A hedge fund is a private investment fund which may invest in a diverse range of assets and may employ a variety of investment strategies to maintain a hedged portfolio intended to protect the fund's investors from downturns in the market while maximizing returns on market upswings.
Hedge funds are distinct from mutual funds, individual retirement and investment accounts, and other types of traditional investment portfolios in a number of ways. As a class, hedge funds undertake a wider range of investment and trading activities than traditional long-only investment funds, and invest in a broader range of assets, including equities, bonds and commodities. By taking a long position on a particular asset the manager is asserting that this position is likely to increase in value. When the manager takes a short position in another asset they would be asserting that the asset is likely to decrease in value. Most hedge fund investment strategies aim to secure positive return on investment regardless of overall market performance. Hedge fund managers typically invest their own money in the fund they manage, which serves to align their interests with investors in the fund.[1][2] Investors in hedge funds typically pay a management fee that goes toward the operational costs of the fund, and a performance fee when the fund’s net asset value is higher than that of the previous year. The net asset value of a hedge fund can be billions of dollars, due to investments from large institutional investors including pension funds, university endowments and foundations. Worldwide, 61% of investment in hedge funds is from institutional sources as of February 2011[update].[3] As of 2009[update], hedge funds represent 1.1% of the total funds and assets held by financial institutions.[4] The estimated size of the global hedge fund industry is US$1.9 trillion.[5]
Hedge funds are only open for investment to a limited number of accredited or qualified investors who meet criteria set by regulators. Because hedge funds are not sold to the public or retail investors its advisers have historically not been subject to the same restrictions that govern other investment fund advisers, with regard to how the fund may be structured and how strategies are employed. However, hedge funds must comply with many of the same statutory and regulatory restrictions as other institutional market participants.[6] Regulations passed in the United States and Europe after the 2008 credit crisis are intended to increase government oversight of hedge funds and eliminate any regulatory gaps.[7]
References
edit- ^ Anson, Mark J.P. (2006). The Handbook of Alternative Assets. Wiley, John & Sons, Incorporated. p. 123. ISBN 047198020X.
- ^ Nocera, Joe (16 May 2009). "Hedge Fund Manager's Farewell". The New York Times. Retrieved 16 March 2011.
- ^ "Institutional Share Growing For Hedge Funds". FINalternatives. 10 February 2011. Retrieved 10 March 2011.
- ^ "Hedge Funds: How They Serve Investors In U.S. and Global Markets" (PDF). Hedge Fund Facts.org. Coalition of Private Investment Companies. 2009. Retrieved 1 March 2011.
- ^ "Hedge fund industry assets swell to $1.92 trillion". Daily FT. 24 January 2011. Retrieved 18 March 2011.
- ^ Williams, Orice M. (7 May 2009). "Hedge Funds: Overview of Regulatory Oversight, Counterparty Risks, and Investment Challenges". U.S. Government Accountability Office. Retrieved 14 March 2011.
- ^ Ismail, Netty (21 February 2011). "Institutions Damp Hedge Fund 'Startup Spirit,' Citi's Roe Says". Bloomberg Businessweek. Retrieved 11 March 2011.