Talk:Schisandra chinensis

Image

I'm sorry, but the use of a Russian stamp to illustrate this article is simply not legitimate fair use. It doesn't matter whether anybody thinks the post office will care or not; if it's certain they won't, then they should have no problem sending us a letter releasing the image into the public domain or under a free license. Stan 05:42, 26 November 2006 (UTC)

Photo

Needs photo showing berries. Badagnani (talk) 23:55, 14 July 2008 (UTC)

Spelling and pronunciation

It should be specified whether it's spelled Schisandra or Schizandra (I've seen both even in this article!), and if it's pronounced "shizandra" or "skizandra". CielProfond (talk) 17:56, 16 February 2009 (UTC)

"Uses" - Russian section appropriate?

I can't see the value in giving information on the Russian postage stamp in the "Uses" section". Yes, use of Schisandra in Russian medicine (both traditional and folk) is well-known - but what does stamp postage have to do with that? It doesn't prove that this plant is used in Russia - a country might even issue a stamp of a plant that doesn't grow on its territory! If that stamp must be mentioned at all, surely it must be in a section titled "Curious Facts", "General Information" or something like that. 92.50.229.252 (talk) 00:02, 11 March 2009 (UTC)

immuno-modulating constituents How do these modulate the immune system--stimulate or suppress it? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.162.4.33 (talk) 20:57, 20 February 2010 (UTC)

PLEASE CHECK IF THIS CAN BE ADDED

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24561384

According to this research, a substance in this plant can be used as an anti-fatigue medication and also as a treatment for inflammatory diseases like Chronic fatigue syndrome.

"α-Cubebenoate inhibited LPS-induced expression of iNOS and COX-2 in a concentration-dependent manner, thereby suppressing productions of NO and PGE2 in vitro in peritoneal macrophages. α-Cubebenoate also inhibited LPS-induced accumulation of polymorph nuclear lymphocytes in LPS-induced peritonitis model in vivo. α-Cubebenoate may act as an anti-fatigue constituent of Schisandra chinensis through anti-inflammation and could be of therapeutic use as a treatment for inflammatory diseases." — Preceding unsigned comment added by 190.97.50.167 (talk) 20:01, 25 February 2014 (UTC)

Adding a new section: climate and soil requirements

I would like to change the current title of "growing information" to "climate and soil requirements". Furthermore, I would like to add the following sentences to the "growing information" section in the Schisandra chinensis Wikipedia entry:

Climate and soil requirements (new section name) Wild plants of Schisandra chinensis mostly grow in mixed forests, valleys and open forest spaces. The plant can grow in wet environments and tolerates cold temperatures of up to -30°C. However, its optimal growing temperature is at 20-25°C. Schisandra grows in acidic (pH of 6.5 – 6.8), deep and loose sandy loam soils. Furthermore, Schisandra cannot withstand dense and compact soils and prefers soils rich in humus.

Finally I would like to take the following sentences in the "growing information" section into a new section named "Schisandra cultivation": In order to successfully grow fruit male and female plants must be grown together.[5] Plants can be propagated by seed or by layering in spring or autumn, or in the summer time by using semi-ripe cuttings.[5] Tens of tons of berries are used annually in Russia in Primorsky Krai and Khabarovsk Krai for the commercial manufacture of juices, wines, extracts, and sweets. --FabienneBuerki (talk) 17:14, 20 November 2020 (UTC)

New section Schisandra cultivation

I would like to add the following new section to the Schisandra chinensis Wikipedia entry:

Schisandra cultivation As wild Schisandra mainly grows in forests, its production declined continuously due to the increased deforestation in Asia. Major cultivation of Schisandra is located in Korea and China. Schisandra can be integrated in agroforestry farming systems as it climbs up trees to get better light conditions. On a large-scale production Schisandra plants are grown similar to grape vines and are tied up on stakes in vertical columns.

