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Talk:Dutch Formosa

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Rework

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Latest comment: 16 years ago1 comment1 person in discussion

I have extensively reworked the previously (unreferenced) article on this topic, added a lot of information, split it into sections, added references, images, supporting articles and a navbox. I intend to fill in the gaps over the coming weeks in the history, economy, religion and education sections, while expanding others. Also on the way are articles on the Guo Huaiyi Rebellion and the Pacification Campaign against the aborigines. Taffy (talk) 02:33, 11 September 2008 (UTC)Reply

Question

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Latest comment: 15 years ago1 comment1 person in discussion

So Dutch ruled Taiwan before Chinese? --Korsentry 02:23, 16 March 2009 (UTC)

Yes, the Dutch were the first outsiders to rule (part of) Taiwan. Then came Koxinga's Kingdom of Tungning, which counts as the first Chinese government of Taiwan (even though Koxinga was half-Japanese himself). Taffy (talk) 03:08, 16 March 2009 (UTC)Reply

References

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Latest comment: 15 years ago1 comment1 person in discussion

I realise there are books in the references section which are not yet referenced - this will be fixed shortly. Taffy (talk) 17:24, 13 June 2009 (UTC)Reply

Merge into History of Taiwan?

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Latest comment: 14 years ago1 comment1 person in discussion

Should this be merged into History of Taiwan, or is it a preferred practice to have it separate since it was formerly Dutch colony and seemed to have official administrative status? Mistakefinder (talk) 14:00, 13 November 2009 (UTC)Reply

Misleading Image Caption

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Latest comment: 13 years ago1 comment1 person in discussion

The image "18th century Dutch map of the Pescadores" is clearly a modern watercolor, done on commercial watercolor paper . . . it seems wrong to pass it off as historical material. (Graffiacane (talk) 16:10, 7 December 2010 (UTC))Reply

The Dutch were militarily defeated by China which forced them to withdraw from their fort on Penghu

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Latest comment: 10 years ago2 comments1 person in discussion

The article is portraying history as though the Dutch kindly listend to the Chinese suggestion to move from the Pescadores to Taiwan. That is not how it happened. The Dutch refused to move and tried to force China into submitting by raiding Chinese coastal cities in Fujian. The Dutch were defeated in both their raids, Chinese forces took Dutch Captains prisoner, and when Chinese fleets took the fight to the Pescadores themselves and forced the Dutch to surrender and leave to Taiwan.

Talk:Penghu#Sino-dutch_war_in_the_pescadores_in_the_1620.27s

http://books.google.com/books?id=JWpF-dObxW8C&pg=PA1086#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=JWpF-dObxW8C&pg=PA1087#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=xrGAXH_ne4IC&pg=PA1086#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=oaP2UFZVGDoC&pg=PA70#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=tVhvh6ibLJcC&pg=PA368#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=tVhvh6ibLJcC&pg=PA369#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=ddcV_cGegX4C&pg=PA191#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=dogeAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA93#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=g3oWoSKVnVIC&pg=PA49#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=tQI_AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA817#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=OrzVYrtMXrAC&pg=PA25&lpg=PA25#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=GXBCAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA92#v=onepage&q&f=false

Rajmaan (talk) 22:43, 23 January 2013 (UTC)Reply

Battle of Liaoluo Bay

http://books.google.com/books?id=TV6f2XWG6t4C&pg=PA122&dq=1633+zheng+dutch&hl=en&sa=X&ei=w6y7UteUHsjlsASdwYLYCQ&ved=0CC8Q6wEwAA#v=onepage&q=1633%20zheng%20dutch&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=aNBWudWBOsQC&pg=PA362&dq=1633+zheng+dutch&hl=en&sa=X&ei=w6y7UteUHsjlsASdwYLYCQ&ved=0CFsQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=1633%20zheng%20dutch&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=zERymZzBQQYC&pg=PA71&dq=1633+zheng+dutch&hl=en&sa=X&ei=w6y7UteUHsjlsASdwYLYCQ&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=1633%20zheng%20dutch&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=4JluAAAAMAAJ&q=1633+zheng+dutch&dq=1633+zheng+dutch&hl=en&sa=X&ei=8q67UtD4CNPJsQSUsYHAAQ&ved=0CEAQ6AEwBDgU

As for the Dutch depredations along the coast of Fukien in the 1 620's and early 1630's, the 'Red-haired barbarians' were effectively chased away and in 1633 soundly beaten at Liaolo by the legendary smuggler- turned-admiral, Zheng Zhilong. After that humiliation the Dutch in Taiwan were dependent on the goodwill of the Zheng clan, until their final expulsion from Formosa by Zheng Chenggong in

Siege of Fort Zeelandia

Rajmaan (talk) 20:30, 16 February 2014 (UTC)Reply


Taiwan Dutch Chinese

http://books.google.com/books?id=OpdMq-YJoeoC&pg=PA553#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=RPkiAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA121#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=a5xJAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA121#v=onepage&q&f=false

Pangsuy

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Latest comment: 9 years ago1 comment1 person in discussion

Where is Pangsuy island? Hongthay (talk) 21:48, 30 November 2014 (UTC)Reply

Records of Dutch women held captive as concubines by Koxinga

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Latest comment: 9 years ago1 comment1 person in discussion

Dutch language Primary Sources

R ij s s e n, geboren te Haarlem, hertrouwde op Formosa in Dec. 1658. Maar van hen, die vermoord zijn, heeft Hambrouck altijd het meest de aandacht en de belangstelling getrokken 1). En niet zonder reden. Hij was de Hollandsche Regulus. Zijn edel gedrag is zoowel in proza als in poëzie door een aantal schrijvers met lof vermeld, en zijne edelmoedigheid, standvastigheid en onbevreesdheid door de schilderkunst vereeuwigd. Toen het eiland door den Chineeschen zeeroover Coxinga ten deele bemachtigd werd, was Hambroeck, met zijne vrouw, een zoon en eene dochter, in 's vijands handen gevallen, terwijl twee zijner dochters2) gevlucht waren op het fort Zeelandia, dat nog tegenstand bood. Terwijl op het eiland alles in de macht van Coxinga was en men aldaar de afschuwelijkste wreedheden3) pleegde, ') Nieuhof, t. a. p., bl. 45, 46.

  • ) De dochter van Hambroek, genaamd Helena, was in Jan. 1659 te Mattauw getrouwd met Johannes van der Burch, en zijn andere dochter, Henica, in Mei van hetzelfde jaar insgelijks op Formosa gehuwd met Dominicus van Vorster. — Herport dwaalde alzoo, toen hij schreef: »Zwey Töchteren, deren die einte in der Ehe, die andere aber noch ledig war," (bl. 46, 74 en 75). En eveneens Wouter Schouten. Deze zegt: »de eene gehuwd, de andere noch vrijster," (I, 167). Dit is fout, beide dochters waren getrouwd op Formosa, beiden geboren te Schipluiden, bij Delft, waar hun vader vijftien jaren lang, van 1632 af, predikant was geweest. Hambroek was geboren te Rotterdam in 1607 en te Leiden als student opgenomen in het staten-college. Over de historische waarde van het verhaal zijner zelfopoffering is indertijd een belangrijke strijd gevoerd tusschen prof. L. G. Visscher, Dr. Wap en prof. Lauts.

