ౪ Santa ౪^99° 08:40, 12 July 2024 (UTC)

Ančić Mladen has written on Zahumlje and Hum, what was the difference, and so on - here's but one excerpt: 30) Dukljaninov opis "Humske zemlje" (Chelmmiia regto) vidi u Šišić, 1928, 327 Hum (Chelmo) ili "Humska zemlja", zajedno s "vladarom Humske zemlje (pririceps regionts Clemanae), spominju se u Ljetopisu Popa Dukljanina na nekoliko mjesta (Šišić, 1928, 346-7, 356), .... Ostaje, međutim, kao jedina važna činjenica to što je u vrijeme kad autor [Pop] piše svoje djelo, u drugoj polovici 12. stoljeća, pred njegovim očima "Humska zemlja" kneštvo kakvo poznaju i vrela iz kasnijih vremena. 31) Usp 8 vrela koja govore o "Zahumlju" što ih je sabrao Trpković, 1964, 230-1, i njegov zaključak o nastajanju imena. Vrijedi ovdje istaknuti kako je u vrijeme kad Pop piše svoj Ljetopis (druga polovica 12. stoljeća) u okvire "Humske zemlje" već bilo uključeno Zahumlje.....[ovdje navodi geografske lokacije]..... No, tradicije "zahumske" zasebnosti nisu bile odmah zaboravljene, .... ౪ Santa ౪^99° 09:16, 12 July 2024 (UTC)

In other words, Zahumlje/Zahumska zemlja and Hum/Humska zemlja are the same thing. The same medieval region with variant names, derived from the term Hum/Zahumlje, as it is well established is scholarly sources, and thus reflected in more then 20 projects throughout Wikipedia, that have only one article on that historical region. Recent creation of a separate article Humska zemlja besides the long-standing article Zahumlje was therefore quite unnecessary. Sorabino (talk) 09:29, 12 July 2024 (UTC)

After all the fuss about "Duchy" for years and now your questioning of Hum on, allegedly, the same grounds, I'm really no longer convinced that the best interest of articles about Zahumlje, Hum and Herzegovina is what you have at heart. ౪ Santa ౪^99° 10:25, 12 July 2024 (UTC)

Santasa99, please take a pause and reflect on these facts: your various actions, related to those and corresponding articles, have been reverted on several occasions, both on Bosnian Wikipedia and here on English Wikipedia. You are the primary initiator of all of these discussions and disputes, and the rest of us are just trying to understand why are you doing all of that. It seems that some of your recent actions are not supported even by those users who tend to agree with you on some other points. It seems that misrepresentation of sources has become a manner of yours, and that is becoming quite embarrassing. Sorabino (talk) 11:18, 12 July 2024 (UTC)

After reading Duchy of Saint Sava, Zachlumia, and Humska zemlja, I still don't understand what those places are, or whether they are the same place or a different place. Levivich (talk) 12:54, 13 July 2024 (UTC)

That is the central question here, particularly after various distortions that were introduced recently by user Santasa99, who detached a redirect Humska zemlja from Zachlumia and created a separate article, thus duplicating the subject. Zachlumia (Zahumlje/Zahumska zemlja = Hum/Humska zemlja) is a medieval historical region between Dubrovnik and river Neretva. On the other hand, the Duchy of Saint Sava was a late medieval feudal polity that was much wider in scope, at least three times larger than Zahumlje/Humska zemlja, since the Duchy was encompassing several other historical regions, such as: Primorje, Travunija, Drina, Polimlje and others. Sorabino (talk) 13:07, 13 July 2024 (UTC)

Even, though, article Humska zemlja says, twice, (I)n a geopolitical sense the Humska zemlja is not synonymous to Zahumlje; and From the 9th to the first half of the 11th century, in the neighborhood of the Principality of Hum, on the left bank of the Neretva all the way to Dubrovnik, there was another political formation, independent of the Principality of Hum, and it was called "Zahumlje"? Then goes on to explain Until the end of the 11th century, the Principality of Hum itself was part of the broader structure of the Croatian king's authority. At the time of the dynastic crisis and the dissolution of the Croatian Kingdom at the end of the 11th century, the Knez of Hum gained almost complete independence. As a result, his rule now extended to the west as far as Imotski with the župa of the same name. On the other hand, during the 12th century, Hum knez's authority definitely expanded to the east, into neighboring Zahumlje. These expansions of the Principality were also accompanied with certain territorial losses, mostly on the Adriatic islands. But the most significant consequence of the expansion of the rule of the Knezs of Hum to Zahumlje is the loss of the distinctive character of Zahumlje itself, although that name will appear sporadically with the Principality of Hum for some time to come. Meanwhile, referenced source itself - Ančić 2001, p. 143 (See footnote 3); Ančić 2001, pp. 150, Footnote 30 & 31.; Ančić 2001, pp. 150–151, Humsko kneštvo- goes on and on in explaining that the two are not synonymous. In short, with a passing of the 13th century Zahumlje on the left bank of the Neretva and Hum's Principality (Humsko kneštvo) on the right bank (both roughly speaking) ceased to exist as separate geopolitical formations and the territories of both will be encompassed by the Bosnian state and one noble family as Humska zemlja, until Ottomans invented a new name for a new geopolitical reality, which is Herzegovina. ౪ Santa ౪^99° 14:26, 13 July 2024 (UTC)

Santasa99, your attempts to reduce the term Humska zemlja to the period after 1326 have no bases in scholarly sources, since that very term refers also to previous periods of regional history. The term is well attested as a regional name in numerous sources from previous centuries (an comprehensive scholarly article on that subject can be seen here). In other words, Zahumlje and Humska zemlja are just two variant names for the same region throughout the entire medieval period. That is why there is not a single Wikipedia project that treats those terms separately. In every of more than 20 projects, there is only one article on Zahumlje/Humska zemlja. Your recent turning of a redirect Humska zemlja into a separate article is the only example of an artificial duplication of the subject, and that problem is already addressed here, waiting for your response. Sorabino (talk) 15:36, 13 July 2024 (UTC)

