Tatya Tope

Tatya Tope
Tatya Tope
	Tantya Tope after his capture in 1859
General of the Peshwa's army
	In office; 1856 – 6 December 1857
Succeeded by	Rao Sahib
Personal details
Born	Ramchandra Panduranga Yewalkar; 16 February 1814; Yeola, Nasik, Maratha Confederacy ; (present-day Nashik district, Maharashtra, India)
Died	18 April 1859; (aged 45); Sipri, Gwalior State, British India; (present-day Shivpuri district, Madhya Pradesh, India)
Cause of death	Execution by hanging

Tantia Tope (also spelled Tatya Tope,^[a] Marathi pronunciation: [t̪aːt̪ʲa ʈoːpe]; 16 February 1814 — 18 April 1859) was a notable commander in the Indian Rebellion of 1857.^[1]

Early life

Born as Ramachandra Panduranga Yewalkar to a Marathi Deshastha Brahmin^[2]^[1] family, in Yeola, (near Nasik). A personal adherent of Nana Saheb of Bithoor, he progressed with the Gwalior contingent after the British reoccupied Kanpur (then known as Cawnpore) and forced General Windham to retreat from the city. Later on, Tantia Tope came to the relief of Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi and with her seized the city of Gwalior. However, he was defeated by General Napier's British Indian troops at Ranod and after a further defeat at Sikar, he abandoned the campaign.^[3]

According to an official statement, Tantia Tope's father was Panduranga Yewalkar and his mother was Rukhma Bai.^[4] Tope was a Maraṭha Vashista Brahman by birth.^[4] In a government letter, he was said to be the minister of Baroda, while he was held identical to Nana Saheb in another communication.^[4] A witness at his trial described Tantia Tope as "a man of middling stature, with a wheat complexion and always wearing a white chukri-dar turban".

Tope was executed by the British Government at Sipri (now Shivpuri) on 18 April 1859.

Initial engagement at the Indian rebellion of 1857

After the rebellion in Cawnpore (Kanpur) broke out on 5 June 1857, Nana Saheb became the leader of the freedom fighters. When the British forces at Cawnpore surrendered on 25 /June 1857, Nana was declared Peshwa in late June.^[5] After a defeat, Nana's troops had to withdraw to Bithur, after which Havelock crossed the Ganges and retreated to Awadh.^[5] Tantia Tope began to act in Nana Saheb's name from Bithur.

Tantia Tope was one of the leaders of the massacre of Cawnpore, which occurred on 27 June 1857. Afterwards, Tope held a good defensive position until he was driven out by the British force on 16 July 1857. Afterward, he was defeated by General Cyrill in the Second Battle of Cawnpore, which started on 19 November 1857 and continued for seventeen days. Tope and his army were defeated when the British counterattacked under Sir Colin Campbell.^[6] Tope and other rebels fled the scene and had to take shelter with the Rani of Jhansi, while aiding her as well.

Clash with Colonel Holmes

Later on Tantia and Rao Saheb, after assisting Jhansi during the British assault successfully helped Rani Lakshmibai escape the attack.^[7] Together with Rani Lakshmibai, they took control of Gwalior Fort declaring Hindavi Swaraj (Free Kingdom) under the name of Nana Saheb Peshwa from Gwalior. After losing Gwalior to the British, Tope and Rao Saheb, nephew of Nana Saheb, fled to Rajputana (present-day Rajasthan). He was able to induce the army of Tonk to join him.

Continued resistance

Pencil sketch of Tatya Tope made at Sipri in April 1859, just before his execution

Even after the Revolt of 1857 was put down by the British, Tantia Tope continued resistance as a guerrilla fighter in the jungles.^[8] He also defeated Ratan Singh in Siege of Charkhari. He induced the state forces to rebel against the Raja and was able to replace the artillery he had lost at the Banas River. Tope then took his forces towards Indore, but was pursued by the British, now commanded by General John Michel as he fled towards Sironj. Tope, accompanied by Rao Saheb, decided to divide their combined forces so that he could make his way to Chanderi with a bigger force, and Rao Saheb, on the other hand, with a smaller force to Jhansi. However, they combined again in October and suffered yet another defeat at Chhota Udaipur.

Tantia Tope bust in War Memorial Museum in Red fort

By January 1859, they arrived to the state of Jaipur and experienced two more defeats. At this point, he met Man Singh, Raja of Narwar, and his household and decided to stay at his court. Man Singh was in dispute with the Maharaja of Gwalior while the British were successful in negotiating with him to hand Tope to them in return for his life and protection of his family from any reprisals by the Maharaja. After this event, Tope was handed to the British and left to face his fate.^[9] The British army brought him to Shivpuri.

Execution

Tantia Tope admitted the charges brought before him, but noted that he might be held accountable only before his master, the Peshwa. He was executed on 18 April 1859 at Sipri.^[1] Every year State Government and locals pay tribute to Tatya Tope on this day and organised Shaheed Mela.

Notes

^ Some sources also spell the name as Tantia Tope or Tantia Topi^[1]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Tantia Tope at the Encyclopædia Britannica
^ Mahmud, Syed Jafar (1994). Pillars of modern India, 1757-1947. New Delhi: Ashish Pub. House. pp. 14–15. ISBN 9788170245865.
^ Edwardes, Michael (1975) Red Year. London: Sphere Books; pp. 132-34
^ ^a ^b ^c Paul 2011, p. 53.
^ ^a ^b Paul 2011, p. 54.
^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Tantia Topi" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 401–402.
^ "Tantia Tope and Rani Laxmi Bai". newstrend.news. Newstrend. 11 April 2020. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
^ "Jacket and a Lock of Tata Tope's Hair". Museums of India.
^ Edwardes, Michael (1975) Red Year. London: Sphere Books; pp. 129-35

Bibliography

Rainer Jerosch (2007). The Rani of Jhansi, Rebel Against Will: A Biography of the Legendary Indian Freedom Fighter in the Mutiny of 1857-1858. Aakar Books. ISBN 978-8189833145.
Paul, E Jaiwant (2011). The Greased Cartridge: The Heroes and Villains of 1857-58. ISBN 978-9351940104.

Tatya Tope

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