Tokwon Abbey was a Benedictine monastery of the Congregation of Missionary Benedictines of Saint Ottilien, located near the town of Wonsan in what is now North Korea. Founded as a monastic mission in Seoul, the community transferred to Tokwon in the 1920s to take charge of the newly created Apostolic Vicariate of Wonsan. The persecution of Christians in North Korea since 1949—including the torture and murder of dozens of men and women religious—made any church activity in the abbacy impossible.[1][2] However the Territorial Abbacy of Tokwon is formally still kept as one of the few remaining territorial abbeys within the Catholic Church.[3]
Territorial Abbey of Tŏkwon Territorialis Abbatia Tokvonensis 천주교 덕원자치수도원구 | |
|---|---|
| Location | |
| Country | North Korea |
| Ecclesiastical province | Immediately subject to the Holy See |
| Metropolitan | Tokwon (near Wonsan) |
| Statistics | |
| Population - Catholics | unknown |
| Churches | none |
| Information | |
| Denomination | Catholic Church |
| Rite | Roman Rite |
| Established | 12 January 1940 |
| Cathedral | Tokwon Abbey of St. Benedict |
| Patron saint | St. Benedict |
| Secular priests | none |
| Current leadership | |
| Pope | Francis |
| Abbot | Apostolic Administrator Abbot Blasio Park OSB |
| Map | |
 Territorial Abbacy of Tokwon | |
Foundation
editIn February 1909, German monks of the Congregation of Missionary Benedictines of Saint Ottilien arrived in Seoul. Following the model used in their African monasteries, lay brothers established a carpentry shop and a trade school, while priests busied themselves with pastoral work and education. With the arrival of more monks from Europe, the monastery was raised to the status of an abbey on May 15, 1913. Fr Boniface Sauer, OSB, became the community's first abbot.[4]
When the Vicariate Apostolic of Seoul was divided in 1920, the monks of the Abbey of St Benedict took charge of the newly created Vicariate Apostolic of Wonsan. By 1927, the original monastery in Seoul was closed, the community of around forty monks having relocated to Tokwon. Between 1927 and 1928, the monks built a minor and major seminary to train indigenous secular priests, while from 1929 to 1931 a church in the neo-Romanesque style was constructed.[5] Around this time, the community began to cultivate local monastic vocations.
In 1940, the Territorial Abbacy of Tokwon was created, covering the cities of Wonsan (where Tokwon is located) and Munchon and the counties Anbyon, Chonnae and Kowon. As Abbot of Tokwon, Boniface Sauer became the ordinary of the territorial abbacy, while at the same time he was charged with being the apostolic administrator of Hamhung apostolic vicariate.[2] As World War II came to an end, the Abbey of Tokwon fell under the control of Soviet occupying forces. Though the monastery was for a time used to quarter soldiers, eventually monastic life was permitted to resume.[6] By the time Soviet forces withdrew in 1949, there were around 60 monks at the Abbey of Tokwon (25 of them Korean)[7] and around 20 sisters of the Tutzing Congregation in a monastery in nearby Wonsan.[8]
Martyrs
editIn May 1949 under the rule of Kim Il Sung, the North Korean Ministry of State Security occupied the monastery, arrested all monks and sisters and moved them to prisons and internment camps.[8] In July 1950, the Abbey church of Tokwon was destroyed by American bombs.[9] From 1949 to 1952 14 monks and two sisters were executed after harsh imprisonment and torture.[10] During the same period, 17 monks and two sisters died of starvation, illness, hard physical labour and bad living conditions in the camps.[11] Abbot-Bishop Boniface Sauer died on 1 February 1950, in a prison in Pyongyang, ahead of the execution of all senior monks in October 1950.[5] In January 1954, the surviving 42 German monks and sisters were repatriated to Germany via the Trans-Siberian Railway.[2]
In May 2007 the process began for the beatification of the 36 North Koreans from the Abbey of Tokwon martyred during the wave of anti-Christian persecution under the rule of Kim Il Sung. Now titled Servants of God, the group is known as "Abbot Bishop Boniface Sauer (O.S.B.), Fr. Benedict Kim (O.S.B.) and companions”.[12]
Current situation
editThis section may relate to a different subject or has undue weight on an aspect of the subject. (September 2022) |
The Wonsan University of Agriculture[13] was built on the premises of the abbey. The abbey's remaining buildings (former church and seminary and former rectory)[14] are probably in secular use by the university.[15]
In 1952, some surviving Benedictine monks and sisters founded a new monastery in Waegwan, near the town of Daegu in South Korea.[16] Today the abbot of Waegwan is the apostolic administrator of Tokwon Territorial Abbey,[17] but he is not allowed to visit North Korea. Since the 1950s there are no priests or Catholic communities in Tokwon Territorial Abbacy or any other diocese in North Korea.[18][19]
Many Christians were imprisoned in Yodok political prison camp, just 70 km (43 mi) northwest of the abbey, until its closure in 2014, and other prison camps in North Korea[20] and subjected to torture and inhuman treatment because of their faith.[21] Christians in North Korea can practice their faith only in secret and in constant fear of discovery and punishment.[22]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "North Korean Martyrs, the first process for beatification gets underway". Asia News, May 25, 2007. Retrieved January 19, 2012.