Can you, please, wait your turn? I responded, answered and asked Levivich about his post. Don't bludgeon every post you see. ౪ Santa ౪^99° 16:17, 13 July 2024 (UTC)

I think that text and sources speak for themselves in this article. Any confusion and misunderstanding that editor not familiar with a subject are expressing and asking for clarifications, I am trying to clarify, but I can't because you are constantly derailing my attempts by going in circles and repeating the same even when I explain and respond, earlier to Joy and now to Levivich. ౪ Santa ౪^99° 16:35, 13 July 2024 (UTC)

I don't mean to be disparaging of someone else's writing (and I don't know who wrote what in these articles), but no, none of what you quote explains it to me. For example:

• (I)n a geopolitical sense the Humska zemlja is not synonymous to Zahumlje
  • What is Zahumlje and what does it have to do with Zachlumia? Do these two words mean the same thing? And what about "Humska zemlja" and "Zachlumia"? And each of those three and "Duchy of St Sava"? Which of these words mean the same thing, and which of these words mean something different?
  • What does "geopolitical sense" mean in this sentence? I mean, is "Humska zemlja" synonymous with "Zahumlje" in a non-geopolitical sense? What other "sense" is there?
  • Why use the word "synonymous," which is a linguistic term. Are "Humska zemlja" and "Zahumlje" the same place, with the same borders, or not the same place? Do they overlap--same place, different borders? Or are they next to each other? Or not even next to each other? Did they exist at the same time, or different times?
• From the 9th to the first half of the 11th century, in the neighborhood of the Principality of Hum, on the left bank of the Neretva all the way to Dubrovnik, there was another political formation, independent of the Principality of Hum, and it was called "Zahumlje".
  • What is "Principality of Hum"? Because the article Zachlumia says that Zachlumia is also called "Hum." The article Humska zemlja also says that Humska Zemlja is also called "Hum." So is the Principality of Hum the same as Humska Zemlja, or the same as Zachlumia, or are all three things the same thing? Principality of Hum redirects to Zachumlia.
  • If Zahumlje was independent of the Principality of Hum, then that means it's not Hum, right? So why is Zahumlje a redirect to Zachlumia, when the first one is not Hum, and the second one (according to it's article) is Hum? What is Hum? Is that just a word that means "hill," or Hum a place?

Duchy of Saint Sava, Hum (zemlja), Zachlumia, Zahumlje, Humska zemlja... I do not understand what, where, or when these things existed. In some places, Wikipedia says they are the same; in others, it says they are different. What I'd love to see is a source that actually discusses all of these words (or at least most, or at least some of them), and to see a quote from the sources to see how they define these words. Levivich (talk) 16:41, 13 July 2024 (UTC)

As far as I understand, we use hatnotes to distinguish between these things if there is a dilema: "Not to be confused with....", we don't have to explain in one article body that it does or does not refer to another article subject, right? Out of courtesy, I will explain here on TP to a colleagues that these are different geopolitical formations and that Hum and Humska zemlja are synonyms, but Zahumlje is a different formation and different place (that is, different geographically and politically) from Hum/Humska zemlja, and that Duchy does not exist at all - there was a duke but not duchy. I will repeat for the sake of clarification that article Zahumlje is an out-of-scope mess for years because it was a battleground for the entertainment of the most banal nationalists' impulses between Croats and Serbs, trying to prove it was more Serbian or more Croatian - it was overblown because when one side put some info in it, immediately other side had to put some other info too that would counter the first. Back to Hum - Hum was principality that in the course of 12th century extended its rule on different place called Zahumlje; from that point on Zahumlje both in name and politically disappeared; in the course of the 13th century Hum Principality (now including Zahumlje) was annexed by Bosnian Banat and thus disappeared politically; from the first half of the 13th century the name for entire region is Humska zemlja and synonymous Hum was used but rarely. Toward end of the 15th century Ottoman occupied it and started calling the region Herzegovina, ౪ Santa ౪^99° 18:55, 13 July 2024 (UTC)

Santasa99, you made some factual mistakes and erroneous interpretations. For example, you claim that Bosnia took Hum/Humska zemlja already in the 13th century. That is not truth, and you know it, because Bosnia annexed that region in 1322-1326, and that is a well known fact. Here is another example: you are trying to muddle the fact that the regional name Hum/Humska zemlja was used in continuation for centuries, long before that region was incorporated into the Bosnian state in the 14th century. Therefore, your attempt to monopolize the term "Humska zemlja" as title for your newly created article on the Bosnian period of regional history is unfounded, because the same term was used widely as a regional name during previous periods too. The proper name for your article would be, for example: Humska zemlja in medieval Bosnia, or something like that. Maybe you did not think it through, but you should consider giving your article a proper title, and return Humska zemlja to the previous state of a redirect, that was originally pointing to the principal article (Zachlumia). Those are just some basic suggestions, that would resolve at lest one of several questions that were raised here. Sorabino (talk) 19:46, 13 July 2024 (UTC)

@Levivich: Hum and Zahumlje were two statelets next to each other. The name in Serbo-Croatian is very close - Hum vs. Za-Hum-lje, which, according to modern (21st century) historiography, is why it was sometimes confusingly misinterpreted as synonymous in name, including in geographical and political sense, in older (from the beginning of the 20th century) historiography. They rarely overlapped in political sense, while of course they could never overlap geographically - politically, one ruler would extend his rule over parts of both places - until, that is, both places finally became one political statelet that was later annexed by a large state and incorporated into its system with the name Humska zemlja. This is in short; we are talking about couple of centuries of feudal history, whatever source one use it is never easy to summarise it in simple terms like this and attach a ref that will show historian writing it down in these kinds of terms. It is much easier to write an article on historical biography than on geopolitical development of some region. ౪ Santa ౪^99° 19:38, 13 July 2024 (UTC)

When you write that Duchy does not exist at all - there was a duke but not duchy, I just stop believing anything else you say. Because I have by now personally read half a dozen RS that explicitly say the Duchy of Saint Sava existed, that there was not only a duke, but also a duchy. I don't know why you keep saying it didn't exist in the face of RS that directly contradict you--is it a language barrier thing or what? But the Duchy of Saint Sava definitely existed, according to many RS that's been posted on this page, in the article, and in the RFD. Levivich (talk) 19:45, 13 July 2024 (UTC)

