The Technical Intern Training Program (技能実習制度, Ginō Jisshū Seido) is a work training program providing employment opportunities for foreign nationals in Japan.
Technical Intern can work for up to five years in Japan: 1 gou (1st year – Basic level), 2 gou (2nd and 3rd year – Intermediate), 3 gou (4th and 5th year – Advanced). Technical Interns who have completed 2 gou or 3 gou can continue to work under the specified skill status.
When the system was first established, administered by the Japan International Training Cooperation Organization (JITCO) its stated purpose is to provide training, technical skills and technology experience for workers from developing economies.[1][2]
The government-run internship aims to support the international cooperation program and was first established in 1993.[3]
Since the Labor Standards Act was not applied at the start of the system, some workplaces have engaged practices such as the non-payment of wages and poor working environments.[4] It has been accused of being a modern slavery system.[5]
Participation
editAccording to Ministry of Justice data, there were 192,655 technical interns in Japan under the terms of the program as of 2015[update], an increase of about 15% from the previous year.[6] In 2017, China was the largest source of interns, at 46.2% of the total,[7] followed by Vietnam at 29.9% and the Philippines at 9.2%.[6]
In 2019, almost half of 410,000 Vietnamese workers participated in the TITP program.[8]
In December 2019, 328,360 foreign workers were registered as technical trainees.[9]
According to Japan's Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare, approximately 35,000 workplaces hosted interns as of the end of 2015.[10] Small businesses in rural locations in Japan employ many of the trainees, who are often hosted by local commerce and industry groups and small-business associations. Approximately 42% of trainees work in the seafood processing industry, and as Mazumi finds, in contrast to some criticisms that trainees take jobs from domestic workers, in the seafood processing industry trainees are mostly found in regions which suffer from a shortage of a stable (non-seasonal) workforce. In these areas, "the larger the employment size of the seafood processing industry in the local labor market, and the higher the productivity of the industry, the higher the share of migrants in the local labor force."[11]
History of institutional reform
edit- July 2010 – Revision of the Immigration Control and Refugee Recognition Act. Establishment of the "technical training" residence status.
- November 2016 – Technical Intern Training Act enacted
- January 2017 – Establishment of Organization for Technical Intern Training (OTIT)[12]
- November 2017 – Technical Intern Training Act comes into force
Since the 2017 system changes, the OTIT has placed a particular emphasis on the protection of Technical Interns. Under the new system, the OTIT focuses on compliance (with laws and regulations), additional schemes (3 gou), and the protection of Technical Interns.
Organization for Technical Intern Training
editThe OTIT conducts regular on-site inspections, every year for each Supervising organization,[clarification needed] and every 3 years for each Implementing organization.[clarification needed]
If an on-site inspection finds violations of the law, administrative action may be taken, such as revocation of the permit or certification.
Criticism
editThe program has come under increasing scrutiny for alleged labour rights violations, occupational health and safety issues and lax administrative oversight.[13] It has also faced criticism that the trainees are forced to work overtime and are subject to unsafe working conditions.[14]
In 2016, the United States Department of State's Trafficking in Persons Report pointed out that the program "originally designed to foster basic technical skills among foreign workers has effectively become a guest worker program." The report says many interns are "placed in jobs that do not teach or develop technical skills."[10] The program was criticized for trying to counteract the lack of low-skilled workers around the business sector.[15]
According to official figures from the Japanese Ministry of Justice in 2019, between 2012 and 2017 about 171 trainees died during the program. The investigation also revealed that 759 cases of suspected abuse had taken place.[16][17][18]
Several Japanese organizations and politicians have demanded the Technical Intern Training Program to be abolished, among them Solidarity Network with Migrants Japan (SMJ), the Japan Federation of Bar Associations (JFBA), as well as the current Minister for Administrative Reform and Regulatory Reform, Tarō Kōno (LDP).[19]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "Outline of Technical Intern Training Program". Japan International Training Cooperation Organisation. JITCO. Retrieved 27 August 2016.
- ^ "Abuse of Chinese trainees 'rampant' in Japan - EUROPE - Chinadaily.com.cn". europe.chinadaily.com.cn. Retrieved 2021-07-05.
- ^ "Foreign Technical Intern Training Program｜A Perfect Guide to Get Jobs and Work in Japan – jopus". A Perfect Guide to Get Jobs and Work in Japan – jopus. 2 July 2019. Retrieved 2021-07-05.
- ^ Cheating cases by workplace in heisei30(2018)-30 January 2021, Immigration Services Agency of Japan
- ^ Migrant workers 'exploited' in Japan, 25 August 2019, BBC News
- ^ a b "New Technical intern Training Program" (PDF). Retrieved 2021-07-08.
- ^ "Abuse of Chinese trainees 'rampant' in Japan - EUROPE - Chinadaily.com.cn". europe.chinadaily.com.cn. Retrieved 2021-07-08.
- ^ "How Japan's Labor Trainee Program Hurts Relations With Vietnam". thediplomat.com. Retrieved 2021-07-13.
- ^ Osumi, Magdalena (2019-03-29). "Probe reveals 759 cases of suspected abuse and 171 deaths of foreign trainees in Japan". The Japan Times. Retrieved 2021-07-14.
- ^ a b Iwamoto, Kentaro (18 August 2016). "Abuses rampant in foreign trainee program, Japan labor ministry finds". Nikkei Asian Review. Retrieved 27 August 2016.
- ^ Mazumi, Yusuke (2019). "What shapes local demand for 'guest worker' migrants in Japan? The case of the seafood processing industry". Contemporary Japan. 31 (1): 2–20. doi:10.1080/18692729.2018.1563346. S2CID 169984790.
- ^ Organization for Technical Intern Training (OTIT)
- ^ "Japan's foreign trainee program suffering from shocking lack of oversight". Japan Times. Kyodo. 13 August 2014. Retrieved 27 August 2016.
- ^ "Abuse of Chinese trainees 'rampant' in Japan - EUROPE - Chinadaily.com.cn". europe.chinadaily.com.cn. Retrieved 2021-07-19.
- ^ "How Japan's Labor Trainee Program Hurts Relations With Vietnam". thediplomat.com. Retrieved 2021-07-20.
- ^ Osumi, Magdalena (2019-03-29). "Probe reveals 759 cases of suspected abuse and 171 deaths of foreign trainees in Japan". The Japan Times. Retrieved 2021-07-28.
- ^ "How Japan's Labor Trainee Program Hurts Relations With Vietnam". thediplomat.com. Retrieved 2021-07-28.
- ^ "MoLHR signs up for another controversial employment program in Japan". The Bhutanese. Retrieved 2021-07-28.
- ^ Kremers, Daniel (2014). "Transnational Migrant Advocacy From Japan: Tipping the Scales in the Policy-making Process". Pacific Affairs. 87 (4): 725. doi:10.5509/2014874715.