A tarantula hawk is a spider wasp (Pompilidae) that preys on tarantulas. Tarantula hawks belong to any of the many species in the genera Pepsis and Hemipepsis. They are one of the largest parasitoid wasps, using their sting to paralyze their prey before dragging it to a brood nest as living food; a single egg is laid on the prey, hatching to a larva which eats the still-living host. They are found on all continents other than Europe and Antarctica.
| Tarantula hawk | |
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| male Pepsis on a milkweed plant | |
Scientific classification
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | Pompilidae |
| Subfamily: | Pepsinae |
| Tribe: | Pepsini |
| Genera with tarantula hawk species | |
Description
editThese wasps grow up to 6.5 centimetres (2+1⁄2 in) long, making them among the largest of wasps, and have blue-black bodies and bright, rust-colored wings (other species have black wings with blue highlights). The vivid coloration found on their bodies, and especially wings, is aposematic, advertising to potential predators the wasps' ability to deliver a powerful sting. Their long legs have hooked claws for grappling with their victims. The stinger of a female Pepsis grossa can be up to 12 mm (15⁄32 in) long, and the powerful sting is considered one of the most painful insect stings in the world.[1][2]
Behavior
editThe female tarantula hawk wasp stings a tarantula between the legs, paralyzing it, and then drags the prey to a specially prepared burrow, where a single egg is laid on the spider's abdomen, and the burrow entrance is covered.[3] Sex of offspring is determined by fertilization; fertilized eggs produce females, while unfertilized eggs produce males.[3] When the wasp larva hatches, it creates a small hole in the spider's abdomen, then enters and feeds voraciously, avoiding vital organs for as long as possible to keep the spider alive.[3] After several weeks, the larva pupates. Finally, the wasp becomes an adult and emerges from the spider's abdomen to continue the life cycle.
Adult tarantula hawks are nectarivorous. While the wasps tend to be most active in the daytime in summer, they tend to avoid high temperatures. The male tarantula hawk does not hunt. Both males and females feed on the flowers of milkweeds, western soapberry trees, or mesquite trees.[4] Male tarantula hawks have been observed practicing a behavior called hill-topping, in which they sit atop tall plants and watch for passing females ready to reproduce. The males can become resident defenders of the favorable reproduction spots for hours into the afternoon.[5] Females are not very aggressive, in that they are hesitant to sting, but the sting is extraordinarily painful.[1]
Distribution
editWorldwide distribution of tarantula hawks includes areas from India to Southeast Asia, Africa,[6] Australia, and the Americas, with the genus Pepsis entirely restricted to the New World. In the latter, Pepsis species have been observed from as far north as Logan, Utah and south as far as Argentina, with at least 250 species living in South America.[7] Eighteen species of Pepsis and three species of Hemipepsis are found in the United States,[8] primarily in the deserts of the southwestern United States, with Pepsis grossa (formerly Pepsis formosa)[9] and Pepsis thisbe being common.[citation needed] The two species are difficult to distinguish, but the majority of P. grossa have metallic blue bodies and reddish antennae, which separates them from P. thisbe. Both species have bright orange wings that become transparent near the tip.
Sting
editTarantula hawk wasps are relatively docile and rarely sting without provocation. However, the sting—particularly that of P. grossa—is among the most painful of all insects, though the intense pain only lasts about five minutes.[10] One researcher described the pain as "...immediate, excruciating, unrelenting pain that simply shuts down one's ability to do anything, except scream. Mental discipline simply does not work in these situations."[7] In terms of scale, the wasp's sting is rated near the top of the Schmidt sting pain index, second only to that of the bullet ant, and is described by Schmidt as "blinding, fierce[, and] shockingly electric".[2] Because of their extremely large stingers, very few animals are able to eat them; one of the few that can is the roadrunner. Many predatory animals avoid these wasps, and many different insects mimic them, including various other wasps and bees (Müllerian mimics), as well as moths, flies (e.g., mydas flies), and beetles (e.g., Tragidion) (Batesian mimics).
Aside from the possibility of triggering an allergic reaction, the sting is not dangerous and does not require medical attention. Local redness appears in most cases after the pain, and lasts for up to a week.
State insect of New Mexico
editThe U.S. state of New Mexico chose a species of tarantula hawk (specifically, P. formosa, now known as P. grossa) in 1989 to become its official state insect. Its selection was prompted by a group of elementary school children from Edgewood doing research on states that had adopted state insects. They selected three insects as candidates and mailed ballots to all schools for a statewide election. The winner was the tarantula hawk wasp.[11]
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Male tarantula hawk at Grant Ranch County Park, near San Jose, California -
Tarantula hawk dragging a paralysed orange-kneed tarantula, Costa Rica -
Tarantula hawk stinger -
Tarantula hawk's blue-black abdomen
References
edit- ^ a b Starr, C.K. (1985). "A simple pain scale for field comparison of Hymenopteran stings" (PDF). Journal of Entomological Science. 20 (2): 225–231. doi:10.18474/0749-8004-20.2.225.
- ^ a b Schmidt, Justin O.; Blum, Murray S.; Overal, William L. (1983). "Hemolytic activities of stinging insect venoms". Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology. 1 (2): 155–160. doi:10.1002/arch.940010205.
- ^ a b c "The wasp that kills tarantulas". BBC Earth. 13 January 2015. Retrieved 15 January 2015.
- ^ Phillips, Steven J.; Comus, Patricia Wentworth, eds. (2000). A Natural History of the Sonoran Desert. University of California Press. pp. 464–466. ISBN 0-520-21980-5.
- ^ Alcock J (2017). "A long-term study of male territoriality in the tarantula hawk wasp (Hemipepsis ustulata; Pompilidae) in Central Arizona". The Southwestern Naturalist. 62 (2): 109–112. doi:10.1894/0038-4909-62.2.109. S2CID 90778145.
- ^ GBIF
- ^ a b "Tarantula Hawks". Retrieved 2010-07-26.
- ^ "Bug Guide - Pepsis - Tarantula Hawks". Retrieved 2016-05-05.
- ^ Vardy, C.R. (2002). "The New World tarantula-hawk wasp genus Pepsis Fabricius (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae). Part 2. The P. grossa- to P. deaurata-groups."
- ^ Conniff, Richard (2009-08-10). "Oh, Sting, Where Is Thy Death?". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2015-09-14. Retrieved 2010-05-24.
- ^ NM Legislature visitors guide (PDF). New Mexico Legislature. p. 33. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-11-21.
External links
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- '"Instantaneous, Electrifying, Excruciating Pain", book excerpt by entomologist Justin O. Schmidt