A number of lineages of crabs have evolved to live predominantly on land. Examples of terrestrial crabs are found in the families Gecarcinidae and Gecarcinucidae, as well as in selected genera from other families, such as Sesarma,[1] although the term "land crab" is often used to mean solely the family Gecarcinidae.[2]
| Terrestrial crab Temporal range:
| |
|---|---|
| |
| Purple land crab (Gecarcinus ruricola) | |
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| |
| Purple marsh crab (Sesarma reticulatum) | |
Scientific classification
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Malacostraca |
| Order: | Decapoda |
| Suborder: | Pleocyemata |
| Infraorder: | Brachyura |
| Section: | Eubrachyura |
| Groups included | |
Terrestriality and migration
editNo clear distinction is made between "terrestrial", "semiterrestrial", and "aquatic" crabs.[2] Rather, a continuum of terrestriality is displayed among the true crabs, although most land-adapted crabs must still return to water to release their eggs.[3] Some species of terrestrial crabs can be found many kilometres from the sea, but have to complete annual migrations to the sea.[3] For example, following the Indian Ocean monsoon, the Christmas Island red crab (Gecarcoidea natalis) migrates en masse, forming a "living carpet" of crabs. The crabs can travel up to 1.46 km (0.91 mi) in a day, and up to 4 km (2.5 mi) in total.[4] Only a few land crabs, including certain Geosesarma species, have direct development (the mother carries the eggs until they have become tiny, fully developed crabs), and these do not need access to water to breed.[5][6] Many crabs belonging to the family Potamidae, which contains mostly freshwater crabs, have developed a semiterrestrial (for instance the genus Nanhaipotamon[7]) to terrestrial life history, and are sometimes independent of fresh water for reproduction (for instance the genus Tiwaripotamon[8]).
Ecology
edit
Terrestrial crabs are often similar to freshwater crabs, since the physiological changes needed for living in fresh water are preadaptations for terrestrial living.[9] On some oceanic islands, terrestrial crabs occupy the top of the energy pyramid.[2]
See also
edit- Freshwater crab
- Coenobitidae, terrestrial hermit crabs
- Coconut crab (Birgus latro), a terrestrial hermit crab that is the largest terrestrial invertebrate in the world
References
edit- ^ Richard G. Hartnoll (1988). "Biology of the land crabs: an introduction". In Warren W. Burggren & Brian Robert McMahon (ed.). Evolution, systematics, and geographical distribution. Cambridge University Press. pp. 6–54. ISBN 978-0-521-30690-4.
- ^ a b c Warren W. Burggren & Brian Robert McMahon (1988). "Biology of the land crabs: an introduction". In Warren W. Burggren & Brian Robert McMahon (ed.). Biology of the Land Crabs. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–5. ISBN 978-0-521-30690-4.
- ^ a b Colin Little (1990). "Life on land". The Terrestrial Invasion: an Ecophysiological Approach to the Origins of Land Animals. Cambridge studies in ecology. Cambridge University Press. pp. 201–275. ISBN 978-0-521-33669-7.
- ^ Ben Hoare (2009). "Red crab". Animal Migration: Remarkable Journeys in the Wild. University of California Press. pp. 74–75. ISBN 978-0-520-25823-5.
- ^ Burggren, W.W.; McMahon, B.R., eds. (1988). Biology of the Land Crabs. Cambridge University Press. pp. 53–54. ISBN 978-0521306904.
- ^ Tan, C.G.S.; Ng, P.K.L. (1995). "Geosesarma notophorum sp. nov. (Decapoda, Brachyura, Grapsidae, Sesarminae), a Terrestrial Crab from Sumatra, with Novel Brooding Behaviour". Crustaceana. 68 (3): 390–395. doi:10.1163/156854095X00557.
- ^ Huang, Chao; Wong, Kai Chin; Ahyong, Shane T. (2018-12-20). "The freshwater crabs of Macau, with the description of a new species of Nanhaipotamon Bott, 1968 and the redescription of Nanhaipotamon wupingense Cheng, Yang, Zhong & Li, 2003 (Crustacea, Decapoda, Potamidae)". ZooKeys (810): 91–111. Bibcode:2018ZooK..810...91H. doi:10.3897/zookeys.810.30726. ISSN 1313-2970. PMC 6308228. PMID 30613174.
- ^ "ZooBank.org". zoobank.org. Retrieved 2019-06-20.
- ^ Michael Dobson (2004). "Freshwater crabs in Africa" (PDF). Freshwater Forum. 21: 3–26.
External links
edit- . Encyclopedia Americana. 1920.