3) Een Hollandscn predikant werd gekruisigd, terwijl hij den vijfden dag daarna aan het kruis nog leefde en eindelijk stierf Een onderwijzer werd jammerlijk omgebracht, nadat zijne vrouw voor zijn oogen geschoffeerd was. (herport, bl. 73, 74). Te Sakam waren bij de honderd personen gevangen. Sommigen hunner hebben 22 jaren gezeten. Vele Hollandsche vrouwen hadden als slavinnen der Chineesche njonja's een ondragelijk lot. Herhaalde, vergeefsche expeditiên tot de herovering van het eiland werden ondernomen. De 1ste met 12 schepen, vertrok van Batavia 1 Juli 1663 onder Bort; de 2de met 16 schepen; de 3de weer met 12 bodems, 7 Juli 1664. (Borts Voijagie, naer de kuste van China en Formosa. Bijeengestelt, en Berijmt door Matthijs Cramer. 't Amsterdam, gedrukt bij Pieter Dircksz Boeteman, op de Negelantiersgraft, voor den Auteur, 1670, kl. 8°, bl. 46,50, 60, 78, 103, 106 en 107). » Het overblijfsel dezer ellendige gevangenen .... hebben eindelijk het geluk gehad van door den Tartarischen Veldheer, die dat eiland den Sinezen afgenomen heeft, in volle vrijheid gesteld te worden, en zijn met hun elven in Siam aangekomen, van waar wij dezelve met d'eerste gelegenheid te gemoet zien." (Brief van Batavia aan cl. v. Amst., 30 Nov. 1684; Dalrymple, Oriental Repository, Vol. II, p. 179 sq.).[1][2]


Coxinga had na Zeelandia's val het zwaard tot kouter doen omsmeden, van Formosa eene bloeiende, vooral eene productieve kolonie gemaakt. De nijvere chineesche landbouwer was reeds tijdens het beleg aan 't werk getogen, de rijstvelden, de suiker- en de theetuinen vermenigvuldigden zich alom. Het scheen zijn streven ieder teeken, ieder aandenken van het hollandsche regiment te doen verdwijnen en duur had hij, in de maanden des belegs, het verlies van zoovelen der zijnen gewroken aan den westerling en den inboorling beide. Ook het bloed zijner landgenooten, ten jare 1652 door deze christenen in eene barbaarsche rechtspleging vergoten, vond in hem een wreker. Een deerlijk lot was ten deel gevallen aan de gevangen Comp. dienaren en hnnne gezinnen, aan predikanten, schoolmeesters, soldaten en burgers. Coyet had gelegenheid gehad den koopman Loenius, drie hollandsche vrouwen en eenige christen-inboorlingen van een der bedreigde kuststations te doen afhalen en overbrengen naar Desima. Meerdere europeesche vrouwen en kinderen waren uit Zeelandia vooruit gezonden naar Batavia, zoodra de draden strak begonnen te staan. De predikanten Cruyf en Masius waren den algemeenen doodendans ontsprongen door de vlucht. Zij vormden als 't ware de eerste geredden van een zinkend schip.

Maar de hoofden van Hambroek en de zijnen waren gevallen, terwijl zestienhonderd mannen ongeveer, door het zwaard en door ziekte, in dit noodlottig beleg waren omgekomen. Een der predikanten werd aan het kruis genageld; hij leefde nog tot den vijfden dag. Enkele slachtoffers moesten voordat de chineesche beul hen kwam onthalzen, „getuygen zijn van het godloos schenden hunner vrouwen." Een tolk en een schoolmeester waren beschuldigd geworden van opruiing der Formosanen tegen de Chineezen en deswegen veroordeeld. Hambroek leefde toen nog en had de gunst verworven om voor deze ongelukkigen een gebed te doen. ,,'t Welk gedaen zijnde wierden zij elk aen een bysonder kruys gehecht, de handen kruyswys over 't hoofd en over malkander geleydt en met een spijker vast gemaekt; door yder hiel en kuyt wierd mede een spijker geslagen, als ook door de armen. Zij hingen alzoo drie dagen lang zonder eten en drinken onder de bewaring van ons eygen volk, die met bloote houwers daerbij mosten zitten; ende zijn daerna, noch niet heel dood zijnde, nae Sincan gevoert en aldaer mede ten toon gestelt, ende na haer overlijden ook begraven."


Bij de vermeestering van het fort Provincia had Coxinga ongeveer een honderdtal der inwonenden gevangen en tot slaven gemaakt; voor sommigen zou de ellende der chineesche slavernij tweeëntwintig jaren lang gerekt worden, meerderen nog daarin den dood vinden. De vrouwen van omgebrachte godsdienstleeraars, van nederlandsche ambtenaren en militairen werden onder de chineesche officieren verdeeld. Hambroeks derde dochter kwam in Coxinga's „vrouwen-huys" terecht. Het zwaarst woog dit slavinnenlot op degene, die in het huis van gehuwde officieren kwamen, d. i. onder den voet hunner „jaloersche en bittere wyven." De minnenyd van chineesche njonja's wist voor hen kwellingen uit te vinden, feller dan het woeden van den krijg hen reeds had doen uitstaan. Sommigen werden ten doode toe mishandeld en bestierven het ten leste, „na onuitdrukkelijke spijt, hoon, smaadheden en onlijdelijke pijn uitgestaan te hebben."[3][4][5][6]


M A A T Z U I K E R. Daar was ook niemand in het kafteel die genegen was om op de fchoone beloften van een Zeerover ftaat te maken ‚ maar ieder wilde zich licver dood vechten. Men zocht zelfs Hambroek te bewegen om in het kafteel te blyven , maar zyn vrouw en kinderen in dien flaat niet begeerende te verlaaten, omhelsde alle zyne vrienden en bloedverwanten ‚ en hen het laatfte vaarwel gezegd hebbende keerde hy met dit antwoord na het vyandlyk leger te rug; doch dit manmoedig antwoord vertoornde Coxinga zodanig dat hy hem het hoofd deed afflaan De andere gevangene Nederlanderen trof geen beter lot; want nadat men derzelver vrouwen voor hunne oogen op de beeftachtigfte wyze gefchonden had , wierden zv , zo mannen als vrouwen, in ftukken gehakt.[7]


Van ons volk, die aen Saccam ende ten platten lande en in des vyands banden gevallen zyn, schryft de commandeur, Caeu, met generale termen, dat bet zeker is, dat meest alle de soldaten in 't fort, Provincia, benevens de meeste polityken ende alle de predicanten (uytgesondert d' Leendertsz) ende andere, die te lande waren ende die haer op het ernstig aenschryven van den drost aen Coxin op Saccam overgegeven bebben, zyn onthoofd en andersints om 't leven gebragt; ende dat de Duytse vrouwen noch hier en daer onder zyn volk zwerven, waer van de moyste door zyn officieren tot hyzitten worden gebruykt ende een jonge docbter van d' Hambroek in 't vrouwen-buys van Coxin is genomen. De gouverneur ende raed schryven, dat Coxin, nae 't zeggen van eenige overloopers, korts nae het gevecht, op den 16'n September voorgevallen, den drost, Valentyn, den predicant, Leonardis, en de landmeter, Brummer, met hare huysgesinnen, nae China zoude hebben gesonden, hehoudende aen Provincia 2 harbiers, een land-meter en 5 of 4 andere persoonen, daer onder een schipper ofte stierman; hebbende alle de andere mans-persoonen in verscheyden dorpen gevoert, ook eenige omtrent Provincia gedoodt, mitsgaders de vrouwen zeer ellendig hier en daer onder zyn volk verstroyt. Heeft ook van de gevangens, in de Piscadores bekomen, 10 persoonen elk d'eene hand, mitsgaders de neus en ooren afgesneden en alsoo bebloedt nae Tayoan gesonden. De vervoering van den landdrost en an lere nae China schynt noch nader bevestigt te worden uyt zekere missive, door den zelven drost aen Saccam in date den 26'n July lestleden aen den gouverneur geschreven ende den eersten Augusti ontfangen, waer by gesien wordt, dat Coxinja bem alsdoen heeft laten aenzeggen, dat hy die reyse eerlang zoude moeten aenveerden. De brief luyd, als volgt: [8] Toch keerde Hambroek naar de legerplaats terug (*). De Sinees was over den uitslag van de zending ten hoogste vergramd, doch offerde den edelen man niet dadelijk aan zijne verbolgenheid op. Niet lang evenwel duurde het of, hebbende doen uitstrooijen dat de gevangen Nederlanders zich beijverden de Formosanen tegen hem op te hitsen, deed hij ruim vijfhonderd menschen, onder welken onderscheidene onderwijzers, alsmede eenige predikanten, ook Hambroek en zijn' zoon ombrengen, doende hunne vrouwen en dochters openlijk verkrachten en onder de zijnen voor slavinnen uitdeelen.[9][10]