For cultivation male and female plants (dioecious plant) are required for the successful fertilization of the flowers. However, some cultivars are monoecious such as "Hong-zhen-zhu" and could facilitate the cultivation of Schisandra. "Hong-zhen-zhu" is next to "Bai Wu-wei-zi", "Chang-bai-hong", and "Da-chuan-hong" one of the main cultivars in China used for germplasm resources. Plants can be propagated by seed or by layering in spring or autumn, or in the summer time by using semi-ripe cuttings.[5] (the latter sentence is deriving from the old actual section "growing infromation")

Schisandra seeds are planted in early May (the seasons mentioned in here refer to Chinese seasons), sprout after 15-20 days and the plants grow until late September. The seeds are sown at a density of 30 g/m2 and are then covered with fine soil and straw, pine needles or a grass mat. Alternatively, the seeds can be cultivated in pots and then transplanted to the field. The soil should be kept humid in order for the seeds to soak up with water. Three years after sowing, the plants will blossom for the first time. Normally, the plants start flowering from middle or late May to early June. As the flowers are prone to frost damage, they are best grown in areas where the chances for frost in May and June are low. Starting from June to July the fruits develop and ripen from August to September. In spring, summer or fall pruning of Schisandra vines is necessary to improve ventilation and light conditions, ensure an endogenous nutrition status and increase the number of female flowers and thus overall fruit yield. Furthermore, sprouting tillers that compete for nutrition with the main Schisandra vine should be cut away. --FabienneBuerki (talk) 12:43, 21 November 2020 (UTC)

Adding a new section: pests and diseases of Schisandra

I would like to add this new section to the Schisandra chinensis Wikipedia entry:

Pests and diseases of Schisandra Schisandra chinensis is affected by many different diseases and pests, which some of them are mentioned in this section.

Pests of Schisandra (Table format)

Pathogenic pests: root and stem rot (Fusarium), leaf blight and fruit rot (Botrytis cinerea),leaf spot disease (Phoma glomerata),leaf blotch (Alternaria tenuissima, powdery mildew,downy mildew

Insect pests: Serica orientalis Motschulsky, Diaphania pyloalis, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona, Eupoecilia ambiguella, Phassus excrescens

Temperature dependent damages on Schisandra are sun scald or frost damages. Sun scald as a cause of heat injuries and ultraviolet radiation can lead to pathogenic infections. Sun scald can be controlled by applying more organic fertilizers, promoting vertical rooting, keeping an appropriate branch-fruit ratio and leaf-fruit ratio. These prevention measures enhance the plant’s tolerance to drought and prevent the direct exposure of the fruits to the sun. Furthermore, irrigation can help to lower surface temperatures on the fruits. Frost damages can cause necrotic leaves and weakens the vitality of the plant. Frost damages can be prevented by covering the roots, maintaining temperatures through smoke or irrigation, applying antifreeze fluid and P-K fertilizers (i.e. phosphorus and potassium fertilizers).

--FabienneBuerki (talk) 15:08, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

Please be sure to write content in your own words and provide a WP:SCIRS source for each new concept. Thanks. Zefr (talk) 15:15, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

Thank you Zefr for your reply. I made sure that I never copied sentences from the references I used (always reformulated the sentences). Furthermore, all the statements in this section will get the according references (just did not wanted to mention all the references in the talk). --FabienneBuerki (talk) 16:30, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

Adding a new part to pests and diseases of Schisandra section

I would like to add the following part about pest control to the last shared section "pests and diseases of Schisandra".

Pest Control

Control of weeds: To control weeds, the herbicides paraquat, pendimethalin and glufosinate can be applied.

Control of fungal diseases: To control fungal diseases on Schisandra different fungicides are applied such as pyraclostrobin, fluquinconazole, triforine, fenarimol, fenbuconazole, thiophanate-methyl, mancozeb, metalaxyl,benomyl and hexaconazole.

Prior to fungicidal application, prevention measures should be applied to lower the risk for fungal outbreaks. Only if economic thresholds are exceeded one should apply fungicides. Prevention measures in Schisandra cultivation could be: no transplantation of infected seedlings, use of fresh soil, appropriate increase of P and K fertilizers (increased plant resistance to disease), avoid complete coverage of frame areas and a too high plant density, maintain a sufficient ventilation and light transmittance, remove dead leaves from the ground in the fall and avoid excessive watering.

Control of insect pests: Insects such as wireworms and nematodes can be controlled with e.g. ethoprophos and aphids can be controlled with e.g. endosulfan.

Prior to an insecticidal application it is advisable to control insect pests first with prevention measures and apply insecticides only if the economic threshold is exceeded. Prevention measures to control insects in Schisandra cultures could be: remove the insects by hand if they appear in small numbers, remove dead leaves and injured branches (sources of insects), use insect traps and biological control agents (e.g. parasitic wasps).

Control of soil-borne diseases: To lower infections of soil-borne diseases carbendazol hydratable powder or amobam can be applied after sowing. --FabienneBuerki (talk) 16:25, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

Adding a new section: Fertilization

I would like to add this new section to the Schisandra chinensis Wikipedia entry.