Well, then you take those sources and attach them as references to article, where you thoroughly describe to readers Duchy of Saint Sava. I will also say that I don't believe a word you say, nor do I think anymore that you are neutral, now that you made such an exceptional claim, and I mean WP:EXCEPTIONAL claim. ౪ Santa ౪^99° 20:01, 13 July 2024 (UTC)

They are in the article. Look, participate in the discussion if you want to, but if you make untrue claims like "that Duchy does not exist at all," that's not participating in the discussion, that's disrupting the discussion by misrepresenting the sources. We are past the point of questioning whether the duchy existed: there are ample RS that say that it did exist. The question now is where (at which page) Wikipedia should cover it--not whether it was real or not. Levivich (talk) 20:09, 13 July 2024 (UTC)

Show me the evidence don't cast aspersions, again. Burden of proof is in on you, and "they are in the article" is not an evidence - those references are all cursory mention, one-liners, more often than not espoused by non-medievalists. Place to make conclusions such as "we are past the point of questioning whether the duchy existed" and who is "misinterpreting sources" is some of the bords suggested at AE. ౪ Santa ౪^99° 20:20, 13 July 2024 (UTC)

If you again try to derail this discussion by claiming that the Duchy of Saint Sava did not exist, I may well take it to AE. We are not going to waste more editor time with claims that the Duchy never existed; enough editor time has already been spent gathering and quoting from sources that attest to its existence, and that was the consensus at the RFD you started, which is why those redirects aren't deleted. Because we discussed it, gathered and reviewed sources, and came to a consensus about whether it exists, that discussion is now over. Time to move on to deciding which article will cover the Duchy of Saint Sava. Levivich (talk) 03:24, 14 July 2024 (UTC)

@Levivich I think they mean there's no duchy as in a place, nobody would really refer to the realm in a geographical sense. For example, Duchy of Anjou is described as a "province", it was preceded by a County, the people from there were referred to as Angevin after it. The Dukes of Saint Sava, etc never lasted long enough for their domain to get such characteristics, and indeed there's a discussion in these various historical works about how they used the name more to honor the sacred site of Mileševo than with the intent of naming their land after Saint Sava. But if you give the "polity" a standalone article, it makes it sound like it was a place, which is more like wishful thinking rather than an accurate description of history. --Joy (talk) 10:31, 14 July 2024 (UTC)

Joy, please, could you provide some scholarly or any other source for the claim that the very existence of that feudal polity should be regarded as "wishful thinking"? If that is your personal opinion, how do you explain all those scholarly references on the polity in question, and its rulers, territorial scope and related historical events in general? Are all those scholars, who wrote about those subjects, somehow engaged in "wishful thinking"? Sorabino (talk) 14:32, 14 July 2024 (UTC)

The discussions of territorial scope by sources in relation to this term do not imply a conventional duchy as described above. (I'm going to ignore the trolling parts.) --Joy (talk) 15:18, 14 July 2024 (UTC)

• I have a proposal, since we are discussing two different subjects here:

1. Questions related to Zachlumia (Zahumlje) and Humska zemlja should be discussed in detail at the talk page of the primary article, since those questions are already raised there.

2. That region (Zahumlje = Humska zemlja) was just one of several regions within the Duchy of Saint Sava, and therefore all those questions related to Zahumlje/Humska zemlja do not overlap with the much wider territorial scope of the Duchy. Chronological scope is also different, since the historical region of Zahumlje/Humska zemlja existed throughout the middle ages, while the Duchy in question existed from 1448 to 1482. Therefore, the Duchy of Saint Sava should not be reduced to just one of its regions, particularly not the one that was lost to Ottomans already during the 1460s, while the Duchy continued to exist until 1482.

3. There are several scholarly articles that are dedicated specifically to these questions (including regional terminology), but they are already mentioned in these discussions, or used in those articles. Sorabino (talk) 17:27, 13 July 2024 (UTC)

And you have sources that describe your following statement: Zahumlje / Humska zemlja was just one of several regions within the Duchy of Saint Sava, and therefore all those questions related to Zahumlje/Humska zemlja do not overlap with the much wider territorial scope of the Duchy. If you don't, please drop it and don't mention it again. ౪ Santa ౪^99° 19:41, 13 July 2024 (UTC)

Santasa99, I would gladly respond to your request, by citing your favorite scholar, a prominent Croatian medievalist and university professor Mladen Ančić, who made a clear distinction between a minor region Hum/Humska zemlja, and much wider feudal polity of herceg Stjepan. In 2015 (here), Ančić stated: In a territorial sense, the Herzog’s province far surpassed – in the mid-15th century when it was completely built as the administrative cradle of the future Herzegovina – the land of Hum and included, at certain moments, the territory from Omiš in the west, to the upper and middle Drina Valley, and even parts of Zeta in the east, and also added: The Herzog himself did not equate his province with the land of Hum, also noting that: in the first months he called himself the ‘Herzog of Hum and the Littoral’. He quickly changed this, however, and began to further call himself the ‘Herzog of St. Sabba’. There you have it: Hum/Humska zemlja was just one of the regions within the Duchy of Saint Sava. Sorabino (talk) 20:00, 13 July 2024 (UTC)

Please,do not insult my intelligence anymore with these nonsensical statements - Herceg of St.Sabba is a personal title not a Duchy with all implications of that term. Ančić never mentions any Duchy ! ౪ Santa ౪^99° 20:04, 13 July 2024 (UTC)

Why don't you say what Ančić says how is Herceg's land called ? ౪ Santa ౪^99° 20:07, 13 July 2024 (UTC)

I think I'm in favor of #2 of Amanuensis's proposals: reduce the scope of the article to just the years that the Duchy existed. The other, longer-lasting territories can be covered elsewhere (either in one or multiple articles, but that can be discussed separately). Levivich (talk) 03:52, 14 July 2024 (UTC)

