Tangkoko Batuangus Nature Reserve, Indonesian: Tangkoko-Batuangus Dua Saudara[3][page needed] is a nature reserve in the northern part of Sulawesi island of Indonesia, 70 kilometres (43 miles) from Manado City.[2] The reserve covers an area of 8,718 hectares (21,540 acres), and includes three mountains: Mount Tangkoko at 1,109 metres (3,638 feet), Mount Dua Saudara at 1,361 metres (4,465 feet), and Mount Batuangus at 450 metres (1,480 feet).[4]
| Tangkoko Batuangus Nature Reserve | |
|---|---|
| Tangkoko-Batuangus Dua Saudara | |
 Tangkoko Nature Reserve in 2006 | |
  Tangkoko Location in Sulawesi | |
| Location | North Sulawesi, Indonesia |
| Nearest city | Bitung |
| Coordinates | 1°31′N 125°11′E / 1.517°N 125.183°E |
| Area | 87.18 square kilometres (33.66 sq mi) |
| Established | 24 December 1981[1] |
| Visitors | 7,500 (in 2007[2]) |
| Governing body | Ministry of Environment and Forestry |
Flora and fauna
editThe most common trees in the lowland rainforest of the park are species of the Palaquium genus, Cananga odorata and Dracontomelon dao.[5]
Tangkoko Batuangus Nature Reserve protects at least 127 mammal, 233 bird, and 104 reptile and amphibian species. Of these, 79 mammal, 103 bird, and 29 reptile and amphibian species are endemic to the island.[6]
Threatened mammals include the Celebes crested macaque, of which about 5,500 remain on the island,[7] spectral tarsier, Sulawesi bear cuscus and Sulawesi dwarf cuscus.[2] Birds include the Green-backed Kingfisher, Sulawesi Lilac Kingfisher, Sulawesi Dwarf Kingfisher, knobbed hornbill, Sulawesi hornbill and maleo.[8] Tangkoko Nature Reserve has been a popular destination in North Sulawesi for wildlife watching tourism.
Conservation and threats
editThe first conservation area at Mount Tongkoko was established in 1919. To this the Duasaudara area was added in 1978, and the Batuangus and Batuputih areas in 1981, together encompassing a total of 8,718 hectares (21,540 acres). Visitation is only allowed in the Batuputih area.[2]
Several Indonesian and international environmental organisations are involved with conservation efforts in the reserve, including Sulut Bosami, Wildlife Conservation Society, and Tarantula.[6]
Habitat destruction and hunting pose serious threats to the reserve.[6] As result of hunting, between 1978 and 1993, the number of crested macaques declined by 75%, maleo birds by 90%, and bear cuscus by 95%.[9] A survey of the three surrounding villages conducted in 2005 found that while the most frequently hunted species were rats, locals still hunted for macaques and cuscus both for meat and to be sold on the market.[10]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "Tangkoko Batuangus Nature Reserve". ProtectedPlanet.net. Protected Planet. Archived from the original on 16 March 2012. Retrieved 12 August 2011.
- ^ a b c d "Aset Sejarah Alam Dunia dan Rumah Satwa Sulawesi" [World natural history assets and Sulawesi animal house]. Nasional.Kompas.com (in Indonesian). Kompas. 30 April 2008. Retrieved 29 April 2023.
- ^ Justine Vaisutis (2007). Indonesia. Lonely Planet. ISBN 9781741044355. OCLC 440802910 – via Google Books.
- ^ "Taman Nasional Tangkoko" [Tangkoko National Park]. Koran-Jakarta.com (in Indonesian). PT Berita Nusantara. 25 May 2013. Archived from the original on 24 June 2013.
- ^ Kurniawan (2008). "Association of dominated tree species in lowland tropical forest of Tangkoko Nature Reserve, Bitung, North Sulawesi" (PDF). Biodiversitas. 9 (3).
- ^ a b c Hyginus Hardoyo (5 June 2008). "Nature lovers committed to preserve nature". TheJakartaPost.com. The Jakarta Post.
- ^ Hyginus Hardoyo (5 June 2008). "Watching wild animals at Batuputih Nature Tourism Park". TheJakartaPost.com. The Jakarta Post.
- ^ Kyes (2013). "Long-Term Population Survey of the Sulawesi Black Macaques (Macaca nigra) at Tangkoko Nature Reserve, North Sulawesi, Indonesia" (PDF). American Journal of Primatology. 75 (1).
- ^ Bennett, Elizabeth. "Using wild resources in managed ecosystems". IUCN. Archived from the original on 31 December 2013. Retrieved 31 December 2013.
- ^ Onibala; Laatung (2007). "Bushmeat Hunting in North Sulawesi and Related Conservation Strategies (A case study at the Tangkoko Nature Reserve". Journal of Agriculture and rural Development in the Tropics and Subtropics (90) – via Google Books.
External links
edit
Media related to Tangkoko Batuangus Nature Reserve at Wikimedia Commons