Fertilization For the cultivation of young Schisandra plants a nutrient rich soil is required, wherefore mostly manure is applied as organic fertilizer. Organic high-N and high-H fertilizer should be applied at the embryonic stage and later on it should be fertilized with high-P and high-K. During key growth stages it is best to undertake a foliar fertilization to ensure normal fruit production. As the quantity of female flowers is a key point to increase Schisandra berry yields, barax, ammonium molybdate, and lanthanum nitrate fertilizers can be applied in July as foliar fertilizer. --FabienneBuerki (talk) 08:06, 25 November 2020 (UTC)

Adding a new section: Harvesting and yield

I would like to add the following new section to the Schisandra chinensis Wikipedia entry:

Harvesting and yield

The first profitable harvest of the Schisandra plant usually takes place 4-5 years after planting. The first possible harvest, which occurs 3 years after planting, is usually not profitable yet. In China, the ripe fruits are harvested in mid to late September, when the content of biologically active ingredients is optimal.[1][2] The berries in Europe ripen earlier, in late August and early September.[3] Fruits are optimally harvested on sunny days after the disappearance of morning dew.[4]

The fruit yield fluctuates over a 2-year cycle. An average harvest of a typical forest is around 200 kg/ha, and high-density woods can produce up to 1700 kg/ha. The yield of fruits for a small tree is around 0.2 kg, large trees can carry up to 3-8 kg. In the eastern area of Russia, between 1800 and 2000 ha of the Taiga forest are occupied predominantly by trees of the species Schisandra chinensis. The annual berry yield from this region amounts to ca. 800 metric tons.[5]

[1] Ko, Kam-Ming,. Schisandra chinensis : an herb of north eastern China origin. Yin, Jun,, Qin, Chuixin,. Singapore. pp. 32–33. ISBN 978-981-4635-93-6. OCLC 900633223. [2] Wang, He (2012). "Study of the Optimum Harvest Time of Schisandra Chinensis". Modern Chinese Medicine. 1: 12. [3] Szopa, Agnieszka; Ekiert, Radosław; Ekiert, Halina (2017). "Current knowledge of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. (Chinese magnolia vine) as a medicinal plant species: a review on the bioactive components, pharmacological properties, analytical and biotechnological studies". Phytochemistry Reviews. 16 (2): 195–218. doi:10.1007/s11101-016-9470-4. ISSN 1568-7767. PMC 5378736. PMID 28424569. [4] Ko, Kam-Ming,. Schisandra chinensis : an herb of north eastern China origin. Yin, Jun,, Qin, Chuixin,. Singapore. p. 33. ISBN 978-981-4635-93-6. OCLC 900633223. [5] Gutnikova, Z.I. (1951). "Schizandra chinensis in the Far East". Materials for the Study of Ginseng and Schizandra Roots. Far East Branch of USSR Academy of Science, Vladivostok: 23–43

C. Eschmann (talk) 13:10, 26 November 2020 (UTC)

Adding a new section: Processing and uses

I would like to add the following new section to the Schisandra chinensis Wikipedia entry:

Processing and uses

The common edible plant parts of Schisandra are the fruits, the young leaves, and traditionally even the stems. The Schisandra leaves contain a high amount of vitamin C, five times more than the fruits.[6] When crushed, the leaves release a lemony smell and can be used as a vegetable.[7][8] The red fruits are usually dried by either a natural or an artificial drying procedure. Drying Schisandra in the shadow is more time-consuming, but has the advantage of keeping the losses of active compounds very low. Furthermore, shadow-drying maintains the color of the berries and is low in production costs. However, the sun-drying method enriches the fruits with oil and maintains their quality, as long as solar-radiation is not excessive. A too intense radiation can discolor the berries and thus would lower their quality. The artificial drying process is rapid and the temperature for baking is set at 50 °C and should not be higher, to prevent burning.[9]

Besides its use in traditional and modern medicine, Schisandra chinensis can be used in various areas such as foods, functional health products, additives, drinks, liquors, and even textile dyes. Drinks made from Schisandrae Fructus can be stored for a long period of time without adding any preservatives, as the berries contain antioxidants. Furthermore, the strong red color of the berries reduces the need for color additives.