New prose addition

Newly added prose in History, subsections Fall and Legacy, are based on Wikipedia:INADEQUATECITE. Refs used do not mention "Duchy"; Dinić, Ćirković, Ančić are most flagrant examples. ౪ Santa ౪^99° 11:10, 18 July 2024 (UTC)

Santasa99, are you still denying the very existence of this feudal polity? All of those sources are explicitly related to its history, as can be easily checked. Sorabino (talk) 13:09, 18 July 2024 (UTC)

I am still claiming that what you are doing falls under WP:SYNTH and WP:OR. Check what your references actually tells you, don't imply: "Your citations back some of the facts you are adding, but do not explicitly support your interpretation or the inferences you draw." (WP:INADEQUATECITE). ౪ Santa ౪^99° 13:43, 18 July 2024 (UTC)

The title of Dinic's book is "Земље Херцега Светога Саве" ("Zemlje Hercega Svetoga Save"). Doesn't that translate to "Lands of Duke St Sava?" Levivich (talk) 14:18, 18 July 2024 (UTC)

Well, no. That refers to a person with his personal noble title and his land. Ginić Dinić refers to his lands as Hum, and then, Herzegovina. The proper translation from Serbo-Croatian title is Herzog St.Sava and his lands ౪ Santa ౪^99° 14:24, 18 July 2024 (UTC)

1. What is the difference between a Herzog and a Duke?
2. What is the difference between a Duchy and the lands of a Herzog or Duke?

Levivich (talk) 14:37, 18 July 2024 (UTC)

1. In European developed feudalism difference is in rank - person with a title Herzog is often pretender to the trone, Grand Duke and Duke are titles ranked bellow in peerage system of the state. In the medieval Balkans these titles actually never existed - Duke from Serbia and Bosnia is just convenient English translation of the traditional title Vojvoda. Only three person acquired title of Herzog in the entire medieval history of the Balkans - one person in a land called Zeta, and two persons from Bosnia, Hrvoje who got it from European ruler which means it was formally recognized via Anjouin peerage, and Stjepan who attached it to himself, all alone.

2. Duchy is a piece of estate, a hereditary property, in European feudal system of governance ruled by a Duke - not by Vojvoda. ౪ Santa ౪^99° 14:54, 18 July 2024 (UTC)

The Cambridge Dictionary says "Herzog" means "Duke". Do you have any sources that say "Herzog" does not mean "Duke"? Levivich (talk) 15:02, 18 July 2024 (UTC)

Yes, in convenient translation. You just linked articles from our project that superficially but correctly explains the difference between those two titles. Not only that those are different things they are product of different societies. ౪ Santa ౪^99° 15:11, 18 July 2024 (UTC)

Do you have a source that says something different from Cambdrige Dictionary (that Herzog means Duke)?

And do you have any source that translates "Vojvoda" as "Duke"? Merriam-Webster says "Vaivode" means "a military commander or governor of a town or province," not "Duke." Levivich (talk) 15:18, 18 July 2024 (UTC)

Fine translates vojvoda to duke and obviously differentiate duke from Herzog when he writes about Balkans nobility. Personally, I would prefer that Wikipedia in English accepts Vojvoda, so that we can use it in wiki-voice when writing about these people, but that's me. ౪ Santa ౪^99° 15:28, 18 July 2024 (UTC)

Which of Fine's books? Please provide page and quote if possible. Levivich (talk) 15:30, 18 July 2024 (UTC)

Here's source: The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest in Glossary of terms p.621; hopefully we can now get back to the problems of synth and or. ౪ Santa ౪^99° 15:49, 18 July 2024 (UTC)

OK, let's look at The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest; the 1987 first edition is available for free at the Internet Archive.

• p. 627: Vojvoda: A military commander. Also used to denote the chief of a Montenegrin tribe. At times used for a subordinate territorial rule (e.g., Stefan Vukcic, prior to assuming the title Herceg, bore the title Vojvoda of Bosnia). Does not say that "Vojvoda" means "Duke." In fact, says the same thing as the Merriam-Webster definition I linked above. And it specifically uses Stefan Vukcic as an example of a "Herceg."
• p. 623: Herceg (in German, Herzog): A duke; the title was assumed by various rules in the western Balkans in the fifteenth century. So Fine translates "Herceg" as "Duke," same as the Cambridge Dictionary definition I linked above, and directly contradicting your claim that "Herceg" does not mean "Duke."
• p. 578: And in 1448--possibly to bolster his case with the Ottomans--Stefan Vukcic declared his separation from Bosnia by dropping his title Vojvoda of Bosnia (which his predecessors Vlatko Vukovic and Sandalj Hranic had also borne) which indicated the holder's subordination to the King of Bosnia. He assumed a title suggesting his own independence: Herceg (Duke) of Hum and the Coast. A year later he changed his title to Herceg of Saint Sava, calling himself after the famous Serbian saint whose relics lay in the monastery of Milesevo, which stood in the eastern part of Stefan Vukcic's principality. (emphasis mine). Fine literally says that Herceg means Duke. Herceg of Saint Sava == Duke of Saint Sava. And what do we call the lands of a Duke? A Duchy.

So, no, Fine's 1987 book does not translate "Vojvoda" to "Duke," nor does it differentiate between "Duke" and "Herceg." In fact, Fine directly contradicts what you've been saying here, and directly states that "Herceg" and "Duke" mean the same thing (and that Vukcic was Herceg of Saint Sava).

