List of adjectivals and demonyms for subcontinental regions

The following is a list of adjectival forms of subcontinental regions in English and their demonymic equivalents, which denote the people or the inhabitants of these subcontinental regions.

Note: Demonyms are given in plural forms. Singular forms simply remove the final 's' or, in the case of -ese endings, are the same as the plural forms. The ending -men has feminine equivalent -women (e.g. an Irishman and a Scotswoman). The French terminations -ois / ais serve as both the singular and plural masculine; adding 'e' (-oise / aise) makes them singular feminine; 'es' (-oises / aises) makes them plural feminine. The Spanish termination "-o" usually denotes the masculine and is normally changed to feminine by dropping the "-o" and adding "-a". The plural forms are usually "-os" and "-as" respectively.

Adjectives ending -ish can be used as collective demonyms (e.g. the English, the Cornish). So can those ending in -ch / -tch (e.g. the French, the Dutch) provided they are pronounced with a 'ch' sound (e.g. the adjective Czech does not qualify).

Where an adjective is a link, the link is to the language or dialect of the same name. (Reference: Ethnologue, Languages of the World)

Many place-name adjectives and many demonyms refer also to various other things, sometimes with and sometimes without one or more additional words. (Sometimes, the use of one or more additional words is optional.) Notable examples are cheeses, cat breeds, dog breeds, and horse breeds. (See List of words derived from toponyms.)

Africa

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Name Adjective Demonym
Cyrenaica Cyrene Cyrenes
Darfur Darfur Darfuris
Maghreb Maghreb Maghrebis
Mediterranean Mediterranean
Nile River Nilotic
Nubia Nubian Nubians
Sahara Saharan Sahrawi
Zanzibar Zanzibar Zanzibaris
Macaronesia Macaronesian Macaronesians

Americas

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Name Adjective Demonym
Acadia Acadian Acadians
Acadiana, Cajun Country Acadian (Cajuns)
Aleutian Islands Aleut, Aleutian Aleuts, Aleutians
Amazon river and Amazon region Amazonian
Andes Andean
Antilles Antillean Antilleans
Appalachia Appalachian
Caribbean Caribbean
Cascadia Cascadian Cascadians
Ceara Cearense Cearenses
Guiana Guianan Guianans
Long Island Long Island Long Islanders
Maritimes Maritime Maritimers
Minas Gerais Mineiro Mineiros
New England New England New Englanders
Northern Mexico Norteño Norteños
Patagonia Patagonian Patagonians
Paraná (state) Paranaense Paranaenses
Rio de Janeiro (state) Fluminense Fluminenses
Rio Grande do Sul Sul-rio-grandense, Gaúcho Gaúchos
St. Lawrence River Laurentian
Santa Catarina Catarinense, Barriga-verde Catarinenses, Barrigas-verdes
São Paulo (state) Paulista Paulistas
South (U.S.) Southern Southerners
Upper Peninsula of Michigan Yoopers
West Indies West Indian West Indians

Asia

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Name Adjective Demonym
Bali Balinese Balinese
Balochistan, Baluchistan Balochi/s, Baluchi/s
Bangsamoro Moro
Bengal Bengali Bengalis
Bicol Bicol, Bicolano Bicolanos
Bihar Bihari Biharis
Borneo Bornean Borneans
Caucasus, Caucasia Caucasian, Caucasic Caucasians
Central Asia Central Asian Central Asians
Flores Floresian
Gujarat Gujarati Gujaratis
Himalayas Himalayan
Hokkaidō Dosanko (道産子 [ja])
Indochina Indochinese Indochinese
Java, Pasundan Javanese, Sundanese Javanese, Sundanese
Kashmir Kashmiran Kashmiris, Kashmirite
Korea Korean Koreans
Kumaon Kumaoni Kumaiye, Kumaonis
Luzon Luzones Luzones
Melanesia Melanesian Melanesians
Moluccas Moluccan Moluccans
Mindanao Mindanaoan Mindanaoans
Negros Negrenses, Negrosanons
Okinawa, Ryukyu Islands Okinawan, Ryukyuan Okinawans, Ryukyuans
Punjab Punjabi Punjabis
Siberia Siberian Siberians
Indian subcontinent Subcontinental Desis
Sulawesi Sulawesian Sulawesians
Sumatra Sumatran Sumatrans
Sylhet Sylheti Sylhetis
Tibet Tibetan Tibetans
Visayas Visayan Visayans

Middle East

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Name Adjective Demonym
Arabia Arab, Arabian Arabs, Arabians
Galilee Galilean Galileans
Judea, Judaea Judean, Judaean Judeans, Judaeans
Levant Levantine Levantines
Kurdistan Kurdish Kurds
Samaria Samaritan Samaritans
Anatolia Anatolian Anatolians

Oceania

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Name Adjective Demonym
Antipodesa Antipodean Antipodeans
Melanesia Melanesian Melanesians
Micronesia Micronesian Micronesians
Polynesia Polynesian Polynesians
Tahiti Tahitian Tahitians
New Guinea New Guinean New Guineans

a Usually refers to Australia and New Zealand.