Despite these versatile usage possibilities, many of them have not been commercialized yet.[10]

[6] Ko, Kam-Ming,. Schisandra chinensis : an herb of north eastern China origin. Yin, Jun,, Qin, Chuixin,. Singapore. pp. 234, 208–210. ISBN 978-981-4635-93-6. OCLC 900633223. [7] Wiart, Christophe (2012-05-11). Medicinal Plants of China, Korea, and Japan. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-429-11259-1. [8] "Schisandra chinensis - (Turcz.) Baill". Plants For A Future. Retrieved 2020-11-05. [9] Ko, Kam-Ming,. Schisandra chinensis : an herb of north eastern China origin. Yin, Jun,, Qin, Chuixin,. Singapore. pp. 33–34. ISBN 978-981-4635-93-6. OCLC 900633223. [10] Ko, Kam-Ming,. Schisandra chinensis : an herb of north eastern China origin. Yin, Jun,, Qin, Chuixin,. Singapore. pp. 177–178, 183–201. ISBN 978-981-4635-93-6. OCLC 900633223.

C. Eschmann (talk) 13:32, 26 November 2020 (UTC)

Too much text, and with vague sources. PFAF is likely the only usable source for uses, as the others are not WP:SCIRS. One sentence on drying, one sentence on use as a food. Zefr (talk) 15:40, 26 November 2020 (UTC)

Adding a new section: pharmacological properties

I would like to add the following new section to the Schisandra chinensis Wikipedia entry:

Apart from its uses as food, Schisandra chinensis is used as alternative medicine, most widely in China and Russia. In Chinese medicine Schisandra chinensis has been utilized to relieve cough and asthma, resolve sputum, treat spontaneous and night sweating, chronic diarrhea and neurasthenia.[1] But not only in China this crop has been used as a natural remedy. Since the early 1960s, S. chinensis was used in the official medicine of the USSR. Studies on animals have shown that S. chinensis can increase physical working capacity and provide a stress-protective effect against a broad spectrum of harmful factors including heat shock, skin burn, cooling, frostbite, immobilisation, swimming under load in an atmosphere with decreased air pressure, aseptic inflammation, irradiation, and heavy metal intoxication. [2] Studies from the former USSR documented a broad variety of pharmacological effects of S. chinensis. In healthy individuals S. chinensis can increase endurance and the accuracy of movement, mental performance and working capacity, and generates alterations in the basal levels of nitric oxide and cortisol in blood and saliva with subsequent effects on the blood cells, vessels and central nervous system.[2] The plant is considered to have various compounds with antimicrobial, antioxidative, anti-proliferative and anti-cancer activity.[3] Due to these compounds Schisandra chinensis is a promising crop and very interesting for future research. The fruit of Schisandra chinensis contains about 1.5% sugars, tannins, colour substances and about 3% of essential oils, organic acids, vitamin C and E, and metals such as copper, manganese, nickel and zinc.[4] The dominant secondary metabolite components in the berries of S. chinesis are the dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans, which are often called “Schisandra lignans”.[5] Fruit maturity, harvest time, the habitat and climate influence the amount of dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans. Normally they contribute to around 4-19 % of dry weight.[6]

References: 1. ^ Ko, Kam-Ming,. Schisandra chinensis : an herb of north eastern China origin. Yin, Jun,, Qin, Chuixin,. Singapore. ISBN 978-981-4635-93-6. OCLC 900633223. 2. ^ Panossian, Alexander; Wikman, Georg (2008). "Pharmacology of Schisandra chinensis Bail.: An overview of Russian research and uses in medicine". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 118 (2): 183–212. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2008.04.020. 3. ^ Saxena, Mamta; Saxena, Jyoti; Nema, Rajeev; Singh, Dharmendra; Gupta, Abhishek. "Phytochemistry of Medicinal Plants" (PDF). Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 1: 168–182. 4. ^ Hikino, H (1989). Economic and Medicinal Plant Research 3rd Edition. Academic Press. pp. 53–72. ISBN 9780080984315. 5. ^ "Impact of dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans from Schisandra chinensis on the redox status and activation of human innate immune system cells". Free Radical Biology and Medicine. 131: 309–317. 2019-02-01. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.12.019. ISSN 0891-5849. 6. ^ Jump up to:a b Szopa, Agnieszka; Ekiert, Radosław; Ekiert, Halina (2017). "Current knowledge of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. (Chinese magnolia vine) as a medicinal plant species: a review on the bioactive components, pharmacological properties, analytical and biotechnological studies". Phytochemistry Reviews. 16 (2): 195–218. doi:10.1007/s11101-016-9470-4. ISSN 1568-7767. PMC 5378736. PMID 28424569.