Do you have any other sources to support your tags on this article? Levivich (talk) 16:04, 18 July 2024 (UTC)

Who calls the land "Duchy" ? Fine or We? ౪ Santa ౪^99° 16:08, 18 July 2024 (UTC)

The dictionary calls the lands of a Duke a "Duchy" [3] [4]. I'm removing the article-level tags since you do not appear to have any sources that back up your argument that "Herceg" does not mean "Duke." If you think there is a problem with some part of the article, please use inline tags to post sources here that support your view. Also, please be more careful to avoid misrepresenting sources, as you have blatantly misrepresented what Fine wrote above ("Fine translates vojvoda to duke" turned out not to be true). Levivich (talk) 16:11, 18 July 2024 (UTC)

I am not interested in how dictionary calls it in general - dictionary does not say anything about particular place, I am asking how Fine calls the land of that whoever and whatever he was? ౪ Santa ౪^99° 16:15, 18 July 2024 (UTC)

As far as I can tell (I haven't read the whole book), Fine 1987 doesn't give a name to the lands of Vukcic from 1448-1481, or at any time prior to the Ottoman conquest. Fine says on p. 578 that the land became known as Hercegovina ("the herceg's lands") during the Ottoman period until the present. Levivich (talk) 16:32, 18 July 2024 (UTC)

And while Fine doesn't use the phrase "Duchy of Saint Sava," other sources do, which Amanuensis Balkanicus listed at the recent RFD:

• Pitcher, Donald Edgar (1972), An Historical Geography of the Ottoman Empire: From Earliest Times to the End of the Sixteenth Century, Leiden, Netherlands: BRILL, p. 71, After the death of Tvrtko I in 1391 the Bosnian Empire collapsed, and the land was torn between civil war and encroachment by Hungarians and Serbs, while the south-west gradually became independent as the 'Duchy of St. Sava' or Herzegovina (from 1435, though the title does not appear before 1446).
• Petrovich, Michael Boro (1976), A History of Modern Serbia, 1804-1918, Volume 1., New York City: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, p. xvii, The Serbs of Hercegovina (the Duchy of Saint Sava), Bosnia, and the Croatian lands of Dalmatia, Croatia Proper, and Slavonia also played a significant role in the rise of the modern Serbian nation.
• M. Th. Houtsma et al. E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam 1913-1936 . Leiden, Netherlands: BRILL, 1993, 755. "The history of Bosnia from 1137 to 1878 may be divided into six periods. I. Bosnia under Bans who ruled the whole land (1137-1251). II. Bosnia under Bans who ruled various parts contemporaneously (1251-1314). III. the period of the two Kotromans (1314-1377). IV. the Bosnian kingdom and the Duchy of St. Sava (1377-1463)."
• Zlatar, Zdenko. Our Kingdom Come: The Counter-Reformation, the Republic of Dubrovnik, and the Liberation of the Balkan Slavs. Boulder, Colorado: East European Monographs, 1992, 414. "...came to see him as "ambassadors of the Patriarch and in the name of the Voivodas and Barons of that province " /i.e . Serbia / "of Bosna , the Duchy of St. Sava" / i.e. Hercegovina..." [5]
• Nicol, Donald M (1997), Theodore Spandounes: On the Origins of the Ottoman Emperors, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, p. xv, Another branch of the post-Byzantine ruling families in the Balkans with whom Theodore Spandounes could claim a connection was that of the Duchy of St. Sava in Bosnia.
• Elsie, Robert (2003), Early Albania: A Reader of Historical Texts, 11th-17th Centuries, Wiesbaden, Germany: Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, p. 53, Lord Ercecho was Lord of the Duchy of Saint Sava which was situated in the Kingdom of Bosnia in the direction of Ragusa (Dubrovnik) and borders on Ragusan territory and Castelnuovo (Hercog-Novi) , which belongs to him.
• Short, Elliot (2022), Building a Multiethnic Military in Post-Yugoslav Bosnia and Herzegovina, New York City: Bloomsbury, p. 18, The Kindom of Hungary occupied territory in northern Bosnia during the conquest to build a military frontier against the Ottomans, while the herzog managed to preserve the independence of the Duchy of Saint Sava until 1481.
• Djukanovic, Bojka (2023), Historical Dictionary of Montenegro, Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield, p. 39, By the middle of the 15th century, northern parts of the Bay region became incorporated into the Duchy of St. Sava (Vojvodstvo Svetog Save).

So that's 8 sources that use "Duchy of Saint Sava." So there is no OR or SYNTH involved in calling the lands the "Duchy of Saint Sava." Levivich (talk) 16:38, 18 July 2024 (UTC)

Yes, because you need to cite those sources when you explain "fall", "legacy" and such details. But you know what OR and SYNTH is which makes this all the more weird. You are would to cite sources that have passing mention to prove somebody used the phrase and then attach other sources which don't have that phrase but explain details. Well, good luck. ౪ Santa ౪^99° 16:45, 18 July 2024 (UTC)

There are multiple possible titles for this article, "Duchy of Saint Sava" is one, another might be "pre-Ottoman Herzegovina" or "Land of Herceg Saint Sava", but you have not identified any actual factual dispute, undue weight, or synthesis to justify your tags on this article. Edit warring the tag is not advisable. Please either remove the tags, or produce some sources that support the tags. Levivich (talk) 17:07, 18 July 2024 (UTC)

I believe that I attached only a SYNT tag today. I did that because I didn't want to go to @Seraphimblade to complain about disrespecting their conclusion at AE, which is that the article should not be changed without express consensus - Sorabino inserted a large amount of text without consensus since AE, you have now removed the tags without consensus. That's why I decided to inform the admin about the situation, so we'll see how to proceed. ౪ Santa ౪^99° 17:17, 18 July 2024 (UTC)

The closing statement Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Enforcement#Sorabino appears to be limited to "moving, merging and redirecting, or blanking and redirecting the article", not any change to the article, but anyway I had already posted on Seraphim's talk page intending to ask about this. There still remains the issue of you not actually providing any sources that dispute anything in the article. Levivich (talk) 17:20, 18 July 2024 (UTC)

OK, I guess we will see how RS should be interpreted and who bears the burden of proof. As far as I can tell, editors who participated in this discussion since the beginning were overwhelmingly for the removal and merging because lack of historiography on this issue, even lack of any substantial description in sources provided by Sorabino and recently Balcanicus. ౪ Santa ౪^99° 17:29, 18 July 2024 (UTC)

I see now that Seraph hasn't edited in a week (and that you posted on his talk page at the same time as me, so I removed my post). Let's do this: either tell me you're going to post sources that support the tags, or we go to AE to resolve this. Levivich (talk) 17:31, 18 July 2024 (UTC)