Werden de mannen wreedaardig omgebracht, niet veel beter was het lot der Hollandsche vrouwen. Dezen werden onder de Chineezen verdeeld, waarbij zij er het best aan toe waren, die aan ongehuwden ten deel vielen. Maar zij daarentegen, die door dezen of genen gehuwden »Overste” genomen werden, konden wegens hun jaloersche en bittere »Wijven” haar leed niet overzien. Vele van haar werden‚ als de verachtelijkste slavinnnen tot de meest vernederende diensten gebruikt, en »zijn eindelijk, onder dien last gesmoord, en, na onuitdrukkelijke spijt, hoon, smaadheden en onlijdelìjke pijn nitgestaan te hebben, aan een droevig einde geraakt” 2).

Het voorgevallene met Hambroek is bekend; de dichter heeft den naam van het eiland Formosa en van den Hollandschen Regulus tot het nageslacht overgebracht en in den mond des volks bewaard 3). Ter staving van het verhaal van Valentijn omtrent het gedrag van dien moedigen evangeliedienaar bij de verovering van Zeelandz'a is het verhaal van Herport niet onbelangrijk 4). Deze was Zwitsersch soldaat in dienst der O.-Ind. Compagnie en tegenwoordig bij het verlies van Formosa 5). Dezelfde bijzonderheden worden door verschillende schrijvers soms met bijna dezelfde woorden verhaald. Herport zegt van de dochters vanHambroek: »....hat aber noch zwei Töchteren allda in der Festung, deren die einte in der Ehe, die andere aber noch ledig war"‘6). Wouter Schouten verhaalt van haar, dat de eene dochter was gehuwd, de andere »noch vrijster”7)‚ [11]

[12]http://books.google.com/books?ei=bkR0VOeLGvSHsQTyyIGACw&id=NHshAQAAMAAJ&dq=Hambroek+dochter+chinees+coxinga+vrouwen&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Hambroek+dochter+

[13]

[14]

[15]


English language Primary Sources

"The daughter of Mr. Hambroek, a very sweet and pleasing maiden, Koxinga had made one of his concubines, and she had consequently been placed in his harem." [16][17]http://books.google.com/books?id=KZZDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA44&dq=dutch+concubines+koxinga&hl=en&sa=X&ei=oi10VMyTOoq_sQTq0ILABA&ved=0CCIQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=dutch%20concubines%20koxinga&f=false [18][19][20]

http://www.archive.org/stream/islandofformosap00daviuoft

https://archive.org/stream/islandofformosap00davi#page/n69/mode/2up

Wives and daughters of Dutch taken as concubines—Sold to soldiers[21]

After our people had been murdered, the Dutch women who remained were divided among the Chinese; the most fortunate being those who were assigned to unmarried men. Those who were claimed by chiefs already married suffered greatly at the hands of their jealous and vindictive wives. Some of them were compelled to do the work of the meanest slaves, and after enduring unspeakable grief, injury, and reproach, died of broken hearts in shame and wretchedness.[22]


Koxinga received his answer sternly: then causing it to be rumoured that the prisoners excited the Formosans (Aborigines) to rebel against him, ordered all the Dutch prisoners to be killed; this was accordingly done, some being beheaded, others killed in a more barbarous manner, to the number of 500, their bodies stripped quite naked, and buried fifty and sixty in a hole; nor were the women and children spared, many of them likewise being slain, though some of the best were preserved for the use of the commanders, and the rest sold to the common soldiers. Happy was she that fell to the lot of an unmarried man, being thereby freed from vexations by the Chinese women, who are very jealous of their husbands. Among the slain were Messrs. Hambrocock, Mus, and Winshaim (or Winshem or Wenshain), clergymen, and many schoolmasters, who were all beheaded."[23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36]

Koxinga received his answer sternly; then, causing it to be rumoured that the prisoners incited the Formosans to rebel against him, ordered all the Dutch male prisoners to he slain. This was accordingly done; some being beheaded, others killed in a more barbarous manner, to the number of five hundred; their bodies stripped quite naked, and buried fifty and sixty in a hole. Nor were the women and children spared, many of them likewise being slain, though- some of the best were preserved for the use of the commanders, and the rest sold to the common soldiers. Happy was she that fell to the lot of an unmarried man, being thereby freed from vexations by the Chinese women, who are very jealous of their husbands. Among the slain were Messrs. Hambroek, Mus and Winsem, clergymen, and many school-masters, who were all beheaded.”[37][38]


Koxinga received his answer sternly; then, causing it to be rumoured that the prisoners excited the Dutch to rebel against him, ordered all the male prisoners to be slain. This was accordingly done, some being beheaded, others killed in a barbarous manner, to the number of five hundred; their bodies were stripped quite naked, and buried fifty and sixty in a hole. Nor were the women and children spared, many of them being likewise slain, though some of the best were preserved for the use of the commanders, and the rest sold to the common soldiers. Happy was she that fell to the lot of an unmarried man, being thereby freed from vexations by the Chinese women, who are very jealous. Van Hambroek and other ministers, with many schoolmasters, were beheaded.[39][40][41]


"Koxinga received his (Hambroek's) answer sternly ; then causing it to be rumored about that the prisoners excited the Formosans to rebel against him, he ordered all the Dutch male prisoners to be slain; this was accordingly done, some being beheaded, others killed in a more barbarous manner, to the number of 500, their bodies stripped quite naked and buried 50 and (50 in a hole; nor were the women and children spared, many of them likewise being slain, though some of the best were preserved for the use of the commanders, and then sold to the common soldiers. Happy was she that fell to the lot of an unmarried man, being thereby freed from vexations by the Chinese women, who are very jealous of their husbands. Among the slain were Messrs. Hambroek, Mus, and Winshem, clergymen, and many schoolmasters, who were all beheaded."[42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50]


"Koxinga received his answer sternly: then causing it to be rumoured that the prisoners excited the Foimosans to rebel against him, ordered all the Dutch prisoners to be killed; this was accordingly done, some being beheaded, others killed in a more barbarous manner, to the number of 500, their bodies stripped quite naked, and buried fifty and sixty in a hole; nor were the women and children spared, many of them likewise being slain, though some of the best were preserved for the use of the commanders, and the rest sold to the common soldiers. Happy was she that fell to the lot of an unmarried man, being thereby freed from vexations by the Chinese women, who are very jealous of their husbands. Among the slain were Messrs. Hambrocock, Mus, and Wenshain, clergymen, and many schoolmasters, who were all beheaded." [51][52][53] https://archive.org/stream/anaccountofmissi01campuoft/anaccountofmissi01campuoft_djvu.txt


