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Recommended Improvements for this Article
-Expand the leader -List of countries with trade barriers due to tariffs. -Expand the section regarding "Addressing Non Tariff Barriers." -Organize bibliography (I like that these are already organized in list format) but they need corresponding page references -"Examples of Non-Tariff Barriers to Trade" and "Types of Non-Tariff Barriers to Trade" should be in prose format permanently, looks good that way -@MCoidakis
Types of Non-Tariff Barriers to Trade
I deleted this list since it seemed to me to be just a repeat of the material which is now in text. But I've copied it here as a checklist in case anything remains to be done.
- Specific Limitations on Trade:
- Customs and Administrative Entry Procedures:
- Valuation systems
- Anti-dumping practices other than punitive tariffs
- Tariff classifications
- Documentation requirements
- Fees
- Standards:
- Standard disparities
- Sanitary and phytosanitary measures
- Intergovernmental acceptances of testing methods and standards
- Packaging, labeling, and marking
- Government Participation in Trade:
- Government procurement policies
- Export subsidies
- Countervailing duties
- Domestic assistance programs
- Charges on imports:
- Prior import deposit subsidies
- Administrative fees
- Special supplementary duties
- Import credit discrimination
- Variable levies
- Border taxes
- Others:
- Voluntary export restraints
- Orderly marketing agreements
Examples of Non-Tariff Barriers to Trade
Another list moved out of the article space, that seems to repeat material in text. Copied here as a useful checklist in case more text needs writing. Non-tariff barriers to trade can be the following:
- Export restrictions
- General or product-specific quotas
- Rules of Origin
- Quality conditions imposed by the importing country on the exporting countries
- Sanitary and phytosanitary conditions
- Packaging conditions
- Labeling conditions
- Product standards
- CIncompatible conventions for contracts
- Determination of eligibility of an exporting country by the importing country
- Determination of eligibility of an exporting establishment (firm, company) by the importing country.
- Additional trade documents like Certificate of Origin, Certificate of Authenticity etc.
- Occupational safety and health regulation
- Employment law
- Import licenses
- State subsidies, procurement, trading, state ownership
- Export subsidies
- Minimum import pricing
- Differences of Product classification
- Quota shares
- Foreign exchange market controls and multiplicity
- Inadequate infrastructure
- "Buy national" policy
- Over-valued or under-valued currency.
- Intellectual property laws (patents, copyrights); differences of view on applicability of patents (for example, DNA, software) or longevity of copyrights.
- Restrictive licenses
- Seasonal import regimes
- Corrupt and/or lengthy customs procedures
- Protected designation of origin, protected names (for example, Champagne)