Europe

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Name Adjective Demonym
Alps Alpine
Alsace Alsatian Alsatians
Andalusia Andalusian Andalusians
Apennines Apennine
Apulia Apulian Apulians
Aragon Aragonese Aragonese
Asturias Asturian Asturians
Balkans Balkan
Baltic region Baltic Balts
Bavaria Bavarian Bavarians
Basque Country Basque Basques
Bessarabia Bessarabian Bessarabians
Black Sea region, Chornomoriia Black Sea, Chornomorian Black Sea Cossacks
Bohemia Bohemian Bohemians
Boyko region, Boikivshchyna Boyko Boykos
Bukovina Bukovinian Bukovinians
Brittany Breton Bretons
Burgundy Burgundian Burgundians
Calabria Calabrian Calabrians
Cambridge Cantabrigian Cantabrigians
Campania Campanian Campanians
Cantabria Cantabrian Cantabrians
Canterbury Cantuarian Cantuarians
Carinthia Carinthian Carinthians
Carpathians Carpathian
Castile Castilian Castilians
Catalonia Catalan Catalans
Caucasus, Caucasia Caucasian, Caucasic Caucasians
Ciscarpathia Ciscarpathian
Cornwall Cornish Cornish
Corsica Corsican Corsicans
Courland Curonian Curonians
Crete Cretan Cretans
Crimea Crimean Crimeans
Cumbria Cumbrian Cumbrians
Dalmatia Dalmatian Dalmatians
Danube River Danubian
Dnieper Ukraine Dniprian Dniprians
Extremadura Extremaduran Extremadurans
Fife Fife Fifers
Flanders Flemish Flemings
Franconia Franconian Franconians
Friesland, Frisian Islands Friesian, Frisian Friesians, Frisians
Galicia (Central Europe) Galician Galicians
Galloway Gallovidian Gallovidians
Gascony Gascon Gascons
Gotland Gotland Gotlanders
Gozo Gozitan Gozitans
Harrow Harrovian Harrovians
Hesse Hessian Hessians
Holstein Holsteinian Holsteiners
Hutsul region, Hutsulshchyna Hutsul Hutsuls
Iberian Peninsula Iberian Iberians
Istria Istrian Istrians
Jutland Jutland Jutlanders
Karelia Karelian Karelians
Kosovo and Methohija Kosovar, Kosovan Kosovars, Kosovans
Kuban Kuban Kubanians, Kuban Cossacks
Left-bank Ukraine, "Little Russia" (historical), Hetmanshchyna, Hetmania Ukrainian, "Little Russian" (historical) Hetmanians, hetmantsi, "Little Russians" (historical), Ukrainians
Lemko region, Lemkivshchyna Lemkian, Lemk Lemkos, Lemkians, Lemks
Lancashire Lancastrian Lancastrians
Lapland, Sápmi Laplandic, Sámi Laplanders, Sámi
León Leonese Leoneses
Lombardy Lombard, Lombardic Lombards
Lorraine Lorrainian Lorrainians
Lusatia Lusatian Lusatians
Majorca, Mallorca Majorcan, Mallorcan Majorcans, Mallorcans
Mediterranean Mediterranean
Menorca Menorcan Menorcans
Moravia Moravian Moravians
Murcia Murcian Murcians
Navarre Navarrese Navarrese
Normandy Norman Normans
Northumberland, Northumbria Northumbrian Northumbrians
Orkney Orcadian Orcadians
Palatinate Palatine Palatines
Peloponnese Peloponnesian Peloponnesians
Pennines Pennine
Picardy Picard Picards
Piedmont Piedmontese Piedmontese
Po River Padane
Podolia, Podillia Podolian, Podillian Podolians, Podillians
Pokuttia Pokuttian
Polesia, Polissia Polesian, Polissian Poleshuks, Poleshchuks
Pomerania Pomeranian Pomeranians
Provence Provençal
Pyrenees Pyrenean
Rhineland Rhenish Rhinelanders
Right-bank Ukraine, Trans-Dnieper Ukraine Trans-Dnieper, Trans-Dniprian
Rus' (Ruthenia) Rus', Ruthenian, Ruthene, Rus'ian, Russian (historical) Rus', rusichi, Ruthenians, Ruthenes, East Slavs, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Russians (historical)
Ruthenia (Carpathian Ruthenia) Ruthenian, Ruthene Ruthenians, Ruthenes, Rusyns, Rusnaks
Samogitia Samogitian Samogitians
Sardinia Sardinian Sardinians
Savoy Savoyard Savoyards
Saxony Saxon Saxons
Scandinavia Scandinavian Scandinavians
Scania Scanian Scanians
Shetland Shetland Shetlanders
Sicily Sicilian Sicilians
Silesia Silesian Silesians
Sloboda Ukraine, Slobozhanshchyna Sloboda Ukrainian, Slobozhanian Sloboda Cossacks, Sloboda Ukrainians, Slobozhanians
Styria Styrian Styrians
Subcarpathia (also Transcarpathia) Subcarpathian
Thrace Thracian Thracians
Thuringia Thuringian Thuringians
Transcarpathia (also Subcarpathia) Transcarpathia
Transylvania Transylvanian Transylvanians
Tuscany Tuscan Tuscans
Tyrol Tyrolean, Tyrolese Tyroleans, Tyrolese
Umbria Umbrian Umbrians
Veneto Venetian Venetians
Volhynia Volhynian Volhynians
Wallachia Wallachian Wallachians
Wallonia Walloon Walloons
Westphalia Westphalian Westphalians
Zaporizhzhia, Zaporozhian Ukraine Zaporozhian Zaporozhians
Zeeland Zeeland Zeelanders

See also

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References

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