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Tell Arbid

Tell Arbid is an ancient Near East archaeological site in the Khabur River Basin region of Al-Hasakah Governorate, Syria, about 50 kilometers north northeast of modern Al-Hasakah. It is located 45 kilometers south of Tell Mozan, the site of ancient Urkesh and about 15 kilometers from the site of Chagar Bazar. The Halafian site of Tell Arbid Abyad is a short distance away.[1]

Tell Arbid
Tell Arbid is located in Syria
Tell Arbid
Shown within Syria
LocationAl-Hasakah Governorate, Syria
Coordinates36°52′20.51″N 41°1′17.61″E / 36.8723639°N 41.0215583°E / 36.8723639; 41.0215583
Typesettlement
History
Founded3rd millennium BC
PeriodsBronze Age
Site notes
Excavation dates1934-1936, 1996-2010
ArchaeologistsM.E.L. Mallowan, Piotr Bieliński, Ahmad Serriyeh, Rafał Koliński
ConditionRuined
OwnershipPublic
Public accessYes

History

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The site was heavily occupied in the 3rd Millennium BC during the Early Dynastic period that started c. 2900 BC, primarily during Ninevite 5 (2900-2600 BC). In northern Mesopotamia this is equivalent to the Early Jezirah I–II period. The ruins of an extensive city dated to the Ninevite 5 period cover almost the entire site.[2] It was located between the largest centers of the region in the 3rd millennium BC: Tell Brak (ancient Nagar) and Tell Mozan (ancient Urkish). Other contemporary sites in this area of Khabur River basin are Hamoukar and Chagar Bazar. The site was occupied only sporadically in the Akkadian, Mitanni, Neo-Babylonian and the Hellenistic period. [3]

Archaeology

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Tell Arbid

The site consists of a large main tell and four smaller mounds, together covering about 38 hectares with a height of around 30 meters. The main tell (with an area if around 12 hectares) consists primarily of Mittanni, Akkadian, Early Dynastic, and Ninevite 5 layers with the latter two including monumental buildings.[3]

The initial excavation of Tell Arbid was performed by a British Museum team led by M.E.L. Mallowan, opening 8 trenches and investigating a number of graves. The operation ran from 1934 to 1936. Items collected, including a Halafian duck bead and Uruk period pottery sherds, during the excavations ended up in the British Museum, the Institute of Archaeology Collections at University College London, the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford, and at the National Museum of Aleppo in Syria (325 of which were later moved to a museum in Deir ez-Zor)[4][5] A survey was done at the site in the 1990s by Bertille Lyonnet of the Centre National de Recherches Scientifiques in Paris.[6]

For 15 seasons beginning in 1996 the site was excavated by a Polish-Syrian team led by Piotr Bieliński from the Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology University of Warsaw and Dr. Ahmad Serriyeh from Damascus University.[7][8][9] This work has continued through the 2010 season.[10][11] During 2000 they were assisted by a joint American/Austrian team from the Oriental Institute of the University of Vienna and Archeos Inc led by Gebhard Seltz and David Nelson Gimbel which focused on the North slope.[12] From 2008 to 2010 a team led by Rafal Kolinski excavated a cemetery area on the Eastern slope of the site. In the cemetery, dating from Middle Bronze II, a skeleton was found showing hallmarks from a lifetime of grain grinding labor.[13][14]

 
Map of Syria in the second millennium BC

The most important features include a Ninevite 5 temple (the so-called Southern Temple) with a ramp leading to it, uncovered in 2008. Another sacral building, the so-called Southwestern Temple, was found on the western side of the tell.[15] The excavators also identified graves from different periods – Ninevite 5 culture,[16] Khabur culture (1950–1500 BC), and two richly-furnished women's graves from the Mitanni period (1500–1300 BC) One of the graves was of a high status individual and contained numerous pottery, bronze and gold grave goods as well as two cylinder seals and two faience scarabs.[17]