"His wife and two children were detained as hostages; and he had no hope but that death would be his portion, if he failed in his uegociations. Yet instead of urging surrender, this noble man cheered the garrison on to make a gallant defence, by hopes of relief, assuring them that Koxinga had lost many of his best ships, and soldiers, and began to weary of the siege. Two of his daughters who were within the fort, flung themselves upon him, and implored him to remain ; their entreaties were seconded by the council of war, but with unselfish devotion he roplied that, unless he returned, his wife and children would perish, and that, he hoped to be of service to his poor fellow prisoners. So saying he left with the Governor's refusal to surrender. Koxinga listened sternly to the answer, and then ordered all the Dutch male prisoners, to the number of five hundred, to be put to death. This was done, many of the women and children were also slain, though it is stated, "some of the best, were preserved for the use of the commanders, and tho rest sold to the common soldiers." Messrs Hambrocock Mus, and Winshaim, clergymen, and several sohoolmasters, perished in this massacre."[54]



"The daughter of the Rev. A. Hambroek, a very sweet and pleasing maiden, Koxinga took to be one of his concubines, and she had, consequently, been placed in his harem." [55][56][57][58][59]


"Contemporary records unite in singling out the case of Rev. Antonius Hambroek, who was sent by Koxinga into the castle, under a flag of truce, to propose terms of surrender, and told to back these up with threats of most terrible vengeance. Mr. Hambroek was forced to leave his wife and two children (one of them described as a sweet and comely maiden of eighteen) in the invader's camp as pledges, which sufficiently proved that any failure of his undertaking would be a most ominous signal for those poor defenceless ones...Koxinga received his answer sternly, and without further delay issued an order for the massacre of all Dutch captives, and of every native who persisted in the profession of Christianity; Hambroek himself was put to death by decapitation, and the before-mentioned daughter compelled to become a member of his murderer's harem."[60][61]

"But nothing more is needed to settle the question under discussion than a reference to what took place between this chieftain and the Rev. Mr. Hambroek. The latter was sent into Castle Zeelandia to advise his countrymen against a continuance of the struggle, but he rather exhorted them to hold on, and then took his life in his hand with the message to Koxinga that the besieged would on no account allow the subject of surrender to be mentioned, although they were quite prepared to make every honourable attempt to meet the wishes of His Highness; which reply so enraged Koxinga that he soon after ordered Hambroek to be beheaded. Meanwhile the daughter of this brave Christian martyr, who is described as having been a very sweet and pleasing maiden, was chosen by Koxinga himself and made a member of his harem."[62][63]

"Many of these wretched people, including the dauntless Hambroek and some of the women and children, were beheaded. Some, more unhappy still, were crucified. One of Mr. Hambroek 's daughters Koxinga took into his own harem, while the remainder of the women were divided amongst his officers."[64]

Meanwhile, the love and good-will of the inhabitants gradually decreased, owing to their having received a letter from the Governor of Fort Provintia —written by command of Koxinga—which stated that if they would submit to the authority of the invading Chief, he would grant them the same terms as he had given to the garrison of that place. These terms the inhabitants —except a few who remained to the north of Zant river, probably with the intention of proceeding later on to Kelang and Tamsuy—considered it most advantageous for them to accept, seeing that the position was now a very lamentable one, especially for theirwives and children, and that there prevailed among the soldiers a spirit of disobedience and discord. Moreover, one hundred and sixteen persons, among whom were four clergymen and five judicial officers, had joined the Dutch inhabitants near Provintia. One and all were suffering from want of provisions, and the enemy were also in much the same condition.[65]


Modern sources


The Dutch women were used for sexual pleasure by Koxinga's commanders.[66]


A teenage daughter of the Dutch missionary Anthonius Hambroek became a concubine to Koxinga, she was described by the Dutch commander Caeuw as "a very sweet and pleasing maiden".[67][68]

Some Dutch physical looks like auburn and red hair among people in regions of south Taiwan are a consequence of this episode of Dutch women becoming concubines to the Chinese commanders.[69]

The Chinese took Dutch women as slave concubines and wives and they were never freed: in 1684 some were reported to be living, in Quemoy a Dutch merchant was contacted with an arrangement to release the prisoners which was proposed by a son of Koxinga's but it came to nothing.[70]http://books.google.com/books?id=oaP2UFZVGDoC&pg=PA96&dq=dutch+concubines+koxinga&hl=en&sa=X&ei=oi10VMyTOoq_sQTq0ILABA&ved=0CB4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=dutch%20concubines%20koxinga&f=false http://books.google.com/books?id=oaP2UFZVGDoC&pg=PA96&dq=dutch+wives+zeelandia&hl=en&sa=X&ei=uCp0VPKGE4zGsQSB_IDABQ&ved=0CDoQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=dutch%20wives%20zeelandia&f=false


The Chinese officers used the Dutch women they received as concubines.[71][72][73]

This event of Dutch women being distributed to the Chinese soldiers and commanders was recorded in the daily journal of the fort.[74]




During the Siege of Fort Zeelandia, Chinese Ming loyalist forces commanded by Koxinga besieged and defeated the Dutch East India Company and took Dutch women and children prisoner. The Dutch missionary Antonius Hambroek, two of his daughters, and his wife were among the Dutch prisoners of war with Koxinga. Koxinga sent Hambroek to Fort Zeelandia demanding he persuade them to surrender or else Hambroek would be killed when he returned. Hambroek returned to the Fort, where two of his other daughters were. He urged the Fort not to surrender, and returned to Koxinga's camp. He was then executed by decapitation, and in addition to this, a rumor was spreading among the Chinese that the Dutch were encouraging the native Taiwan aboriginals to kill Chinese, so Koxinga ordered the mass execution Dutch male prisoners in retaliation, in addition to a few women and children also being killed. The surviving Dutch women and children were then turned into slaves. Koxinga took Hambroek's teenage daughter as a concubine,[75][76][77] and Dutch women were sold to Chinese soldiers to become their wives, the daily journal of the Dutch fort recorded that "the best were preserved for the use of the commanders, and then sold to the common soldiers. Happy was she that fell to the lot of an unmarried man, being thereby freed from vexations by the Chinese women, who are very jealous of their husbands."[78] In 1684 some of these Dutch wives were still captives of the Chinese.[79]


Voekt (talk) 21:02, 2 January 2015 (UTC)Reply

Pacification?

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Latest comment: 7 years ago1 comment1 person in discussion

In this article "pacification" seems to be a euphemism for invasion and (attempted) conquest. Shouldn't we use plain words? Andrew Dalby 13:38, 6 September 2017 (UTC)Reply

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Latest comment: 7 years ago1 comment1 person in discussion

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Subversive edits

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Latest comment: 2 months ago6 comments2 people in discussion

Some edits that I find highly suspicious were done (reverted, really) by Qiushufang to indicate the following:

The Ming officials claimed that the Pescadores "were Chinese territory". This is not stated in any of the sources as far as I could find and is a major red flag because of contemporary land claims.

Saying the Chinese "demanded" the Dutch be dislodged from the Pescadores when all the sources say it was a proposal and that they reached an agreement. (Albeit they only did because the Dutch didn't succeed by using force as was their initial strategy) As a minor part of this, the editor insisted on preserving the word "war" to describe a series of failed Dutch raids on the Chinese coast. Again, none of the sources use this wording as far as I can tell.