--SZ1658 (talk) 15:02, 26 November 2020 (UTC)

None of these sources is acceptable to address "pharmacology". A WP:MEDRS review is needed to imply such effects, but there is no such publication. You could say, "Apart from uses as food, Schisandra chinensis berries and leaves are used in alternative medicine".(add one acceptable reference), and leave it at that conclusion. There are no MEDRS reviews supporting anything further as content, and alternative medicine is quackery having no encyclopedic value. Zefr (talk) 15:33, 26 November 2020 (UTC)

Adding a new section: Use in cosmetics

I would like to add the following new section to the Schisandra chinensis Wikipedia entry:

Schisandra chinensis and its derivates can suppress skin photoaging, ameliorate sarcopenia and osteoarthritis. It is considered to increase physical endurance, inhibit stress-induced premature senescence and improve other effects that can be associated with aging.[7] Extracts from S. chinensis are used in skin care products to purify and strengthen the protective barrier of the skin and to soothe irritations.[6] BASF Beauty Care Solutions patented an extract from S. chinensis for cosmetic purposes.[8][9]

References: 7. ^ Nowak, Adriana; Zakłos-Szyda, Małgorzata; Błasiak, Janusz; Nowak, Agnieszka; Zhang, Zhuo; Zhang, Bolin (2018). "Potential of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. in Human Health and Nutrition: A Review of Current Knowledge and Therapeutic Perspectives". Nutrients. 11 (2): 333. doi:10.3390/nu11020333. ISSN 2072-6643. PMC 6412213. PMID 30720717. 8. ^ Henry F, Danoux L, Pauly G (2012) "Cosmetic use of an extract of the fruit of Schisandra chinensis". European Patent Specification EP 1,699,475 B1 9. ^ "Sqisandryl™ LS 9905". Retrieved 07.11.2020. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)

--SZ1658 (talk) 15:04, 26 November 2020 (UTC)

No SZ1658, that content is nonsense and the sources offered are unacceptable. Read WP:MEDRS - that guideline describes the quality of sourcing needed to support medical content. We don't use patents as sources because they have not been peer-reviewed or published in a reputable journal. Zefr (talk) 15:19, 26 November 2020 (UTC)

Changing the introduction

I have left everything that is currently in the introduction of the original article but I split it up into the general introduction with additional info and then moved some info into the new section "Description" below.

This would be the new Introduction:

Schisandra chinensis (common name: magnolia-vine, Chinese magnolia-vine, schisandra), whose fruit is called magnolia berry or five-flavor-fruit (from Chinese wǔ wèi zi), is a vine plant native to forests of Northern China, the Russian Far East and Korea.[1] Wild varieties of Schisandra chinensis are also found in Japan.[2][3] In Russia, Schisandra chinensis is also called Limonnik or Maximowich’s red grape. The name Limonnik comes from the lemony smell of different plant organs, especially the leaves.[1]

References: 1) Panossian, Alexander; Wikman, Georg (July 2008). "Pharmacology of Schisandra chinensis Bail.: an overview of Russian research and uses in medicine". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 118 (2): 183–212. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2008.04.020. 2) Lu, Yan; Chen, Dao-Feng (2009). "Analysis of Schisandra chinensis and Schisandra sphenanthera". Journal of Chromatography A. 1216 (11). doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2008.09.070. 3) Ko, Kam-Ming; Yin, Jun; Qin, Chui-Xin (2015). Schisandra Chinensis: An Herb of North Eastern China Origin. World Scientific. pp. 1–10. ISBN 978-981-4635-94-3. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Fionster (talk • contribs) 17:26, 26 November 2020 (UTC)

New section Taxonomy (after introduction)

This would be a new first section Taxonomy:

The genus Schisandra was first published by André Michaux in 1803. The name Schisandra derived from the Greek words schizein ('to split') and andros ('man') which refers to the separate anther cells on the stamens.[4][5]

Today, Schisandra chinensis belongs to the family of Schisandraceae. In earlier years, it was assumed that the species belonged to the family of Magnoliaceae, hence the name Chinese magnolia-vine. However, many differences in plant phenology between  Schisandra  and members of  Magnoliaceae lead to the formation of Schisandraceae.[3]

References: 3) Ko, Kam-Ming; Yin, Jun; Qin, Chui-Xin (2015). Schisandra Chinensis: An Herb of North Eastern China Origin. World Scientific. pp. 1–10. ISBN 978-981-4635-94-3. 4) Saunders, Richard M. K. (Jan 2000). "Monograph of Schisandra (Schisandraceae)". Systematic Botany Monographs. 58. doi:10.2307/25027879. 5) Hancke, J.L.; Burgos, R.A.; Ahumada, F. (1999). "Review: Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill". Filoterapia. 70.

