Talk:Zinc–air battery

Theoretical Energy density

"Zinc–air batteries have a high theoretical energy density of 1086 Wh kg^-1 (including oxygen)"

A quote from a recent review article in Chem. Soc. Rev. "Recent advances in zinc–air batteries" by Yanguang Li and Hongjie Dai.

Should we be stating zinc-oxygen as well as zinc-air values for theoretical energy density? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Gormanator5 (talk • contribs) 17:33, 24 July 2014 (UTC)

Reaction

The reaction at the anode is obviously wrong because the charges don't add up. I'd correct it but I don't know the correct reaction. --Alistair

Well thank you for discovering this, 2 problems

1. The electrochemistry is erroneous, with two sites stating different reactions, it could be that several different zinc air reactions types exist. [1] [2]

2. Zinc-Air Fuel Cells has a reaction of its own. [3]

I think all of these reactions need to be displayed, but information is needed for why they are different. --BerserkerBen 06:17, 3 February 2006 (UTC)

Thank you for trying to fix this. There isn't much knowledge about these reactions on the web, is there! The charges in these reactions still don't add up:

 Anode:  Zn + 2OH- → Zn(OH)42- + 2e- → ZnO + H2O

While I have absolutely no authority for the following reactions, they are at least not transparently wrong:

 Anode:  Zn + 4OH- → Zn(OH)42- + 2e-
 Fluid:  Zn(OH)42- → ZnO + H2O + 2OH-

Can anybody help? --Alistair

Aha! I've found a reference. [4] Its "At the anode" reaction matches mine but omits the zincate intermediate. I'm therefore still not sure what to do to the page. --Alistair

How so don't the charges add up? Zinc should be changes its oxidation state going from zero to +2 and releasing 2 electrons. --BerserkerBen 18:18, 19 February 2006 (UTC)

Neither of the following reactions has balanced charges:

 Zn + 2OH- → Zn(OH)42- + 2e-
 Zn(OH)42- + 2e- → ZnO + H2O

In the former, the total charge on the left is -2 and on the right is -4. In the latter, the total charge on the left is -4 and on the right is zero. The charges are correct for every individual chemical mentioned, but the reaction overall makes no sense. The numbers of hydrogen and oxygen atoms don't balance either, while we're on the subject. --Alistair

Sorry I was looking at the reaction below: Zn + 4OH- → Zn(OH)42- + 2e- → ZnO + H2O + 2OH- The zinc changes charge and gives up 2 electrons, so the charges look good to me, I didn't notices there was a 2 instead of 4 hydroxides on the main page, that needs to be fixed. Maybe it was because 2 hydroxides get recycled but still 4 need to be shown reacting with zinc.

Actually I don't see a big problem between the equations using Zn(OH)₂ or Zn(OH)₄^2-. In practice the whole range of Zn(OH)_x^2-x (x = 0 - 4) will coexist with the proportion of each dictated by the pH. In other words in very alkaline conditions there will be more of the x = 4 species than in acidic conditions (more x = 0). The Zn-air battery operates under fairly strong alkaline conditions, therefore there will certainly be some of the x = 2, 3 and 4 species present. Ahw001 06:31, 1 September 2006 (UTC)

Cost of competing metals has "soared"?

The article claims "The price of zinc in 2008 is $1/lb [2]. Since India and China began rapidly industrializing at the end of 1990s the price of major metals such as nickel, copper, steel, aluminum and zinc has soared." The second sentence might be true but the implication of its juxtaposition with the first is very misleading. Steel continues to be a lot cheaper than zinc, while aluminum is currently trading at $1.20/lb. --Vaughan Pratt (talk) 01:58, 7 September 2008 (UTC)

Specific Energy?

The article says: "High specific energy: up to 370 W·h/kg.". This must be an understatement, as one of the largest producers of hearing aid batteries say 470 for their standard 13-size battery: [5]. One would expect larger values for larger sized batteries. The Duracell page on the technology says 442 Wh/kg (still for button cells), and by the way contains a host of info on reactions and so on for you chemistry guys. It also gives the theoretical energy density: 1,65 V * 0,83 Ah/gram = 1370 Wh/kg ! I'll just change the specific energy, and try to insert a reference or two. 130.227.121.251 (talk) 12:35, 11 June 2009 (UTC)

I also added energy density (calculated from same source), and would add voltage but got a doubt: Earlier this article says 1.65V, but the Duracell source says theoretically 1,4 volt. Practical cells give around 1.1 - 1.2 volts, maybe 1.3 before any use. So I chickened out, and didn't add anything about voltage. But I used the 1.65V figure to give the theoretical specific energy, which the Duracell source gave as 0.82 Ah/kg! And also to give the theoretical energy density (just multiplying specific energy by the specific mass of Zinc: 7.14 g/cm³.

If it shows up that the 1.65V is wrong, we need to correct the figures.130.227.121.251 (talk) 13:22, 11 June 2009 (UTC)

I just separated out the theoretical energy density from the practical. It was misleading.JG17 (talk) 10:22, 21 July 2009 (UTC)

"Re-Charge" Efficiency?