Lastly and maybe most obviously is the inclusion of the quote about the first Dutch settlers: they were "short, miserable, and very dirty.". If you read the source, this is taken WILDLY out of context and included for absolutely no other reason than to insult and dehumanize. In its original context, this is a quote said by a Portuguese man who worked with pirates against the Dutch (in favor of a potential Portuguese colony, of course). He said this to his superiors in order to convince them that the Dutch presense was no big deal and the Portuguese would easily supplant them. However the way it's been tried to be slid into this article doesn't even attempt to include a sliver of context and it's simply there as a throwaway insult. If you insist on including this quote it would need to be part of a full paragraph explaining the context

OivinF (talk) 10:09, 14 August 2024 (UTC)Reply

Do you have a source that says Diaz's description was an attempt to falsify claims in order to portray a false narrative for the purpose of downplaying the Dutch threat? I can't find it in the cited source. The other parts weren't added by me and I saw no justification in removing them as they seemed to provide context for the conflict that was removed. Qiushufang (talk) 13:14, 14 August 2024 (UTC)Reply
Yes, the very source currently referenced right there points to the report probably being exaggerated. However the point is that the quote is confusing and out of context - not least because it seems to imply the Dutch were "short" (in stature) while it is pretty clear from the text that he meant "short" (in supplies/manpower) even from that translation. Indeed, the provided source uses a completely different translation and even elucidates in the footnote.
"Moreover, the Dutch soldiers were, Diaz said, few, thinly spread, and frightened"
"Note 1: This was Diaz's report, but morale was probably not as bad as he made it out to be. According to Dutch records, in 1626 there were 404 soldiers and 46 bosschieters (artillery specialists). Gerrit de Witt to Pieter de Carpentier, letter, 4 March 1626, VOC 1090: 176–81, esp. 178."[80]
Having now seen this footnote cites actual Dutch records I will edit out Diaz completely as his inclusion provides nothing but supposition and he is not an important character in the rest of the article, and instead cite the official records from that footnote. On further reading, Diaz' report is also from 1626 (like the Dutch report, above) which also puts the quote out of the chronology of where it's placed. Again, if you wish to include his account you should write a dedicated paragraph to him that explains the provenance and probable exaggeration of the quote.
And I want to just point out I specifically explained why the edits were done (to better reflect the source material) in the edit note. This is not arbitrary, it's one of the main ways to improve the quality of an article. Please do not revert edits randomly. OivinF (talk) 00:58, 15 August 2024 (UTC)Reply
Provide the quote for the claim that the report was exaggerated. A note that morale was not as bad as it was made out to be about a completely different paragraph and line does not say anything about the relevant quote. Where does it say those are different translations of the same line? "short, miserable, and very dirty." is entirely different from "few, thinly spread, and frightened". One is a descriptor of their physical condition while the other is not. Wikipedia also does not remove content simply because it conflicts with other content especially regarding viewpoints, and both warrant inclusion as I had done. It is possible that conditions changed between the time when the descriptions were made. Qiushufang (talk) 01:26, 15 August 2024 (UTC)Reply
You are hung up in the entirely wrong thing. It's not about how accurate Diaz' account is or isn't - it's about how it was clearly reported within a specific context that was not explained in the article, and still isn't adequately.
Now that you've edited it back in twice, can you please elaborate why you insist on including this particular quote? What does it add to the article? I still think it doesn't fit in the context and flow at all and feels very out of place. I'm inclined to ask for a third opinion if you insist on undoing my work on improving the section. OivinF (talk) 09:13, 16 August 2024 (UTC)Reply
It is a description of the conditions of the early colonization by an outsider perspective apart from the Dutch which is worth inclusion given the inside nature of the report. The context is already given on Diaz's identity and status. Qiushufang (talk) 18:54, 16 August 2024 (UTC)Reply