New Section Description

I would like to add this section Description: (please note that some of these sentences are already in the original wiki page and I have copied them into here to make it clear how the text would look like)

Description

Vegetative plant organs

Schisandra chinensis is a perennial, deciduous woody vine plant that is found at high latitudes and in cool climatic conditions. It commonly grows in natural coniferous or mixed forests or along streams and climbs up other trees or shrubs to reach optimal light conditions.[3] The lianas show a clockwise spiral growth pattern which gives them support, since the plant does not produce tendrils or other structures for climbing[4]. The prostrate lianas usually grow 8-9m tall[6][3] but can reach a length of up to 25m.[1] They are dark brown in colour and can reach 1.5-2 cm in thickness.[7]

S. chinensis produces new shoots in spring which grow out of the stems of the previous year. These shoots are typically short, but they continue their growth after flowering until late in the season.[4] The leaves are simple, oval-shaped (5-11 cm long and 3-7 cm wide) and alternating and the petioles have a slight red colouring.[7][3] Multicellular trichomes are located on the abaxial leaf lamina. Stomata show a irregular, random distribution.[4]

The roots of Schisandra chinensis are branched and stay close to the soil surface.[7] Nodes located on the stems can also produce roots.[4]

Generative plant organs

The flowers of Schisandra are unisexual and the species itself is dioecious.[3] The plant is therefore not self-fertile, hence flowers on a female plant will only produce fruit when fertilized with pollen from a male plant. However, a hybrid selection titled 'Eastern Prince' has perfect flowers and is self-fertile. Seedlings of 'Eastern Prince' are sometimes sold under the same name, but are typically single-sex plants.

The female flowers are white or cream-coloured and turn slightly reddish to the end of the flowering season.[5][7] They have 5-12 waxy, spirally aranged tepals forming the perianth and 12-120 pistils.[3] The tepals show a transition in colour from green for the outer tepals to more pigmentation for the inner ones.[4] The flowers typically grow out of the leaf axils in clusters, later forming grape clusters with berries, but can also be found solitary.[8][4] The male flower has 5 stamens with filaments of different lengths.[3][8] The flowers of S. chinensis are important for various pollinators such as bees, beetles and small moths.[4]

The fruits of Schisandra chinensis are red berries which are smooth and shiny, have a spherical shape and reach 5-10 mm in diameter.[9][8][7] They grow in dense hanging clusters of 2-5 berries which reach a length of about 6-8 cm. Each berry usually contains 1-2 brownish yellow kidney-shaped seeds.[7][5][9][8]The seeds have the capacity to stay dormant and to form seed banks. Distribution of seeds mainly occurs through birds.[4]

References:

^ 1) Panossian, Alexander; Wikman, Georg (July 2008). "Pharmacology of Schisandra chinensis Bail.: an overview of Russian research and uses in medicine". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 118 (2): 183–212. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2008.04.020. ^ 2) Lu, Yan; Chen, Dao-Feng (2009). "Analysis of Schisandra chinensis and Schisandra sphenanthera". Journal of Chromatography A. 1216 (11). doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2008.09.070. ^ 3) Ko, Kam-Ming; Yin, Jun; Qin, Chui-Xin (2015). Schisandra Chinensis: An Herb of North Eastern China Origin. World Scientific. pp. 1–10. ISBN 978-981-4635-94-3. ^ 4) Saunders, Richard M. K. (Jan 2000). "Monograph of Schisandra (Schisandraceae)". Systematic Botany Monographs. 58. doi:10.2307/25027879. ^ 5) Hancke, J.L.; Burgos, R.A.; Ahumada, F. (1999). "Review: Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill". Filoterapia. 70. ^ 6) "Schisandra chinensis Wu Wei Zi PFAF Plant Database". pfaf.org. Retrieved 2020-11-07. ^ 7) Ciorchină, Nina; Onica, Elisaveta (December 2011). "The Biology of the Propagation of Species Schisandra Chinensis (Turcz.) Baill". Journal of Plant Development. 18 (1). ^ 8) WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants, Retrieved 7. November 2020. ^ 9) Szopa, Agnieszka; Ekiert, Radoslaw; Ekiert, Halina (2017). "Current knowledge of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. (Chinese magnolia vine) as a medicinal plant species: a review on the bioactive components, pharmacological properties, analytical and biotechnological studies". Phytochem Rev. 16 (2). doi:10.1007/s11101-016-9470-4.