- ^ a b c "Diocesan Directory: Territorial Abbacy of Tokwon". UCA News, August 2, 2006. Archived from the original on April 18, 2012. Retrieved January 19, 2012.
- ^ "Catholic Dioceses in the World by Type: Territorial Abbacies". Giga-Catholic Information, January 14, 2012. Retrieved January 19, 2012.
- ^ Sieber, OSB, Godfrey (1992). The Benedictine Congregation of St. Ottilien. St Ottilien: EOS Verlag. p. 35. ISBN 3-88096-645-1.
- ^ a b "The Martyrs of Tokwon: Biographies (1-part)". Missionary Benedictines of St. Ottilien, June 10, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2012.
- ^ Sieber, OSB. The Benedictine Congregation. p. 37.
- ^ Sieber, OSB. The Benedictine Congregation. p. 38.
- ^ a b "The Martyrs of Tokwon: Historical Preliminary Notes". Missionary Benedictines of St. Ottilien, June 10, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2012.
- ^ "Destroyed Church in Wonsan Vicinity". Willibrord’s Gallery. Archived from the original on July 18, 2012. Retrieved January 10, 2012.
- ^ "The Martyrs of Tokwon: Biographies (2-part)". Missionary Benedictines of St. Ottilien, June 10, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2012.
- ^ "The Martyrs of Tokwon: A Chronology of the Martyrdoms (German)". Missionary Benedictines of St. Ottilien, June 10, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2012.
- ^ "N. Korea martyrs slated for sainthood". Religion and Spirituality, May 28, 2007. Archived from the original on March 14, 2013. Retrieved January 19, 2012.
- ^ "Wonsan University of Agriculture". Flickr Photo Sharing, March 6, 2008. 6 March 2008. Retrieved January 19, 2012.
- ^ "Former Tokwon Church & Seminary (Wonsan)". Wikimapia, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2012.
- ^ "Main building of Wŏnsan Agricultural University, the former German Benedictine abbey Tŏgwon". Panoramio, October 5, 2008. Retrieved January 19, 2012.
- ^ "St. Maurus and St. Placidus' Abbey, Waegwan, South Korea". Inkama Abbey, April 2, 2011. Archived from the original on June 10, 2004. Retrieved January 19, 2012.
- ^ "Territorial Abbacy of Tokwon (덕원)". Giga-Catholic Information, January 15, 2012. Retrieved January 19, 2012.
- ^ "North Korean Martyrs, the first process for beatification gets underway". Asia News, May 25, 2007. Retrieved January 10, 2012.
- ^ "Korea, for a reconciliation between North and South". 30 days, March 2006. Retrieved January 10, 2012.
- ^ "North Korea: A case to answer, a call to act; section H. Persecution (p. 52)" (PDF). Christian Solidarity Worldwide, 2007. Retrieved January 11, 2012.
- ^ "50,000 Christians imprisoned in North Korea". Vatican Radio, April 15, 2011. Archived from the original on September 8, 2012. Retrieved January 11, 2012.
- ^ "Thank You Father Kim Il Sung (p. 40 - 42)" (PDF). U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom, November 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 16, 2012. Retrieved April 2, 2012.
External links
edit- UCA News: Diocesan Directory: Territorial Abbacy of Tokwon – Portrait of Tokwon Territorial Abbacy
- Missionary Benedictines of St. Ottilien: The Martyrs of Tokwon: Historical Preliminary Notes Archived 2014-10-17 at the Wayback Machine – Detailed biographies for the beatification of 36 martyrs from Abbey of Tokwon
- Christian Solidarity Worldwide: North Korea: A case to answer – a call to act – Report to emphasize the urgent need to respond to mass killings, arbitrary imprisonment, torture and related international crimes
- U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom: Thank you father Kim Il Sung – Eyewitness accounts of severe violations of freedom of thought, conscience, and religion in North Korea
