Tell al-Dhiba'i, (also Tell edh-Dhiba'i and Tell adh-Dhiba), is an archaeological site in Baghdad Governorate (Iraq). It lies within the borders of modern Baghdad near Tell Muhammad and 3 kilometers northeast of Shaduppum (Tell Harmal), more specifically in the neighborhood of New Baghdad.[1] Uzarzalulu/Zaralulu has been proposed as the original name of the city.[2][3][4] An alternative proposal is Šadlaš.[5] Known rulers of Šadlaš are Sumu-Amnānum, Sumu-numḫim and Sumu-Šamaš.[6] The city was occupied mainly during the Isin-Larsa period and Old Babylonian period.[7] Not to be confused with the Sassanian period site Tell al-Dhiba'i near Uruk.[8]
  Shown within Iraq  Tell al-Dhiba'i (Near East) | |
| Location | Baghdad Governorate, Iraq |
|---|---|
| Region | Mesopotamia |
| Coordinates | 33°18′36″N 44°28′48″E / 33.31000°N 44.48000°E |
| Type | settlement |
| History | |
| Periods | Isin-Larsa period, Old Babylonian Empire |
| Site notes | |
| Excavation dates | 1947, 1962, 1982-1984 |
| Archaeologists | Muhammed Ali Mustafa, Nahida Abdul Feta |
Archaeology
editThe site consists of three mounds covering a rectangular area of about 45000 square meters (300 meters by 150 meters) and rising to 7 meters. The highest mound is to the north. The Directorate-General of Antiquities of Iraq conducted three seasons of excavations, led by Muhammed Ali Mustafa, in 1947, 1962, and 1965.[1][9][10] Before excavations began the site, being near Baghdad, had already been extensively dug by illegal workers in some areas in search of tablets and small finds. In 1982-84 a Iraqi State Organization for Antiquities and Heritage team led by Nahida Abdul Feta did some additional excavation on Old Babylonian houses there. A 50 meter by 50 meter section was excavated adjacent to the temple, and a number of cuneiform tablets were found.[11][12][13]
History
editFive occupation layers were found on the central mound, underlain by scattered Akkadian Empire and Ur III period remains. The city of Zaralulu was known in the Akkadian Empire period.[14] Level IV was marked by the remains large Kassite era foundations that cut into the lower level. The most significant level was Level V, where roughly 100 cuneiform tablets, mostly business or administrative records, and a temple (14.5 by 18.5 meters) of the god Lasimu (or Lassimu) were uncovered. The Level V occupation was destroyed by conflagration and the site abandoned. The tablets were mainly administrative and loan contracts. Date formulas on tablets, including the death of Belakum, king of Eshnunna. He was a contemporary of Sumu-la-El (c. 1880-1845 BC) of Babylon showing this level to date to the early period of the First Dynasty of Babylon.[15] Most of the city rulers had Amorite names.[16] Cylinder seals were also recovered, some the same as at Tell Harmal.[17][18] The northern and southern mounds had levels III, IV, and V with level III having a large building. The north mound produced a number of tablets and other finds. In total roughly 300 tablets were found at the site "183 administrative documents, 45 receipts, 31 letters, 9 loan contracts, 3 mathematical texts and 8 miscellane".[19][20][21] An important discovery was a copper-smith operation including most of its tools including bellows, crucibles, and lost wax molds, dated to the Old Babylonian period.[22][23] There are some Neo-Babylonian and Kassite graves at surface level of the site.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b [1]Mustafa, M.A., "Soundings at Tell al-Dhiba’i", Sumer, vol. 5, iss. 2, pp. 173–88, 1949
- ^ [2]Abdullah, A.K., "The paramount god and the old name of Al-Dhiba’i", Sumer, vol. 23, no. 1-2, pp. 189–92, 1967
- ^ [3]Matoušová , M., "Running Adad", Sumer, vol. 22, iss. 1-2, pp. 115-117, 1966
- ^ Viaggio, Salvatore, "Tell adh-Dhiba’i / Zaralulu", Geo-Archeologia, vol. 2000/1, pp. 27-41, 2000
- ^ Rashid, F., "The old name of Tell Al-Dhiba’i", Sumer, vol. 23, no. 1-2, pp. 177*-82*, 1967 [in Arabic]
- ^ Boer, Rients de, "Beginnings of Old Babylonian Babylon: Sumu-abum and Sumu-la-El", Journal of Cuneiform Studies 70.1, pp. 53-86, 2018
- ^ [4]Al-Hashimi, R., "New light on the date of Harmal and Dhiba’i", Sumer, vol. 28, no. 1-2, pp. 29–33, 1972
- ^ [5] R. McC. Adams and H. Nissen, "The Uruk Countryside: The Natural Setting of Urban Societies", Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972 ISBN 0-226-00500-3
- ^ [6]Al-Gailani, L., "Tell Al-Dhiba’i", Sumer, vol. 21, iss. 1-2, pp. 33–40, 1965
- ^ Jeffery Orchard, "Recent Archaeological Activity in Iraq: A Review", Iraq, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 104–09, 1963
- ^ Hamoudi, K.K., Al-Khayaat, A.A. and Mihawish, N.G., "Excavations at Tell Al-Dhiba’i", Sumer, vol.46, pp. 91*–112*, 1989–90 [in Arabic; English translation in Supplement to Sumer 46 (1999): 20–27]
- ^ "Excavations in Iraq, 1981-82", Iraq, vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 199–224, 1983
- ^ "Excavations in Iraq, 1983-84". Iraq, vol. 47, pp. 215–39, 1985
- ^ [7]Gentili, P., "Sargonic Names in the Diyala Region and Beyond", Cuneiform Digital Library Preprints 12, 2008
- ^ Isma’el, Khalid Salim, and Eleanor Robson, "Arithmetical Tablets from Iraqi Excavations in the Diyala", in Your Praise Is Sweet: A Memorial Volume for Jeremy Black from Students, Colleagues and Friends, British Institute for the Study of Iraq, pp. 151–64, 2010
- ^ [8]Baqir, T., "Date formulae from Dhiba’i", Sumer, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 140–3, 1949
- ^ [9]Matoušová-Rajmova, M., "Some cylinder seals from Dhiba’i and Harmal", Sumer, vol. 31, no. 1-2, pp. 49–66, 1975
- ^ Beatrice, Teissier, "Tbe Old Babylonian Period", Ancient Near Eastern Cylinder Seals from the Marcopoli Collection, Berkeley: University of California Press, pp. 20-27, 1984
- ^ [10]Baqir, T., "Tell Dhiba’i: new mathematical texts", Sumer, vol. 18, iss. 1-2, pp. 11–14, 1962
- ^ [11]Khalid Salim Isma’el and Eleanor Robson, "Arithmetical tablets from Iraqi excavations in the Diyala.", YOUR PRAISE IS SWEET, British Institute for the Study of Iraq, pp. 151-164, 2010
- ^ Abdul Karim and Abdullah Ahmad, "Old Babylonian Loan Contracts in the Iraq Museum from Tell Al-Dhiba'i and Tell Harmal", University of Baghdad, 1964
- ^ Davey, C. J., "The Metalworker's Tools from Tell Edh Dhiba'i.", Bulletin of the Institute of Archaeology, London University, vol. 20, pp. 169-185, 1983
- ^ [12]Davey, Christopher J. "Tell edh-Dhiba’i and the southern Near Eastern metalworking tradition." The Beginning of the Use of Metals and Alloys (1988): 63-8