The armies of the Mughal Emperor Humayun fighting those of Bahadur Shah of Gujarat in the year 1535, as depicted in an Akbarnama manuscript from the late 16th century. Bahadur, the Sultan of Gujarat, had allied with the Portuguese and planned an attack on the Mughals. To preempt such an attack, Humayun struck at Gujarat and conquered Mandu and Champaner before stopping his attack. Bahadur Shah was killed by the Portuguese two years later; Humayun was overthrown by Sher Shah Suri in 1540, retaking the throne fifteen years later.Illustration: Dharmdas, Manre Royale d’Aubusson