You want me to post a source that support my SYNTH tag? You go with your business and do what you think you should do. ౪ Santa ౪^99° 17:35, 18 July 2024 (UTC)

Yes, I want you to post sources that support your SYNTH tag. Also, sources that support the {{disputed}} and {{undue}} tag. You posted all three tags in this edit. Or are you still claiming that the Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Enforcement#Sorabino consensus required restriction applies to all edits and not just to "moving, merging and redirecting, or blanking and redirecting the article", and therefore you restored the tags because of the consensus required restriction and not because you think the tags apply? Levivich (talk) 17:38, 18 July 2024 (UTC)

I didn't go to dictionary to provide you with a translation of vojvoda to duke ? ౪ Santa ౪^99° 16:18, 18 July 2024 (UTC)

I mean, let's give it a thought: why would those two, duke Hrvoje Vukčić Hrvatinić and duke Stjepan Vukčić Kosača, aspire to get the title of Herzog, if that title is the same as duke, which they both already were? ౪ Santa ౪^99° 15:21, 18 July 2024 (UTC)

Santasa99, terms in question (Duke of Saint Sava, Duchy of Saint Sava) are derived from the well known title herzog = duke, as explained by various sources that are already mentioned in these discussions. In all primary sources, rulers of these feudal polity are referred as: herceg (Slavic), dux (Latin), duca (Italian) etc, and all of those titles translate as duke in English. Please, can you present any sources for your alternative claims on the meanings and ranks of titles in question? Sorabino (talk) 15:07, 18 July 2024 (UTC)

Santasa99, you are making things up. The title "Zemlje Hercega Svetoga Save" is translated as: "Lands of the Duke of Saint Sava". All of those authors are acknowledging the existence of this feudal polity, and they are also making a clear distinction between the polity in question and its particular regions. The region of Hum/Humska zemlja was just one of several regions within the Duchy of Saint Sava. As stated above in previous discussions, Ančić (2015) noted: The Herzog himself did not equate his province with the land of Hum. Your attempt to reduce this Duchy to just one of its regions has no basis is historical reality, nor in scholarly sources. Sorabino (talk) 14:48, 18 July 2024 (UTC)

Here's canon-medievalists of the Bosnian and Serbian medieval history, among them author of Herceg of St.Sava historical biography:

• Ančić Mladen, Na rubu zapada: tri stoljeća srednjovjekovne Bosne - no mention of "Duchy"
• Ćirković, Sima, Herceg Stefan Vukčić-Kosača i njegovo doba (Herceg Stefan Vukčić-Kosača and his time) - no mention of "Duchy"
• Ćirković, Sima, Историја средњовековне босанске државе (History of the medieval Bosnian state) - no mention of "Duchy"
• Ćorović, Vladimir, Хисторија Босне (History of Bosnia) - no mention of "Duchy"
• Ćošković, Pejo, Kosača, Miroslav Krleža Institute of Lexicography
• Ćošković, Pejo, Kotromanići, Miroslav Krleža Institute of Lexicography
• Ćošković, Pejo, Crkva Bosanska u xv. stoljeću [Bosnian Church in the 15th century] - no mention of "Duchy"
• Fine, John Van Antwerp Jr. , The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest
• Fine, John Van Antwerp Jr., The Bosnian Church: Its Place in State and Society from the Thirteenth to the Fifteenth Century - no mention of "Duchy"
• Isailović, Neven, "Partnerstvo u pokušaju – temeljne značajke odnosa Alfonsa V. i Stjepana Vukčića Kosače - no mention of "Duchy"
• Kurtović, Esad, "Sandalj Hranić Kosača – Biography of the Bosnian Magnate" - no mention of "Duchy"

Is this enough, there are more of the same - canon-medievalists don't know anything about any "Duchy".--౪ Santa ౪^99° 18:06, 18 July 2024 (UTC)

However, we have this by author of Herceg's historical biogrphy:

• Sima Ćirković - medievalist, specialized in medieval history of Bosnia-Herzegovina and medieval history of Serbia

• in "Istorija srednjevekovne bosanske države" transl. History of the medieval Bosnian state

Author does not mention "Duchy" in his book, he calls the duke's land explicitly "Hum's Land" (Humska Zemlja in Serbo-Croatian) and after 1463 and the fall of the Bosnian Kingdom, Ćirković refers to duke's land, again explicitly, as Hercegovina.

Here's some excerpts on how Ćirković describes the situation around this duke and his land:

1. Када је угарско појачање од хиљаду људи већ било на домак Новог, он је пристао по споразуму с Ајаз–бегом да преда своју кулу и пође с породицом у Турску. Тиме ј е сам својом вољом прекратио живот последње слободне и самосталне тачке која је остала од босанске државе." transl. When the Hungarian reinforcement of a thousand men was already near Novi [Hercegnovi], he agreed to surrender his tower and go with his family to Turkey, according to the agreement with Ayaz-bey. With that, of his own free will, he ended the life of the last free and independent point that remained of the Bosnian state." (p. 341)
2. "Poslednji samostalni ostatak nekadašnje bosanske države predstavljala je oblast hercega Vlatka Kosače." ; transl. The last independent remnant of the former Bosnian state was the area of ​​Duke Vlatko Kosača.(p. 340)

• in "Herceg Stefan Vukčić Kosača i njegovo doba" ; transl. Herceg Stefan Vukčić Kosača and his age

Author does not mention "Duchy of " in this book either, he calls the duke's land explicitly "Hum's Land" (Humska Zemlja in Serbo-Croatian) and after 1463 and the fall of the Bosnian Kingdom, Ćirković refers to duke's land, again explicitly, as Hercegovina.