Footnotes

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  1. ^ Van Troostenburg de Bruijn, Caspar Adam Laurens (1884). De Hervormde Kerk in Nederlandsch Oost-Indië onder de Oost-Indische Compagnie (1602-1795) (in Dutch). Tjeenk Willink. p. 451. Retrieved December 10, 2014.
  2. ^ Van Troostenburg de Bruijn, Caspar Adam Laurens (1884). De Hervormde kerk in Nederlandsch Oost-Indië onder de Oost-Indische compagnie (1602-1795) (in Dutch). H.A. Tjeenk Willink. p. 451. Retrieved December 10, 2014.
  3. ^ De gids, Volume 61, Part 2 (in Dutch). G. J. A. Beijerinck. 1897. p. 133, 134. Retrieved December 10, 2014.
  4. ^ Potgieter, Everhardus Johannes; Buijis, Johan Theodoor; van Hall, Jakob Nikolaas; Muller, Pieter Nicolaas; Quack, Hendrik Peter Godfried (1897). De Gids, Volume 61, Parts 1-2 (in Dutch). Stichting de Gids. p. 133, 134. Retrieved December 10, 2014.
  5. ^ De gids, Volume 61, Part 2 (in Dutch). G. J. A. Beijerinck. 1897. p. 133, 134. Retrieved December 10, 2014.
  6. ^ Potgieter, Everhardus Johannes; Buijis, Johan Theodoor; van Hall, Jakob Nikolaas; Muller, Pieter Nicolaas; Quack, Hendrik Peter Godfried (1897). De Gids, Volume 61, Parts 1-2 (in Dutch). Stichting de Gids. p. 133, 134. Retrieved December 10, 2014.
  7. ^ Maandelyksche berichten uit de andere waereld, Volume 36 (in Dutch). Hoorn, Nicolaas ten (wed., Amsterdam), Ratelband, Johannes (I, erven, Amsterdam), Gerrevink, Bernardus van (Amsterdam), Ratelband, Jeronimus (Amsterdam), Haffman, Jacobus (wed., Amsterdam), Meijer, Pieter (Amsterdam), Groot, Gerrit de (Amsterdam), Groot, Jan de (Amsterdam). by Nicolaas ten Hoorn. p. 216. Retrieved December 10, 2014.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  8. ^ CHIJS (Chijs), J. A. VAN DER (Jacobus Anne van der) (1889). Dagh-register gehouden int Casteel Batavia vant passerende daer ter plaetse als over geheel Nederlandts-India, Volume 1661 (in Dutch). BATAVIA LANDSDRUKKERIJ 's HAGE M. NIJHOFF (Jakarta (Indonesia)): Landsdrukkerÿ. p. 517. Retrieved December 10, 2014.
  9. ^ Lauts, G. (1856). Geschiedenis van de Vestiging, Uitbreiding, Bloei en Verval van de Magt der Nederlanders in Indie, Volume 2 (in Dutch). W. van Boekeren. p. 71. Retrieved December 10, 2014.
  10. ^ Lauts, Ulrich Gerard (1856). Geschiedenis van de vestiging, uitbreiding, bloei en verval van de magt der Nederlanders in Indië: Dl. 1. 1852. - dl. 2. - 1856. - dl. 3. - 1857, Volume 2 (in Dutch). Van Boekeren. p. 71. Retrieved December 10, 2014.
  11. ^ Van Troostenburg de Bruijn, Caspar Adam Laurens (1884). De Hervormde kerk in Nederlandsch Oost-Indië onder de Oost-Indische compagnie (1602-1795) (in Dutch). H.A. Tjeenk Willink. p. 39. Retrieved December 10, 2014.
  12. ^ Muller, Hendrik Pieter Nicolaas (1917). Onze vaderen in China (in Dutch). P.N. van Kampen. p. 337. Retrieved December 10, 2014.
  13. ^ Buijis, Johan Theodoor; van Hall, Jakob Nikolaas; Muller, Pieter Nicolaas; Quack, Hendrik Peter Godfried (1917). De Gids, Volume 81, Part 1 (in Dutch). G. J. A. Beijerinck. p. 337. Retrieved December 10, 2014. {{cite book}}: |first1= missing |last1= (help); Text "last1 Potgieter" ignored (help)
  14. ^ de Zeeuw, P. (1924). De Hollanders op Formosa, 1624-1662: een bladzijde uit onze kolonialeen zendingsgeschiedenis (in Dutch). W. Kirchner. p. 50. Retrieved December 10, 2014.
  15. ^ Algemeene konst- en letterbode, Volume 2 (in Dutch). A. Loosjes. 1851. p. 120. Retrieved December 10, 2014.
  16. ^ Campbell, William (1903). "116. From the Day-Journal of Commander Caeuw". Formosa Under the Dutch: Described from Contemporary Records, with Explanatory Notes and a Bibliography of the Island. Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner. p. 327. Retrieved December 10, 2014.
  17. ^ Davidson, James Wheeler (1903). The Island of Formosa: Historical View from 1430 to 1900. sn. p. 44. Archived from the original on 20081223044759. Retrieved December 10, 2014. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |archivedate= (help)
  18. ^ Campbell, William (1903). "114. EXTRACTS FROM ZEELANDIA DAY-JOURNAL". Formosa Under the Dutch: Described from Contemporary Records, with Explanatory Notes and a Bibliography of the Island. Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner. p. 327. Retrieved December 10, 2014.
  19. ^ Davidson, James Wheeler (Published by Forgotten Books 2013 (Originally Published 1903)). The Island of Formosa Past and Present (Reprint ed.). (London) (Originally printed in: "JAPAN GAZETTE" PRESS, Yokohama.): (Published by Forgotten Books 2013) Originally Published by- Macmillan & Company (MACMILLAN & CO. LONDON AND NEW YORK. KELLY & WALSH, LD. YOKOHAMA, SHANGHAI, HONGKONG, AND SINGAPORE.). p. 44. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013. Retrieved December 10, 2014. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |date= and |archivedate= (help)
  20. ^ Davidson, James Wheeler (1903). [http://www.unz.org/Pub/DavidsonJames-1903 The Island of Formosa, Past and Present: History, People, Resources, and Commercial Prospects. Tea, Camphor, Sugar, Gold, Coal, Sulphur, Economical Plants, and Other Productions]. "JAPAN GAZETTE" PRESS, Yokohama.: Macmillan & Company (MACMILLAN & CO. LONDON AND NEW YORK. KELLY & WALSH, LD. YOKOHAMA, SHANGHAI, HONGKONG, AND SINGAPORE.). p. 44. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20090902015747. Retrieved December 10, 2014. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |archivedate= (help); External link in |title= (help)
  21. ^ Campbell, William (1903). Formosa Under the Dutch: Described from Contemporary Records, with Explanatory Notes and a Bibliography of the Island. sn. p. 30. Retrieved December 10, 2014.
  22. ^ Campbell, William (1903). "116. From the Day-Journal of Commander Caeuw". Formosa Under the Dutch: Described from Contemporary Records, with Explanatory Notes and a Bibliography of the Island. Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner. p. 85. Retrieved December 10, 2014.
  23. ^ Bridgman, Elijah Coleman; Williams, Samuel Wells (1834). The Chinese Repository. Vol. VOL. II. Maruzen Kabushiki Kaisha. p. 414. Retrieved December 10, 2014. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help)
  24. ^ Davidson, James Wheeler (1903). The Island of Formosa: Historical View from 1430 to 1900. sn. p. 41. Retrieved December 10, 2014.
  25. ^ Davidson, James Wheeler (1903). The Island of Formosa, Past and Present: History, People, Resources, and Commercial Prospects. Tea, Camphor, Sugar, Gold, Coal, Sulphur, Economical Plants, and Other Productions. "JAPAN GAZETTE" PRESS, Yokohama.: Macmillan & Company (MACMILLAN & CO. LONDON AND NEW YORK. KELLY & WALSH, LD. YOKOHAMA, SHANGHAI, HONGKONG, AND SINGAPORE.). p. 41. Retrieved December 10, 2014.
  26. ^ Bax, Bonham Ward (1875). The Eastern seas: the voyage of H.M.S. 'Dwarf' in China, Japan, and Formosa. LONDON : BRADBURY, AGNEW, & CO., PRINTERS, WHITEFRIARS.: LONDON : JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET. p. 51. Retrieved December 10, 2014.
  27. ^ Bax, Bonham Ward (1875). The Eastern Seas: Being a Narrative of the Voyage of H. M. S. "Dwarf" in China, Japan and Formosa. With a Description of the Coast of Russian Tartary and Eastern Siberia, from the Corea to the River Amur. LONDON : BRADBURY, AGNEW, & CO., PRINTERS, WHITEFRIARS.: J. Murray (LONDON : JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET.). p. 51. Retrieved December 10, 2014.
  28. ^ The Chinese Repository, Volume 2. Vol. VOL. II (SECOND EDITION ed.). CANTON : PRINTED FOR THE PROPRIETORS. (Reprinted in Japan): Kraus Reprint. 1834. p. 414. Retrieved December 10, 2014. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help)
  29. ^ The Nautical Magazine and Naval Chronicle: A Journal of Papers on Subjects Connected with Maritime Affairs. 1840. LONDON : ROBERT HENRY HUNT, ISLINGTON.: Simpkin, Marshall, and Company (LONDON : SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, AND CO., STATIONERS' HALL COURT.). 1840. p. 490-491. Retrieved December 10, 2014.