The city was in its heyday in the first half of the 3rd millennium BC. Residential and economic quarters, as well as official and sacral buildings, date to this period. The finds from the Akkadian period are fewer and include whole vessels and architectural remains. Traces of settlement dating to the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC were found only in some parts of the site. The Mitanni-period layers yielded residential houses and graves. After a settlement hiatus, which lasted until the Neo-Babylonian period, domestic structures reappeared; finds from this period include cylinder seals. The excavators also discovered the remains of a caravanserai from the 3rd millennium BC.[18]

The excavations at Tell Arbid yielded a rich assemblage of 577 zoomorphic and 67 anthropomorphic clay figurines, dated to the 3rd and 2nd millennium BC. The 3rd millennium figures, about 40 in number, are smaller and more crudely made and fired compared to the later figures, from the Khabur Ware period.[19][20][21] Stone beads (made of carnelian and lapis lazuli, among others), cylinder seals, and stone tools were also found. An interesting group of objects consists of 40 terracotta chariot models, preserved whole or in fragments, dating from the Ninevite 5 culture to the Khabur culture.[22]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Mateiciucová, Inna, "Tell Arbid Abyad: New Late Neolithic Site in the Upper Khabur Basin, NE Syria: A First Preliminary Report", Proceedings of the 6th International Congress of the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East. Vol. 3, pp. 411-422, 2010
  2. ^ Smogorzewska, Anna, "The final stage of ninevite 5 pottery: morphological types, technology and diachronic analysis from Tell Arbid (north-east Syria)", Iraq, vol. 78, pp. 175–214, 2016
  3. ^ a b Polish-Syrian Archaeological Expedition to Tell Arbid
  4. ^ M.E.L. Mallowan, "The excavations at Tell Chagar Bazar and an archaeological survey of the Habur region. 2nd Campaign", Iraq, vol. 4, pp. 90-154, 1936
  5. ^ Rafal Kolinski, "Sir Max Mallowan's excavations at Tell Arbid in 1936", Iraq, vol. 69, pp. 73-115, 2007
  6. ^ Bertille Lyonnet, "La prospection archéologique de la partie occidentale du Haut-Khabur (Syrie du nord-est) : Méthodes, résultats et questions autour de l´occupation aux IIIe et Iie millénaires av. n. E." In : Durand, J.M. (Ed.) Mari et les hourites. Amurru 1. ERC, Paris, 1998
  7. ^ Piotr Bielinski, "Preliminary Report on the First Season of Syro-Polish Excavations on Tell Arbid", Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean, vol. 8, pp. 203-211, 1996
  8. ^ [1] Piotr Bielinski, "Tell Arbid: The fourth season", Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean, vol. 11, pp. 273-284, 1999
  9. ^ Piotr Bielinski, "Tell Arbid: The ninth season of Syrian-Polish excavations. Preliminary report", Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean, vol. 16, pp. 475-489, 2004
  10. ^ Piotr Bielinski, "Report on the Syrian-Polish Explorations in 2005. The Tenth Season", PAM XVII, Reports 2005, pp. 451-471, 2007
  11. ^ Piotr Bielinski, "Tell Arbid. Preliminary Report on the Eleventh Season of Polish-Syrian Explorations", PAM XVIII, Reports 2006, pp. 549-561, 2008
  12. ^ Gimbel, D.N. and Selz, G., "A first preliminary Report of the Excavation Project of the 'Institut für Orientalistik der Universität Wien' and Archaeos at Tell Arbid", Syria, Sector D, 2002
  13. ^ Sołtysiak, A., "Cereal grinding technology in ancient Mesopotamia: evidence from dental microwear", Journal of Archaeological Science 38 (10), pp. 2805-2810, 2011
  14. ^ Pitre, Mindy C., et al., "A Possible 'Grinder' from Tell Arbid, Syria", Anthropologischer Anzeiger, vol. 74, no. 4, pp. 297–307, 2017
  15. ^ Piotr Bielinski, "Preliminary Results of the Fifteenth Field Season of Joint Polish–Syrian Explorations on Tell Arbid", Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean, vol. 22, pp. 351–370, 2013
  16. ^ Szeląg, D., "Adult burials of Ninevite 5 date on Tell Arbid (2007-2008)", Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean 21 (Research 2009), pp. 585-604, 2012
  17. ^ Smogorzewska, Anna, "Mittani Grave at Tell Arbid", Damaszener Mitteilungen 15, pp. 67-93, 2006
  18. ^ [2] Koliński, Rafał, "Tell Arbid. Adam Mickiewicz University excavations in Sector P (spring season of 2010)", Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean XXII, pp. 451-478, 2013
  19. ^ Makowski, M., "Anthropomorphic Figurines of the Second Millennium BC from Tell Arbid. Preliminary Report", Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean 22, pp. 617–626, 2013
  20. ^ ]Makowski, M., "Anthropomorphic Figurines of the Third Millennium BC from Tell Arbid. Preliminary report", Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean 17, pp. 472–482, 2007
  21. ^ Makowski, M., "Zoomorphic Clay Figurines from Tell Arbid. Preliminary Report", Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean 24/1, pp. 627–656, 2015
  22. ^ Raccidi, M. (2012). "Chariot Terracotta Models from Tell Arbid" (PDF). Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean. 21.

