Taz is a dialect of Northeastern Mandarin spoken by the Taz people of the Russian Far East.[4] There are a few loanwords from Tungusic languages, but no obvious Tungusic effect on the grammar.[5]
| Taz | |
|---|---|
| Тазы хуаюй Tazi huayü | |
| Region | Russian Far East |
| Ethnicity | 274 Taz people[1] (2010 census)[2] |
Native speakers | (undated figure of <10)[3] |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| Glottolog | None |
Taz is largely mutually intelligible with Mandarin. In 1992, some Chinese bought ginseng from the Taz. They spoke Standard Chinese and Taz, respectively, and could understand one other. What they did not understand were mainly place names and social terms.[5]
History
editThe Taz are descendants of the intermarriage of Han Chinese immigrants and local Tungusic peoples. In the early to middle 19th century, Han Chinese from Northeast China moved to the Ussuri River basin and engaged in ginseng harvesting, fishing and hunting. The immigrants were mostly men, and they married the local Udege and Nanai peoples. Their language, while remaining completely Chinese grammatically, adopted some loan words from Nanai and Udege.[4] There is a 400-word dictionary, but the language otherwise has no writing system and is a purely oral language.[6] In 1880, the language was used by a thousand people. By the beginning of the 21st century, only a few elderly people still spoke it. The 2002 All-Russian Census recorded that all Taz people regarded Russian as their mother tongue. The 2010 census found 274 Taz people but no Taz speakers,[2] so the Taz language is likely to be extinct.
Phonology
editTaz is a typical Northeastern Mandarin dialect. There is no retroflex series, but there is erhua. Words with an r initial of Standard Chinese (MSC) have an initial y in Taz, and some words with an initial f in MSC have an initial h in Taz. The MSC finals -ai and -ou are pronounced -ei and -u in Taz, whereas nasal finals are mostly realized as nasal vowels. Taz has the four lexical tones and the neutral tone of MSC and Northeast Mandarin. The yin ping tone (tone 1) is lower than in MSC, and yang ping (tone 2) 为降升调. The distinction between yang ping and shang tone (tone 3) is not obvious. The pitch drops at the end of a sentence, and can sound like a shang or qu tone.[5]
Vocabulary
editThe vocabulary is typical of Northeastern Mandarin, with such characteristic words as 俺們 for 'we', дэй3фань4 dei3fan4 for 'food' and 日頭 for 'sun'. There are a few loanwords from Tungusic languages, such as араки ar'aki 'wine', яцзига yajiga 'daughter' (Udege ajiga), etc. Исима yixima 'rainbow trout' may be from Oroch.[5]
Sample texts
editListed below are some Taz sentences.[5] They are transcribed in standard Russian Cyrillicized Chinese.
цзиэр1гэ
jiērge
нао3хуъ.
nǎohu.
It's warm today.
цзоу4фан4лэ.
zòufànle.
Dinner's ready. lit., (it's) cooked
стакан
stakan
ман2суй3
mánsuǐ
/
/
гао2дуо1сао1суй3.
gáoduōsāosuǐ.
The glass is full of water / ?How much water to put. (Russian: стакан stakan)
цзе4цяъ4
jièqià
йи1хан
yīhan
ни3
nǐ
цуань1дэ
cuānde
да4.
dà.
This dress is too big for you. lit., you're wearing it big
лян2цзя4
liángjià
йин3
yǐn
/
/
лян2цзя4
liángjià
йин3цзя
yǐnjia
Two families.
во3
wǒ
цзиэр4гэ
jièrge
цянь2
qián
бу2дэгоу4
búdegòu
сы3хуаъ.
sǐhua.
I don't have enough money today.
лэй2ба,
léiba,
цуанмэйр2ба.
cuangméirba.
Come, join us.
цзе1ли
jiēli
ци2лэ
qíle
хуо2лэ.
huóle.
There was a fire here.
ни2
ní
дэй3цзяр4
děijiàr
лэй2
léi
ганъ4
gàn
хан2ма.
hánma.
ни3
nǐ
дан4
dàng
во3
wǒ
гань4хуо2.
gànhuó.
What are you doing here, you're interrupting my work.
References
edit- ^ "Tazy" Тазы. Etnic.ru (in Russian). Archived from the original on 2020-09-23. Retrieved 2018-10-12.
- ^ a b "Natsionalny sostav naseleniya Rossiyskoy federatsii" Национальный состав населения Российской федерации (Table) (in Russian). Archived from the original (XLS) on 2012-04-24. Retrieved 2019-07-06 – via perepis-2010.ru.
- ^ "Тазовский китайский язык | Малые языки России". minlang.iling-ran.ru. Retrieved 2024-09-07.
- ^ a b "Tazy" Тазы. Assotsiatsiya korennykh malochislennykh narodov Severa, Sibiri i Dalnego Vostoka Rossiyskoy Federatsii (AKMNSS i DV RF) Ассоциация коренных малочисленных народов Севера, Сибири и Дальнего Востока Российской Федерации (АКМНСС и ДВ РФ) (in Russian). Archived from the original on 2020-11-16. Retrieved 2018-10-12.
- ^ a b c d e Kazama, Shinjiro 風間 伸次郎; Podmaskin, V.V. [В.В. Подмаскин] (2002). "Tāzu no gengo to bunka" ターズの言語と文化. In Irimoto, Takashi 煎本孝 (ed.). Tōhoku Ajia sho minzoku no bunka dōtai 東北アジア諸民族の文化動態 (PDF) (in Japanese). Sapporo-shi: Hokkaidō Daigaku Toshokankōkai. ISBN 4-8329-6241-8.
- ^ "Lingvisty popytayutsya sokhranit yazyk tazov" Лингвисты попытаются сохранить язык тазов. NTV НТВ (in Russian). 2005-10-25. Archived from the original on 2020-08-21. Retrieved 2020-04-04.
Bibliography
edit- Belikov, Vladimir and Elena Perexval’skaja. 1994. "Tazov jazyk [The language of the Taz]", in Vladimir Neroznak (ed.) Krasnaja kniga jazykov narodov Rossii. Enciklopedičeskij slovar’-spravočnik [The Red Book of languages of Russia. Encyclopedic dictionary]. Moscow: Academia, 50–51.