  30. ^ The Nautical Magazine: A Journal of Papers on Subjects Connected with Maritime Affairs, Volume 9. LONDON : ROBERT HENRY HUNT, ISLINGTON.: Brown, Son and Ferguson (LONDON : SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, AND CO., STATIONERS' HALL COURT.). 1840. p. 490-491. Retrieved December 10, 2014.
  31. ^ Bax, Bonham Ward (1875). The Eastern Seas. LONDON: BRADBURY, AGNEW & CO., PRINTERS, WHITEFRIARS: LONDON: JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET. p. 51. Retrieved December 10, 2014.
  32. ^ American Diplomatic and Public Papers: the United States and China: Formosa. Vol. Volume 12 of American Diplomatic and Public Papers: the United States and China: Series 1: The Treaty System and the Taiping Rebellion, 1842–1860. Jules Davids. Scholarly Resources. 1973. p. 278. Retrieved December 10, 2014. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help)CS1 maint: others (link)
  33. ^ Davids, Jules (1973). American Diplomatic and Public Papers: Consular affairs and extra-territoriality. Vol. Volume 12 of American Diplomatic and Public Papers: The United States and China. Scholarly Resources. p. 278. Retrieved December 10, 2014. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help)
  34. ^ A Chronology of 19th Century Writings on Formosa: From the Chinese Repository, the Chinese Recorder, and the China Review. Xiurong Zhang. Ts'ao Yung-ho Foundation for Culture and Education. 2008. p. 21. ISBN 9867602021. Retrieved December 10, 2014.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  35. ^ Davidson, James Wheeler (Published by Forgotten Books 2013 (Originally Published 1903)). The Island of Formosa Past and Present (Reprint ed.). (London) (Originally printed in: "JAPAN GAZETTE" PRESS, Yokohama.): (Published by Forgotten Books 2013) Originally Published by- Macmillan & Company (MACMILLAN & CO. LONDON AND NEW YORK. KELLY & WALSH, LD. YOKOHAMA, SHANGHAI, HONGKONG, AND SINGAPORE.). p. 41. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013. Retrieved December 10, 2014. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |date= and |archivedate= (help)
  36. ^ Davidson, James Wheeler (1903). [http://www.unz.org/Pub/DavidsonJames-1903 The Island of Formosa, Past and Present: History, People, Resources, and Commercial Prospects. Tea, Camphor, Sugar, Gold, Coal, Sulphur, Economical Plants, and Other Productions]. "JAPAN GAZETTE" PRESS, Yokohama.: Macmillan & Company (MACMILLAN & CO. LONDON AND NEW YORK. KELLY & WALSH, LD. YOKOHAMA, SHANGHAI, HONGKONG, AND SINGAPORE.). p. 41. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20090902015747. Retrieved December 10, 2014. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |archivedate= (help); External link in |title= (help)
  37. ^ Chinese Recorder, Volume 20 (THE CHINESE RECORDER AND MISSIONARY JOURNAL). Vol. VOL. XX. SHANGHAI: Presbyterian Mission Press. 1889. p. 119. Retrieved December 10, 2014. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help)
  38. ^ The Chinese Recorder and Missionary Journal, Volume 20. Vol. VOL. XX. SHANGHAI: American Presbyterian Mission Press. 1889. p. 119. Retrieved December 10, 2014. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help)
  39. ^ Kesson, John (1854). "CHAPTER XIV.". The Cross and the Dragon, Or, The Fortunes of Christianity in China: With Notices of the Christian Missions and Missionaries and Some Account of the Chinese Secret Societies. LONDON : SPOTTISWOODES and SHAW, New-street-Square.: Smith, Elder (LONDON : SMITH, ELDER, AND CO., 65. CORNHILL. BOMBAY : SMITH, TAYLOR, AND CO.). p. 198-199. Retrieved December 10, 2014.
  40. ^ Kesson, John (1854). "CHAPTER XIV.". The Cross and the Dragon: Or the Fortunes of Christianity in China; With Notices. LONDON : SPOTTISWOODES and SHAW, New-street-Square.: Smith, Elder (LONDON : SMITH, ELDER, AND CO., 65. CORNHILL. BOMBAY : SMITH, TAYLOR, AND CO.). p. 198-199. Retrieved December 10, 2014.
  41. ^ Kesson, John (1854). "CHAPTER XIV.". The Cross and the Dragon: Or, The Fortunes of Christianity in China ; with Notices of the Christian Missions and Missionaries, and Some Account of the Chinese Secret Societies. LONDON : SPOTTISWOODES and SHAW, New-street-Square.: Smith, Elder (LONDON : SMITH, ELDER, AND CO., 65. CORNHILL. BOMBAY : SMITH, TAYLOR, AND CO.). p. 198-199. Retrieved December 10, 2014.
  42. ^ Davidson, James Wheeler (1903). "CHAPTER III. FORMOSA UNDER THE DUTCH. 1644-1661.". The Island of Formosa, Past and Present: History, People, Resources, and Commercial Prospects. Tea, Camphor, Sugar, Gold, Coal, Sulphur, Economical Plants, and Other Productions. (MACMILLAN & CO. LONDON AND NEW YORK.) (KELLY & WALSH, LD. YOKOHAMA, SHANGHAI, HONGKONG, AND SINGAPORE) ("JAPAN GAZETTE" PRESS. Yokohama): Macmillan & Company. p. 41. Retrieved December 10, 2014.
  43. ^ Davidson, James Wheeler (1903). "CHAPTER III. FORMOSA UNDER THE DUTCH. 1644-1661.". The Island of Formosa, Past and Present: History, People, Resources, and Commercial Prospects. Tea, Camphor, Sugar, Gold, Coal, Sulphur, Economical Plants, and Other Productions. (MACMILLAN & CO. LONDON AND NEW YORK. KELLY & WALSH, LD. YOKOHAMA, SHANGHAI, HONGKONG, AND SINGAPORE)("JAPAN GAZETTE" PRESS. Yokohama.): Macmillan & Company. p. 41. Retrieved December 10, 2014.
  44. ^ Davidson, James Wheeler (1903). "CHAPTER III. FORMOSA UNDER THE DUTCH. 1644-1661.". The Island of Formosa: Historical View from 1430 to 1900. sn. p. 41. Retrieved December 10, 2014.
  45. ^ Davidson, James Wheeler (1903). The Island of Formosa: Historical View from 1430 to 1900. History, People, Resources, and Gold, Coal, Sulphur, Economical Plants, and Other Productions. Wên-hsing. p. 41. Retrieved December 10, 2014.
  46. ^ The Nautical Magazine: A Journal of Papers on Subjects Connected with Maritime Affairs, Volume 9. LONDON: SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, AND CO., STATIONERS' HALL COURT LONDON: ROBERT HENRY HUNT, ISLINGTON: Brown, Son and Ferguson. 1840. p. 491. Retrieved December 10, 2014.
  47. ^ Bridgman, Elijah Coleman; Williams, Samuel Wells (1834). The Chinese Repository. Vol. VOL. II. Maruzen Kabushiki Kaisha. p. 414. Retrieved December 10, 2014. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help)
  48. ^ Churchill (1704). A Collection of Voyages and Travels: Some Now First Printed from Original Manuscripts. Vol. Vol. II. LONDON: Printed for AWNSHAM and JOHN CHURCHILL, at the Black Swan in Pater-Noster-Row. MDCCIV: Awnsham and John Churchill. p. 208. Retrieved December 10, 2014. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help)
  49. ^ Davidson, James Wheeler (Published by Forgotten Books 2013 (Originally Published 1903)). The Island of Formosa Past and Present (Reprint ed.). (London) (Originally printed in: "JAPAN GAZETTE" PRESS, Yokohama.): (Published by Forgotten Books 2013) Originally Published by- Macmillan & Company (MACMILLAN & CO. LONDON AND NEW YORK. KELLY & WALSH, LD. YOKOHAMA, SHANGHAI, HONGKONG, AND SINGAPORE.). p. 41. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013. Retrieved December 10, 2014. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |date= and |archivedate= (help)
  50. ^ Davidson, James Wheeler (1903). [http://www.unz.org/Pub/DavidsonJames-1903 The Island of Formosa, Past and Present: History, People, Resources, and Commercial Prospects. Tea, Camphor, Sugar, Gold, Coal, Sulphur, Economical Plants, and Other Productions]. "JAPAN GAZETTE" PRESS, Yokohama.: Macmillan & Company (MACMILLAN & CO. LONDON AND NEW YORK. KELLY & WALSH, LD. YOKOHAMA, SHANGHAI, HONGKONG, AND SINGAPORE.). p. 41. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20090902015747. Retrieved December 10, 2014. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |archivedate= (help); External link in |title= (help)
  51. ^ Bax, Bonham Ward (1875). The Eastern seas: the voyage of H.M.S. 'Dwarf' in China, Japan, and Formosa. LONDON: BRADBURY, AGNEW & CO., PRINTERS, WHITEFRIARS: LONDON: JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET. p. 51. Retrieved December 10, 2014.
  52. ^ American Diplomatic and Public Papers: the United States and China: Formosa. Vol. Volume 12 of American Diplomatic and Public Papers: the United States and China: Series 1: The Treaty System and the Taiping Rebellion, 1842–1860. Jules Davids. Scholarly Resources. 1973. p. 278. Retrieved December 10, 2014. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help)CS1 maint: others (link)
