Tell er-Rameh or Tall el-Rama is a small mound in Jordan rising in the plain east of the River Jordan, about twelve miles from Jericho. It presently has a Muslim cemetery on the acropolis that prevents it from being excavated. It has been traditionally identified as the location of Livias.[1] The team recently excavating at Tell el-Hammam however, is proposing that Tell er-Rameh was the commercial and residential centre of Livias, while the administrative centre was located at Tall el-Hammam.[2]
 Tell er-Rameh | |
  Shown within Jordan | |
| Alternative name | Tell/Tall el/er-Ramah/Rameh/Rama |
|---|---|
| Location | Jordan |
| Region | Amman Governorate |
| Coordinates | 31°49′32″N 35°38′40″E / 31.82556°N 35.64444°E |
| History | |
| Cultures | Roman Age, Byzantine, Umayyad |
Etymology
editAccording to Vailhé and Abel the modern name er-Rameh may have derived from the ancient names of Βηθαραμφθά (Betharamphtha),[citation needed] which is what Josephus indicates was the name for Livias[3][dubious – discuss] Dvorjetski believes that the modern name er-Rameh is derived from Wadi er-Rameh.[4][failed verification]
Identification
editRegarding the name evolution from biblical Beth-haram through the Roman-period Livias/Julias to Arabic Tell er-Rameh, Nelson Glueck states that:
- "the equation of Beth-haram, Beth-ramtha, Beit er-Ram, Beit Ramah, Tell er-Rameh with Livias (Julias), . . . is undoubtedly correct. It does not prove, however, that Tell er-Rameh is to be identified with the actual site of ancient Biblical Beth-haram. . . An examination of the pottery of Tell er-Rameh proves that this identification cannot possibly be correct."[2][5]
Graves & Stripling propose that, while Tell er-Rameh was the commercial and residential centre of Livias, the administrative centre was situated at nearby Tall el-Hammam.[2] Tell er-Rameh had no natural water source, and some have argued that it received its water from the hot springs at Tall el-Hammam.[6][dubious – discuss] Dvorjetski identified Tell er-Rameh with Livias based on the presence of "pottery or mosaic stone cubes from the Byzantine and early Islamic eras."[7]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^
- Jastrow, M. and Buhl, F. "Beth–Aram" The Jewish Encyclopedia (New York: Funk & Wagnalls, 1901) 119.
- S. Vailhé, "Livias." in M. Anello (tran), The Catholic Encyclopedia. (New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910), 9:315.
- W. F. Albright, The Jordan valley in the Bronze Age. (Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research 1924), 6:49.
- Nelson Glueck, "Some ancient towns in the plains of Moab." Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 91 (1943), 11.
- H. Donner and H. Cüppers, Die Restauration und Konservierung der Mosaikkarte von Madeba. Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins 83 (1967), 22.
- C. F. Keil, and F. Delitzsch, Joshua, Judges, Ruth, I & II Samuel Trans. J. Martin (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1976), 143.
- Prag, Kay. "A walk in the Wadi Hesban." Palestine Exploration Quarterly (1991), 60-61.
- Herbert Donner, The Mosaic Map of Madaba. An Introductory Guide, Palaestina Antiqua 7 (Kampen: Kok Pharos, 1992), 39.
- Dvorjetski, Esti (2007). Leisure, Pleasure, and Healing: Spa Culture and Medicine in Ancient Eastern Mediterranean. Supplements to the Journal for the Study of Judaism. Vol. 116. Leiden: Brill. p. 202. ISBN 978-9004156814. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
- ^ a b c Graves, David E.; Stripling, Scott (2011). "Re-Examination of the Location for the Ancient City of Livias". Levant. 43 (2): 178–200. doi:10.1179/175638011X13112549593122. S2CID 162399714.
- ^ Josephus A.J. 18.27; 14.1.4: "Betharamphtha...called it Julias", "Hyrcanus promised [Aretas] those twelve cities..., Medaba, Naballo, Libias..."
- ^ Dvorjetski (2007), p. 208.
- ^ Glueck, Nelson (1951). Explorations in Eastern Palestine. Vol. IV. Part 1. New Haven: American Schools of Oriental Research. p. 391.
- ^ Abel, Félix-Marie (1938). Géographie de la Palestine. I–II. Paris: Gabalda. p. 1:459.
- ^ Dvorjetski (2007), p. 202.
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