The Temple of Saturn (Latin: Templum Saturni or Aedes Saturni; Italian: Tempio di Saturno) was an ancient Roman temple to the god Saturn, in what is now Rome, Italy. Its ruins stand at the foot of the Capitoline Hill at the western end of the Roman Forum. The original dedication of the temple is traditionally dated to 497 BC,[1][2] but ancient writers disagreed greatly about the history of this site.[3]
 The temple of Saturn in the Forum Romanum | |
   Temple of Saturn Shown within Augustan Rome | |
 Click on the map for a fullscreen view | |
| Location | Regio VIII Forum Romanum |
|---|---|
| Coordinates | 41°53′33″N 12°29′03″E / 41.89250°N 12.48417°E |
| Type | Roman temple |
| History | |
| Builder | Tarquinius Superbus |
| Founded | 497 BC |
History
editConstruction of the temple is thought to have begun in the later years of the Roman Kingdom under Tarquinius Superbus. Its inauguration by the consul Titus Larcius took place in the early years of the Republic, making it the oldest Republican temple after the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus. The altar of Saturn, which stood in front of the temple, is thought to have been much older and was associated with Saturn's founding of the city on Capitoline Hill.[4] The temple was completely reconstructed by Munatius Plancus in 42 BC.
The present ruins represent the third phase of the Temple of Saturn, which was built after a fire in 360 AD. The extant inscription on the frieze commemorates this restoration undertaken after the fire. This late 4th-century rebuilding reflects pagan revivalism during this time period.[5] The temple would have been closed during the persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire.
In Roman mythology, Saturn ruled during the Golden Age, and he continued to be associated with wealth. His temple housed the treasury, the aerarium,[6] where the Roman Republic's reserves of gold and silver were stored. The state archives and the insignia and official scale for the weighing of metals were also housed there. Later, the aerarium was moved to another building, and the archives were transferred to the nearby Tabularium. The temple's podium, constructed out of concrete covered with travertine, was used for posting bills.
Architecture
editCollapse has left little standing but the remains of the front porch. The partially preserved pediment displays the inscription:
Senatus Populusque Romanus
incendio consumptum restituit
meaning "The Senate and People of Rome restored [the temple] consumed by fire." The pediment and eight surviving columns represent one of the iconic images of Rome's ancient architectural heritage. Except for the Ionic columns capitals carved in the Late Antique style, all of the materials remaining were taken from other buildings. Examples of the spolia used to construct the Temple of Saturn include Egyptian granite column shafts and a late Republican acanthus frieze.[5]
Based on other cult images of Saturn, the statue of the god in the interior was veiled and equipped with a scythe. The image was made of wood and filled with oil. The legs were covered with bands of wool which were removed only on December 17, the day of the Saturnalia. On this feast day, slaves were allowed temporary freedom and family members exchanged gifts.[5]
See also
edit- Temple of Vesta – Ancient religious monument in Rome, Italy
- List of Ancient Roman temples
References
edit- ^ Robert E.A. Palmer, Rome and Carthage at Peace (Franz Steiner, 1997), p. 63; Hans-Friedrich Mueller, "Saturn," in The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome, p. 221.
- ^ Livy, Ab Urbe Condita, 2.21
- ^ Lawrence Richardson, A New Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992), p. 343.
- ^ Coarelli, Filippo. Rome and Environs: An Archaeological Guide. p. 65.
- ^ a b c Claridge, Amanda (2010). Rome: An Oxford Archaeological Guide. p. 84.
- ^ Site for course on Temples of Castor and Pollux and Saturn Archived 2007-09-06 at the Wayback Machine
Further reading
edit- Gjerstad, Einar. 1962. “The Temple of Saturn in Rome. Its Date of Dedication and the Early History of the Sanctuary.” In Hommages à A. Grenier, Edited by Renard, M. Collection Latomus; LVIII, 757-762. Berchem-Bruxelles: 61 Av. Laure.
- Pensabene Perez, Patrizio. 1984. Tempio di Saturno. Archittetura e decorazione. Roma: De Luca.
External links
edit- High-resolution 360° Panoramas and Images of Temple of Saturn | Art Atlas
- Temple of Saturn at digitales Forum Romanum by Humboldt University of Berlin Archived 2021-12-10 at the Wayback Machine
- Lucentini, M. (31 December 2012). The Rome Guide: Step by Step through History's Greatest City. Interlink. ISBN 9781623710088.
Media related to Temple of Saturn, Rome at Wikimedia Commons
| Preceded by Temple of Portunus |
Landmarks of Rome Temple of Saturn |
Succeeded by Temple of Vesta |