Further reading

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  • Come, Tell Me How You Live, Agatha Christie, Akadine Press, 2002, ISBN 1-58579-010-9
  • Piotr Bielinski, "Tell Arbid: Preliminary report 1998", Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean, vol. 10, pp. 205–216, 1998
  • [3] Piotr Bielinski, "Tell Arbid: The 2003 campaign of Polish-Syrian excavations preliminary report", Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean, vol. 15, pp. 335–353, 2003
  • Piotr Bielinski, "Tell Arbid: Interim report of the fifth season", Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean, vol. 12, pp. 315–326, 2000
  • [4] Piotr Bielinski, "Tell Arbid: The sixth campaign of excavations preliminary report", Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean, vol. 13, pp. 279–294, 2001
  • Piotr Bielinski, "Tell Arbid: The seventh season of excavations: Preliminary report", Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean, vol. 14, pp. 301–314, 2002
  • Piotr Bielinski, "Tell Arbid, Preliminary Report on the Results of the Twelfth Season of Syrian-Polish Excavations", Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean, vol. 19, pp. 537–554, 2010
  • Piotr Bielinski, "Tell Arbid 2008–2009, Preliminary Report on the Results of the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Seasons of Polish-Syrian Excavations", Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean, vol. 21, pp. 511–536, 2012
  • [5] Makowski, Maciej, "Terracotta equid figurines from Tell Arbid. New evidence on equids, their equipment and exploitation in north Mesopotamia during third and first half of second millennium BC". Études et Travaux (Institut des Cultures Méditerranéennes et Orientales de l'Académie Polonaise des Sciences) 27, pp. 257–278, 2014
  • [6] Piątkowska-Małecka, Joanna, and Anna Smogorzewska, "Animal economy at Tell Arbid, northeast Syria, in the third millennium BC", Bioarchaeology of the Near East 4, pp. 25–43, 2010
  • [7] Smogorzewska, Anna, "Fire Installations in Household Activities. Archaeological Study from Tell Arbid (North-East Syria)", Paléorient, vol. 38, no. 1/2, pp. 227–47, 2012
  • [8] A. Soltysiak, "Short Fieldwork Report. Tell Arbid (Syria), Seasons 1996–2002", Studies in Historical Anthropology, vol. 3, pp. 135–136, 2006
  • [9] Wygnańska, Zuzanna, "Burial Customs at Tell Arbid (Syria) in the Middle Bronze Age Cultural Interrelations with the Nile Delta and the Levant", Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean XX, pp. 605–618, 2011
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