  53. ^ Campbell, William; Sibelius, Caspar (1889). An account of missionary success in the island of Formosa: published in London in 1650 and now reprinted with copious appendices, Volume 1. Vol. VOL. 1. LONDON TRÜBNER & CO. 57 LUDGATE HIL: Trübner. p. 67. Archived from the original on 20060803165301. Retrieved December 10, 2014. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help); Check date values in: |archivedate= (help)CS1 maint: location (link)
  54. ^ Hughes (of Amoy.), George (1872). Amoy and the Surrounding Districts: Compiled from Chinese and Other Records. HONKONG: De Souza & Company. p. 17. Retrieved December 10, 2014.
  55. ^ Davidson, James Wheeler (1903). "CHAPTER III. FORMOSA UNDER THE DUTCH. 1644-1661.". The Island of Formosa, Past and Present: History, People, Resources, and Commercial Prospects. Tea, Camphor, Sugar, Gold, Coal, Sulphur, Economical Plants, and Other Productions. (MACMILLAN & CO. LONDON AND NEW YORK.) (KELLY & WALSH, LD. YOKOHAMA, SHANGHAI, HONGKONG, AND SINGAPORE)("JAPAN GAZETTE" PRESS. Yokohama.): Macmillan & Company. p. 44. Retrieved December 10, 2014.
  56. ^ Davidson, James Wheeler (1903). "CHAPTER III. FORMOSA UNDER THE DUTCH. 1644-1661.". The Island of Formosa, Past and Present: History, People, Resources, and Commercial Prospects. Tea, Camphor, Sugar, Gold, Coal, Sulphur, Economical Plants, and Other Productions. (MACMILLAN & CO. LONDON AND NEW YORK) (KELLY & WALSH, LD. YOKOHAMA, SHANGHAI, HONGKONG, AND SINGAPORE ("JAPAN GAZETTE" PRESS. Yokohama.): Macmillan & Company. p. 44. Retrieved December 10, 2014.
  57. ^ Campbell, William; Sibelius, Caspar (1889). "XI. EXTRACT FROM DAY-JOURNAL OF KAUW, COMMANDER OF THE FLEET SENT TO RESCUE FORMOSA.". An account of missionary success in the island of Formosa: published in London in 1650 and now reprinted with copious appendices, Volume 1. Vol. VOL. 1. LONDON 57 LUDGATE HILL: Trübner. p. 197. Retrieved December 10, 2014. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help)CS1 maint: location (link)
  58. ^ Davidson, James Wheeler (Published by Forgotten Books 2013 (Originally Published 1903)). The Island of Formosa Past and Present (Reprint ed.). (London) (Originally printed in: "JAPAN GAZETTE" PRESS, Yokohama.): (Published by Forgotten Books 2013) Originally Published by- Macmillan & Company (MACMILLAN & CO. LONDON AND NEW YORK. KELLY & WALSH, LD. YOKOHAMA, SHANGHAI, HONGKONG, AND SINGAPORE.). p. 44. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013. Retrieved December 10, 2014. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |date= and |archivedate= (help)
  59. ^ Davidson, James Wheeler (1903). [http://www.unz.org/Pub/DavidsonJames-1903 The Island of Formosa, Past and Present: History, People, Resources, and Commercial Prospects. Tea, Camphor, Sugar, Gold, Coal, Sulphur, Economical Plants, and Other Productions]. "JAPAN GAZETTE" PRESS, Yokohama.: Macmillan & Company (MACMILLAN & CO. LONDON AND NEW YORK. KELLY & WALSH, LD. YOKOHAMA, SHANGHAI, HONGKONG, AND SINGAPORE.). p. 44. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20090902015747. Retrieved December 10, 2014. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |archivedate= (help); External link in |title= (help)
  60. ^ PROFESSOR JAMES GEIKIE, LL.D., D.C.L., F.R.S., HON. EDITOR; W. A. TAYLOR, M.A., F.R.S.E., ACTING EDITOR, eds. (1896). The Scottish Geographical Magazine, Volume 12. Vol. VOLUME XII. Royal Scottish Geographical Society. EDINBURGH PRINTED BY T. AND A. CONSTABLE, PRINTERS TO HER MAJESTY AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS: Royal Scottish Geographical Society. p. 389. Retrieved December 10, 2014. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link)
  61. ^ Campbell, William (1896). Past and Future of Formosa: With a Map of the Island. HONGKONG, SHANGHAI, AND YOKOHAMA: Kelly and Walsh, limited (LONDON: KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRÜBNER & CO., LIMITED PATERNOSTER HOUSE, CHARING CROSS ROAD). p. 5. Retrieved December 10, 2014.
  62. ^ Campbell, William (1903). Formosa Under the Dutch, Described from Contemporary Records: With Explanatory Notes and a Bibliography of the Island (reprint ed.). LONDON : KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & CO. LTD DRYDEN HOUSE, 43 GERRARD STREET, SOHO MDCCCCIII: SMC Publishing Incorporated (Original edition published by Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co. Ltd. London 1903) (Reprinted by SMC Publishing Inc., 2001, 1992, 1987). p. 544. ISBN 9576380839. Retrieved December 10, 2014.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  63. ^ Coyet, Fredrik (1975). de Beauclair, Inez (ed.). Neglected Formosa: a translation from the Dutch of Frederic Coyett's Verwaerloosde Formosa. Chinese Materials Center (Chinese Materials and Research Aids Service Center). p. 186. Retrieved December 10, 2014.
  64. ^ Rutter, Owen (1923). Through Formosa: an account of Japan's island colony. T. F. Unwin, ltd. p. 80. Archived from the original on 20080409232906. Retrieved December 10, 2014. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |archivedate= (help)
  65. ^ Campbell, William (1903). "114. EXTRACTS FROM ZEELANDIA DAY-JOURNAL". Formosa Under the Dutch: Described from Contemporary Records, with Explanatory Notes and a Bibliography of the Island. Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner. p. 321. Retrieved December 10, 2014.
  66. ^ Heaver, Stuart (Sunday, 26 February, 2012, 12:00am). "Idol worship" (PDF). South China Morning Post. p. 25. Archived from the original on Feb 26, 2012. Retrieved December 10, 2014. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  67. ^ Wright, Arnold, ed. (1909). Twentieth century impressions of Netherlands India: Its history, people, commerce, industries and resources (illustrated ed.). Lloyd's Greater Britain Pub. Co. p. 67. Retrieved December 10, 2014.
  68. ^ Newman, Bernard (1961). Far Eastern Journey: Across India and Pakistan to Formosa. H. Jenkins. p. 169. Retrieved December 10, 2014.
  69. ^ Manthorpe, Jonathan (2008). Forbidden Nation: A History of Taiwan (illustrated ed.). Macmillan. p. 77. ISBN 0230614248. Retrieved December 10, 2014.
  70. ^ Covell, Ralph R. (1998). Pentecost of the Hills in Taiwan: The Christian Faith Among the Original Inhabitants (illustrated ed.). Hope Publishing House. p. 96. ISBN 0932727905. Retrieved December 10, 2014.
  71. ^ Lach, Donald F.; Van Kley, Edwin J. (1998). Asia in the Making of Europe, Volume III: A Century of Advance. Book 4: East Asia. Vol. Asia in the Making of Europe Volume III (revised ed.). University of Chicago Press. p. 1823. ISBN 0226467694. Retrieved December 10, 2014.
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  73. ^ Manthorpe, Jonathan (2008). Forbidden Nation: A History of Taiwan (illustrated ed.). Macmillan. p. 77. ISBN 0230614248. Retrieved December 10, 2014.
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  75. ^ Moffett, Samuel H. (1998). A History of Christianity in Asia: 1500-1900. Bishop Henry McNeal Turner Studies in North American Black Religion Series. Vol. Volume 2 of A History of Christianity in Asia: 1500-1900. Volume 2 (2, illustrated, reprint ed.). Orbis Books. p. 222. ISBN 1570754500. Retrieved December 10, 2014. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help)
  76. ^ Moffett, Samuel H. (2005). A history of Christianity in Asia, Volume 2 (2 ed.). Orbis Books. p. 222. ISBN 1570754500. Retrieved December 10, 2014.
  77. ^ Free China Review, Volume 11. W.Y. Tsao. 1961. p. 54. Retrieved December 10, 2014.
  78. ^ Manthorpe, Jonathan (2008). Forbidden Nation: A History of Taiwan (illustrated ed.). Macmillan. p. 77. ISBN 0230614248. Retrieved December 10, 2014.
  79. ^ Covell, Ralph R. (1998). Pentecost of the Hills in Taiwan: The Christian Faith Among the Original Inhabitants (illustrated ed.). Hope Publishing House. p. 96. ISBN 0932727905. Retrieved December 10, 2014.
  80. ^ Andrade 2008b.
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