The Tallahassee bus boycott was a citywide boycott in Tallahassee, Florida, that sought to end racial segregation in the employment and seating arrangements of city buses. On May 26, 1956, Wilhelmina Jakes and Carrie Patterson, two Florida A&M University students, were arrested by the Tallahassee Police Department for "placing themselves in a position to incite a riot".[1]: 9–10, 19 Robert Saunders, representing the NAACP, and Rev. C. K. Steele began talks with city authorities while the local African-American community started boycotting the city's buses. The Inter-Civic Council ended the boycott on December 22, 1956.[2]: 36 On January 7, 1957, the City Commission repealed the bus-franchise segregation clause because of the United States Supreme Court ruling Browder v. Gayle (1956).
| Tallahassee bus boycott | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the civil rights movement | |||
| Date | May 28, 1956 – December 22, 1956 | ||
| Location | |||
| Caused by |
| ||
| Resulted in |
| ||
| Parties | |||
| |||
| Lead figures | |||
History
editNot only were buses segregated, with white riders at the front and black ones in the back, if there were no free black seats black riders had to stand, even if there were free white seats. Furthermore, if there were more white riders than white seats, black riders had to surrender their seats.[3]: 184
Jakes and Patterson boarded a city bus and sat in the only open seats, which were next to a white woman. The driver declared that the two women could not sit where they were sitting, and Jakes agreed to get off the bus if she received her bus fare in return. The driver would not return Jakes' bus fare and drove to a service station, where he then called the police, who subsequently arrested the women. Later that day, the students were bailed out by the dean of students.[4]
The day after the incident, the Ku Klux Klan burned a cross in front of the women's residence.[2]: 28 News of the cross-burning quickly spread throughout the campus, and Student Government Association officers, led by Brodes Hartley, called for a meeting of the student body. The incidents (the cross-burning and the arrest) were discussed in the meeting. Student leaders called for the withdrawal of student support of the bus company and for students to seek participation in the boycott throughout the community. Reverend Steele, a member of the Tallahassee Interdenominational Ministerial Alliance (IMA) and leader in the NAACP, organized a mass meeting that night. In the meeting, the Inter-Civic Council (ICC) was born from the joining of the NAACP, IMA, and Tallahassee Civic League. The ICC was formed in response to community fear that an NAACP-led protest would be met with state repression. Its leaders held weekly meetings and the council was highly active in Civil Rights-related activism. The NAACP became involved well after the boycott had been started, when leaders sent a lawyer to defend drivers of boycotters (carpool drivers) who were arrested for driving unlicensed "for hire" vehicles.[4]
Three months into the boycott, the demand for the employment of black bus drivers was met. For months after Browder v. Gayle, the government upheld de facto segregation, with the instantiation of an ordinance mandating assigned seats on buses. That led to arrests of blacks who did not sit in the seats assigned to them. Efforts persisted in resisting bus segregation and enforcement of the ordinance became less strict, when blacks again rode the buses.
In 1959, members of the Tallahassee InterCivic Council tested the success of the boycott by riding the newly integrated buses; they found that the integration was successful.[4]
Sociologist Lewis Killian points out that organizational and community leaders did not gather until after the initiation of the boycott, which highlights the spontaneity of the student-initiated boycott. Furthermore, the boycott was initiated during a time in which Tallahassee's civil rights-related organizational activity was markedly low and the black community in Tallahassee was unprepared for a protest as large as the boycott.
The creation of the ICC provides an example of the emergence of new norms and structures. Although it is widely believed that the centers of Civil Rights Movement activity were organizational and structural bodies such as the black church and the NAACP, a new normative structure emerged in the Tallahassee Bus Boycott.
The boycott presents an overlooked departure from the circumstances of the Montgomery bus boycott, which was planned and precipitated by active individuals and organizations; in addition, the Tallahassee boycott, at least in its initial stages, was separate from and did not model the latter.
Killian finds the formation of the ICC and the spontaneous and irregular nature of the boycott's initiation commensurate with traditional collective behavior theory, which includes such superficially irrational elements as spontaneity.[4][5]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Rabby, Glenda Alice (1999). The Pain and the Promise: The Struggle for Civil Rights in Tallahassee, Florida. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press. ISBN 9780820320519.
- ^ a b Spagna, Ana Maria (2010). "The Tallahassee Bus Boycott". Test Ride on the Sunnyland Bus: A Daughter's Civil Rights Journey. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 9780803233928.
- ^ Dunn, Marvin (2016). A History of Florida Through Black Eyes. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. ISBN 978-1519372673.
- ^ a b c d Killian, Lewis M. (1984). "Organization, Rationality, and Spontaneity in the Civil Rights Movement". American Sociological Review. 49 (6): 770–783. doi:10.2307/2095529. JSTOR 2095529.
- ^ Rohall, David E.; Milkie, Melissa A.; Lucas, Jeffrey W. (2014). "11. Collective Behavior". Social Psychology. pp. 298–299.
Further reading
edit- Fairclough, Adam (August 1986). "The Preachers and the People: The Origins and Early Years of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, 1955-1959". The Journal of Southern History. 52 (3): 403–440. doi:10.2307/2209569. JSTOR 2209569.
- Fendrich, James Max (1993). Ideal Citizens: The Legacy of the Civil Rights Movement. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. ISBN 9780791413241.
- Padgett, Gregory B. (1994). C.K. Steele: A Biography (PH D Dissertation thesis). Florida State University. OCLC 31536742.
- Padgett, Gregory B. (2003). "The Tallahassee Bus Boycott". In Hyde, Samuel C. (ed.). Sunbelt Revolution: The Historical Progression of the Civil Rights Struggle in the Gulf South, 1866-2000. University Press of Florida. pp. 190–209. ISBN 9780813025773.
- Pope, Mike (2002). Denial of Justice: Malcolm Johnson and the Tallahassee Bus Boycott (M.A. thesis). Florida State University. OCLC 50874219.
- Smith, Charles U.; Killian, Lewis M. (1958). The Tallahassee Bus Protest. Anti-defamation League of B'nai B'rith. OCLC 1855060.
- "Tallahassee Civil Rights Oral History Collection (finding aid)" (1957, 1973, 1978). Prepared for the Special Collections & Archives, Florida State University Libraries, Tallahassee, Florida. Retrieved June 25, 2024.
- White, Robert M. (1964). The Tallahassee Sit-ins and CORE, a Nonviolent Revolutionary Submovement (Ph.D. thesis). Florida State University. OCLC 25103755.
External links
edit- The Tallahassee Bus Boycott Begins (May 1956) - Provided by Florida Memory.
- "The Ride To Equality: Fifty Years After the Tallahassee Bus Boycott". Tallahassee Democrat. May 21, 2006. Archived from the original on September 22, 2007. Retrieved December 23, 2016.