It is interesting what Ćirković thinks about duke's personal noble title "herzog of Saint Sava":

1. "Uzimanje herceške titule od strane Stefana jedva da je imalo i onaj simbolični značaj koji joj se pripisuje, Stefan je formalno do kraja života ostao 'veliki vojvoda rusaga bosanskog'." transl. Stefan's taking of the herzog title hardly had the symbolic significance that is attributed to it, Stefan formally remained the "grand duke of of Bosnia state" until the end of his life.--౪ Santa ౪^99° 18:13, 18 July 2024 (UTC)

Santasa99, you left out preceding sentences to that quote, thus not providing the proper context. In that passage (1964, p. 271-272, starting here), Ćirković was adressing various questions related to origin of the term "Herzegovina", concluding that Ottoman use of the term "Herzeg's land" played crucial role in later emergence of the new regional name. Within the context of that process, he questioned the symbolic significance of the title. Regarding the political significance in terms of medieval feudal hierarchy, Ćirković was quite clear on the nature of Stjepan's newly assumed (1448-1449) ducal title (1964, p. 107): Херцешка титула имала је у читавој Европи тога времена јасно значење и прецизно одређено место, долазила је одмах после краљевске. English translation: "In the entire Europe of that time, ducal title had a clear meaning and precisely positioned rank, coming right after the royal one". Regarding your other claim, that Ćirković is adressing Stjepan's land as Hum/Humska zemlja, there is not a single example from the very source that would support such claims, since Ćirković is mentioning that region just as one of several regions within the Ducal state (Ćirković explicitly refers to Stjepan's feudal polity as Duke's "state" / држава, p. 166, 201, 234, 239, 244, 249, 256, 266). Sorabino (talk) 20:52, 20 July 2024 (UTC)

Cirkovic clearly explains, to paraphrase that paragraph on p.290, what that title meant in Europe.....but, further clearly explains that, for development in Bosnia had no meaning at all. Hum is mentioned in the book "Herceg Stefan i njegovo doba" 62 times; in the book "Istorija srednjevjekovne bosanske države" 112 times; "Duchy", however, was not mentioned at all; It must be one of two things: either the late Cirkovic was schizophrenic or this about "država" is a feudal fragmentation of state at work? Let me, now, be clear: his , herceg's, regional state was part of the Bosnian state even at the peak of the 20 yrs long civil war between him and the King Tomas. Cirkovic, actually, was not schizophrenic. ౪ Santa ౪^99° 00:33, 21 July 2024 (UTC)

And regarding "context" within naming "process", "Ottomans" and "Herzegovina" at pp.271, 271: there is no other context but what he said on p.272, that the title had hardly even the symbolic meaning, a complete thought which he finished with "he remained for the rest of his life Grand duke of the Bosnian state". ౪ Santa ౪^99° 00:55, 21 July 2024 (UTC)

Santasa99, please be true to the source when you are presenting authors views. Ćirković is clearly talking about feudal hierarchy of titles, recognizing Stjepan's newly assumed title (Herceg/Herzog/Duke of Saint Sava) as a well known feudal title that belongs to the rank of herzog (= duke in English), right bellow the royal title. He uses the term "Herceg's state" / "Duke's state" (= dukedom or duchy), thus referring to this feudal polity. Regarding the mior region of Hum/Humska zemlja, Ćirković also mentions other regions such as: Primorje, Travunija, Drina, Onogošt, Polimlje (etc) but he never reduces Stjepan's state to Hum or any other of those regions that belonged to this feudal polity. Sorabino (talk) 07:22, 22 July 2024 (UTC)

Here's Ančić, explicitly discuss name for the land - how people identified where are they coming from:

• in Ančić, Mladen, "Što je Bosna bez Hercegovine?"

"Širenje, pak, u dubinu društva najbolje potvrđuje činjenica da su se doseljenici iz Humske zemlje u dalmatinske gradove (Split, Trogir, Šibenik, Zadar) u svim prigodama, bez obzira na status i položaj, tijekom 14. i 15. stoljeća dosljedno identificirali upravo tako – bili su podrijetlom, ili su dolazili iz Humske zemlje (Comsqua semia). S druge se strane samo u jednome slučaju, zabilježenom u Splitu 1454. godine, dogodilo da se osoba identificira na način da dolazi iz «kneštva hercega Stjepana bosanskoga»"- (pp. 106–108.)

• in Ančić Mladen, Na rubu zapada: tri stoljeća srednjovjekovne Bosne - p. 147, Chapter: Humsko kneštvo.

"Na rubu Zapada (Bosna, Humska zemlja) tamošnji je vladajući sloj svaku nazočnost tog paralelnog sustava vlasti promatrao i doživljavao kao ugrozu vlastitog položaja i autoriteta, posve nespreman odreći se di ela vlastite moči zarad univerzalnih vrednota propagiranih i primjenjivanih preko čvrsto ustr ene hijerarhije" (p.171)

No, bila je to doista posljednja prigoda u kojoj se koristilo humsko ime. Ubrzo će naime Turci osvojiti ove krajeve i uklopiti ih u teeritorijalno-politički sistem kao dio Sanjaka kojem se ime više nije izvodilo iz nekadašnje političke tvorbe, Humsko kneštvo, Humska zemlja.(p.173)--౪ Santa ౪^99° 19:50, 18 July 2024 (UTC)

Santasa99, why are you misrepresenting sources listed above? All of those questions are already debated. Instead of providing quotes that would support your claims that this feudal polity somehow did not exist, you are repeatedly offering us your interpretations. Non of the sources that are listed above support your claims, particularly the works of Ćirković, who wrote extensively on Herceg′s state, and Herceg′s aspirations towards political and territorial independence from Bosnian king. Sorabino (talk) 18:41, 18 July 2024 (UTC)

I'm not surprised that non-English sources would not contain the English word "Duchy." Fine doesn't use "Duchy" but he does use "Duke." So what is your point here?

Let me ask you three questions:

1. What is the WP:SYNTH in this article? Please quote specific language that you think violate SYNTH. I'll tell you the SYNTH is not the use of the word "Duchy" because we have sources (I posted them above) that use the exact phrase "Duchy of Saint Sava." So if "Duchy" is not SYNTH, then what is the SYNTH?
2. What is the factual error in this article? Again, it's not that we say a Duchy of Saint Sava existed, since we have multiple sources that say it existed. So what is the error?
3. What is WP:UNDUE in this article?