What is the energy efficiency? (energy required to charge divided by energy recovered during discharge)

...Energy Currency?

I altered this to note that Zinc is an alternative to fossil fuels as well as hydrogen because the impression was being erroneously given that Zinc, being solid, was more problematic for distribution than highly compressed hydrogen. In fact solid Zinc would be much safer than hydrogen or fossil fuels in transport and a lot less difficult to handle than hydrogen. However it is sufficient just to mention the Zinc pumping challenge.JG17 (talk) 10:38, 21 July 2009 (UTC)

Zinc economy

I'm deleting the speculation about a future "zinc economy" from the article's lead. The "zinc economy" is a neologism; Google scholar [6] and Google books [7] return titles exploring the economical use of zinc, and the metabolic recyling of zinc in humans, but not a future macroeconomic model. Zinc economy was deleted [8], then redirected here after it was recreated [9]. Since it's coming out of the lead, I thought you'd want to know why. Yappy2bhere (talk) 21:42, 13 January 2010 (UTC)

If it's got no sources, it should come out. Discouraging to find lots of 30 and 40 year old papers on electric cars, but no brave new vision of zinc replacing oil. --Wtshymanski (talk) 16:52, 21 January 2010 (UTC)

Unusual base?

Please read the articles at Ni-cad battery,Nickel-metal hydride battery Alkaline battery, Lithium battery and get back to me on the question of alkaline (basic) electrolytes being the tiniest bit *unusual* in a battery. I venture to say any random Wal-Mart sells more alkaline batteries than automotive or old-timey ammonium chloride batteries in any given (recent) year. --Wtshymanski (talk) 16:30, 18 January 2010 (UTC)

Copy-edits

Comments appreciated. Also added material on Revolt's R&D. Lfstevens (talk) 03:18, 16 June 2010 (UTC)

Recent discovery

Apparently this child prodigy recently discovered how Zinc-air batteries work through experimentation with hearing-aid batteries: http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2015/06/19/inspiration-nation-science-fair-discovery/28990059/

There should be some sort of mention here.

--2001:4898:80E8:ED31:0:0:0:2 (talk) 22:00, 19 June 2015 (UTC)

I think this needs some verification first. He claims waiting 5 minutes between removing the seal and putting them in hearing aids will increase battery life by 85%, which seems extraordinarily high for a a procedure not even mentioned on battery packets. It's of interest that this claim is repeated on social media with the recommended time growing and growing.

Power density

Shouldn't this be in cm3, not cm2? If I can figure out the code for the superscript 3, I'll change it! If I'm wrong, feel free to change it back.

188.29.165.97 (talk) 16:42, 25 August 2015 (UTC)

External links modified

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Page Title/Redirect: Hyphen vs. Dash

I noticed that this page title uses an en dash and the version with the hyphen redirects to the dash.

This seems to differ from the norm on Wikipedia, and I believe this usage of a dash is also technically grammatically incorrect.

Shouldn't it be the other way around (dash redirects to hyphen)?

—2603:9001:20A:EA2D:157A:AD32:5D37:A05E (talk) 07:38, 8 May 2020 (UTC)

This is done because Wikipedia loves the obscure and weird. We're lucky someone hasn't already changed this to some 12-byte ISO compliant UNICODE sequence that only renders on the editor's pet browser. 'Cause when you're looking up something, you're going to naturally type in whatever makes an em-dash instead of hitting that convenient "-" sign on your keyboard. --Wtshymanski (talk) 21:47, 13 May 2020 (UTC)

Storage density should be in watts not amps

amp hours per gram as a measure of energy density can only be compared if the voltages are the same. For comparison between batteries of different voltages, amps should be converted to watts by multiplying by volts. Therefore, the energy density would be expressed as mWh/gram, not mAh/gram. I'll make this change after I review the sources and do the calculations. Stop me if you see a problem with this. Leotohill (talk) 13:47, 18 March 2021 (UTC)

Strictly, energy density should be in joules (or watthours) per gram (kilogram) - watts are a unit of power. Even ampere-hours per gram is a better measure of energy density, given that the terminal voltage is very roughly constant during the useful part of the battery discharge. --Wtshymanski (talk) 23:46, 20 March 2021 (UTC)

Right, watt hours, not watts. Watt hours per gram (kilogram) is the typical expression of battery energy density, when comparing across battery types. Since different types have different voltages, amp hours doesn't work for comparisons. Leotohill (talk) 00:14, 21 March 2021 (UTC)

Use as a Gas Generator

Recent YouTube videos indicate that such cells appear to be used as gas generators to produce small amounts of gas at a precise rate. By drawing current from the battery (connecting a resistor between its terminals) and providing no oxygen supply, hydrogen is produced at a rate proportional to the current. This appears to be used to drive automatic greasers for machinery and also for metering out the scent oil in some air fresheners. As an example see here, here, and here. 198.91.146.145 (talk) 02:29, 5 July 2022 (UTC)