The string drum or Tambourin de Béarn (in German) is a long rectangular box zither beaten with a mallet. It is paired with a one-handed flute (French: galoubet) with three finger holes, similar to a pipe and tabor.[1] It has also been called tambourin de Gascogne, tambourin à cordes in Catalan, Pyrenean string drum, ttun-ttun in Basque [cunˈcun], salmo in Spanish, and chicotén in Aragonese.[2][1][3] It was known in the middle ages as the choron or chorus.[4]
.jpg) Cécile Nuñez plays Tambourin de Béarn and one-handed flute (flabuta) in Le Passage, Gascony, 2016. | |
| Other names | string drum, tambourin de Gascogne, tambourin à cordes, Pyrenean string drum, ttun-ttun, toun-toun, psalterio salmo, chicotén |
|---|---|
| Classification | String instrument |
| Playing range | |
| Drone (sound) | |
| Related instruments | |
| Hammered dulcimer, Tabor, Psaltery, Zither, Aeolian harp | |
| Sound sample | |
In specific usage, this name denotes a form of long psaltery-styled instrument that is tuned to provide drone chords when drummed. It can be found in a similar body shape with three to eight strings. The tuning is often held in root, tonic and dominant, or root and fifth. That with one Psaltery-related instrument is easy to play because the strings are struck with a mallet as a whole.
The name salterio or psalterium for the instrument comes from Yebra, Spain. Researcher Violet Alford said that it was a mistake to include the stringed drum under the name of psalterium, the Latin name of a strummed or plucked instrument.[2]
Curt Sachs described the Tambourine de Béarn as being from South France, a "longitudinal zither with thick gut strings tune to tonic and dominant."[5] The effect was two tones at the same time perceived together as a chorus.[4]
Method
editIt is slung on the arm or over the shoulder of a player who uses the same hand to play the pipe, while striking the strings with a linen covered stick held in the other hand. The 6 strings (3 sets) are most often tuned in octaves that match the keynote of the tabor pipe, and can be played pianissimo as well as forte.
Extent and uses
editAccording to Jeremy Montagu, the string drums were in continuous use through the middle ages, seen in iconography.[6]
The instrument is currently widespread in the western Pyrenees, and it bears the hallmark of the territory. Apparently invented in the 15th century, it came into use in the Pyrenees, where it took hold.[7] It is popular in the easternmost Basque province of Soule (Zuberoa), where it provides along with the three hole flute (xirula) the necessary musical background for traditional dance performances and the carnival set of performances called maskarada, which takes place on a yearly basis in different villages of the former viscounty.[8]
After losing ground during the 20th century in western and central Pyrenees, namely Bigorre, Béarn and Soule, the practice of the three hole flute and tambourin came almost to a halt after World War II, except for the Ossau Valley in Béarn.[9] Evidence has been gathered also that with different names (such as salterio) it was played along with the flute early in the 20th century in small areas of High Aragon.[2] From the 1970s on, the instrument has shown renewed vitality.[citation needed]
Construction
editIt is a very simple form of psaltery or box zither, made of a wooden sounding box, with strings stretched from end to end, lengthwise. Its construction is similar to that of the Aeolian harp or Appalachian dulcimer. The Pyrenean version of the instrument numbers 4 to 10 strings but 3 sets of 2 (6 total) is the common arrangement.
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Altarpiece of Saint Vincent, detail of boy playing a Tambourine de Béarn, by Master of Javierre -
![String drum or psalterium in a fresco at Santa Maria sopra Minerva. Also called dulcimer and pipe.[10]](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Filippino_Lippi%2C_Carafa_Chapel%2C_Assumption_05.jpg/84px-Filippino_Lippi%2C_Carafa_Chapel%2C_Assumption_05.jpg)
String drum or psalterium in a fresco at Santa Maria sopra Minerva. Also called dulcimer and pipe.[10] -
Basque ttun-ttun. -
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Toum-toum or Tambourin à cordes, currently used in traditional dances -
Intèrpret de chiflo (flauta tradicional de tres forats) i chicotén -
Tambor de Béarn -
Tambor de cordes in a painting by Juan Galbán Jiménez (17th century) in the Convento de la Concepción, Épila , Zaragoza, Aragon -
Roseta de tambor de Béarn built by José Verdi -
Tambor de Béarn built by José Verdi, three hole flute and sopranino flute -
Basque string drum called a ttun-ttun or danburia
![String drum or psalterium in a fresco at Santa Maria sopra Minerva. Also called dulcimer and pipe.[10]](/wiki/File:Filippino_Lippi,_Carafa_Chapel,_Assumption_05.jpg)
.jpg)
See also
edit- Guitar zither
- Hammered dulcimer
- Pipe and tabor
- Psaltery
- Ütőgardon, a Hungarian string drum shaped like a cello
References
edit- ^ a b "Musical Instruments". Wood-n-Bone. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 29 January 2008.
- ^ a b c d Alford, Violet (1935). "Some notes on the Pyrenean Stringed Drum with five musical examples" (PDF). International Journal on Basque Studies. 26 (3). Eusko News & Media: 567–577. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 November 2012. Retrieved 29 January 2008.
- ^ Blades, James; Cyr, Mary; Kettlewell, David (2001). "Tambourin de Béarn [tambourin de Gascogne, tambourin à cordes] (Fr.)". Grove Music Online (8th ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.27441. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0.
- ^ a b Marcuse, Sibyl (1975). A Survey of Musical Instruments. New York: Harper & Row. pp. 200–202, 559. ISBN 0-06-012776-7.
- ^ Sachs, Curt. The History of Musical Instruments. New York: W. W. Norton. p. 312.
- ^ Ballester, Jordi (2011). "The Stringed Drum and the 16th Century Music: New Iconographical Sources". Anuario Musical: 47–60. doi:10.3989/anuariomusical.2011.66.122.
- ^ "Mixel Etxekopar & François Rossé: Une certaine Soule musique". Ethnotempos. Archived from the original on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 28 January 2008. Article in French
- ^ "Instruments de la Música Tradicional Basca". de bat a. Archived from the original on 23 October 2009. Retrieved 28 January 2008. Article in Catalan
- ^ "Flutes et Tambourin de Cordes, Flabutas et Tamborin". Son d'Aquí. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 28 January 2008. Article in French
- ^ Sadie, Stanley, ed. (1984). "Trombone". The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments. Vol. 3. p. 631.
[caption on painting] Angels with trombone, dulcimer and pipe; detail from the fresco 'The Assumption of the Virgin' (late 15th century) by Filippino Lippi in the church of S. Maria sopra Minerva...Rome