Let's figure out what needs to be fixed in order to remove those three tags. Levivich (talk) 19:10, 18 July 2024 (UTC)

You really want me to repeat what is synth and or, again? ౪ Santa ౪^99° 19:45, 18 July 2024 (UTC)

I guess, we need whatever we need in any other case - prose can't be referenced with two sets of sources: one set by non-medievalists, where the Duchy is mentioned in passing without description and any substance on the subject; and the second set by canon-medievalists, where the situation is described in details, but the Duchy as a name for the land is not mentioned at all. That is a synth and original research. But I think that we should try to include as much as possible of neutral editors via prescribed procedure and maybe some good comes out of taking that path. ౪ Santa ౪^99° 20:38, 18 July 2024 (UTC)

It's not synth or OR because there are sources. It doesn't matter if the sources are in passing, or by medievalists, or not. Synth is synth if it's not directly stated by RS; but RS directly state "duchy."

Anything besides the use of the word "duchy" that justifies those tags or is it just "duchy"? Levivich (talk) 20:43, 18 July 2024 (UTC)

This is a contentious topic area, and I don't see you as neutral participant anymore, so I don't see that we will agree on anything. The best way forward is to post this issue at some board - either at RfC or at DRN, whatever is more preferable for you; you can write the opening discussion post, or I could do that in the next 24 hours (maybe even tonight). ౪ Santa ౪^99° 21:12, 18 July 2024 (UTC)

Let's try DRN? But I think if you don't mind, you should write the DRN request because you will be able to explain your concerns better than me. Levivich (talk) 21:56, 18 July 2024 (UTC)

Anything that you would like me to put in, that I am unable to perceive as an important from my standpoint, or anything whatsoever? ౪ Santa ౪^99° 22:08, 18 July 2024 (UTC)

I would say whatever problems with the article justify the tags, such that if DRN resolved those problems, the tags can be removed. I assume that includes use of the word "Duchy," I'm not sure if there is anything else. Levivich (talk) 22:20, 18 July 2024 (UTC)

OK, I started filling the request. If not tonight it should be over tomorrow around this time. ౪ Santa ౪^99° 22:59, 18 July 2024 (UTC)

• Regarding various sources listed above by user Santasa99, it is quite clear that non of them disputes the existence of this feudal polity. On the contrary, all of those sources are mentioning the title (Duke of Saint Sava), and some of them are even regarding that polity as an independent state. For example, Pejo Ćošković states (in article listed above): Naslov je imao utvrđenu vrijednost u europskoj feudalnoj hijerarhiji i potpuno je odgovarao Stjepanovu položaju; nije bio vezan uz neki grad nego uza šire područje, prvotno je glasio herceg humski i primorski, a od poč. 1449. herceg svetoga Save, latinski dux sancti Sabe (po njem će poslije nastati pojam i ime Hercegovina). Područje njegove vlasti prostiralo se od Lima do Cetine i od Rame do kotorskoga primorja. U svojim zemljama Stjepan se ponašao kao vladar samostalne države i u ispravama se nazivao »Božjom milošću herceg od svetoga Save, gospodar humski i primorski i veliki vojvoda rusaga bosanskoga, knez drinski i k tomu«. This is Google translation in English: "The title had a fixed value in the European feudal hierarchy and fully corresponded to Stephen's position; it was not connected to a certain city but to a wider area, originally he was called Herceg of Hum and Primorje, and from the beginning 1449. duke of St. Sava, Latin dux sancti Sabe (after him, the term and name Herzegovina would later be born). The area of ​​his authority extended from Lim to Cetina and from Rama to the coast of Kotor. In his lands, Stjepan behaved as the ruler of an independent state and in documents called himself "by the grace of God, Duke of Saint Sava, Lord of Hum and Primorje and Grand Duke of Rusag of Bosnia, Prince of Drina and more". No comment is needed there, on attituedes of user Santasa99 towards sources. Sorabino (talk) 05:44, 19 July 2024 (UTC)

  And how Ćošković said those wider area is referred in title? Who the Duke is - Lord of Hum and Primorje. Saint Sava is a saint buried in Mileševa on his estate, not a name the Duke used for his estate, which you would like to imply through this article. Hercegovina is named by the Ottoman Turks using his highest rank in title but only because that was their traditional way of naming conquered Christian lands, estates, and countries. All this is explained in Ćirković and Ančić above. Ćošković does not say "Duchy of S.Sava" anywhere, does he - that's your assumption. ౪ Santa ౪^99° 06:08, 19 July 2024 (UTC)

Santasa99, you are misrepresenting sources, and here is another example. Mladen Ančić (2001) states (here) in p. 174: a kako je Humsko kneštvo tvorilo dio posjeda “Hercega od sv. Save” tako se našlo u sklopu sandžaka “hercegovih zemalja“, ili u kasnijoj skraćenoj i do danas zadržanoj formi “Hercegovine“. Translation in English: "as the Hum Principality was part of the domain of "Duke of St. Sava", thus it also found itself as part of the sandjak of "Herceg's lands", or in the later and abbreviated form "Herzegovina", as retained to this day." Ančić also states (p. 161): u 15. stoljeću Hum dolazi u posjed velikaša iz roda Hranića-Kosača, pa se na početku svoga djelovanja najpoznatiji predstavnik toga roda, Stjepan Vukčić Kosača, neko vrijeme kiti titulom “humskoga gospodara“, no tu titulu zanemaruje od trenutka dobivanja herceške titule, jasno dajući do znanja kako biti humski “gospodar” doista više ništa ne znači. Translation in English: "in the 15th century, Hum came into the possession of the Hranić-Kosača noble family, and at the beginning of his activity, the most famous representative of that family, Stjepan Vukčić Kosača for some time adorned himself with the title of "lord of Hum", but this title was neglected from the moment he received the title of Duke, clearly making it known that being a "lord" of Hum really doesn't mean anything anymore." Those quotes are showing that your claims on Hum/Humska zemlja have no bases even in sources you entroduced in these debates. Sorabino (talk) 16:32, 19 July 2024 (UTC)