Tetrix undulata

Tetrix undulata
	A common ground-hopper
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Orthoptera
Suborder:	Caelifera
Family:	Tetrigidae
Genus:	Tetrix
Species:	T. undulata
Binomial name
	Tetrix undulata; (Sowerby, 1806)
Synonyms
	Tetrix bifasciatum (Thunberg, 1815); Tetrix kiefferi Saulcy, 1888; Tetrix ochraceum (Zetterstedt, 1821); Tetrix scriptum (Zetterstedt, 1821); Tetrix variegatum Zetterstedt, 1821; Tetrix vittata (Zetterstedt, 1821); Tetrix nigricans (Sowerby, 1806);

Tetrix undulata, the common ground-hopper,^[3] is a species of groundhopper in the Orthoptera: Caelifera.^[4]^[2]

Description

T. undulata has a body length of 6–12 mm (0.24–0.47 in); females are usually slightly larger than the males. The colour scheme varies between different individuals and different morphs are present, from darker brownish to lighter yellow-white. Individuals with predominantly light colour often have a darker pattern.

Distribution

T. undulata is essentially a European species, where it is widespread: distribution ranges from Spain via France, the Benelux countries, most parts of the British Isles, Germany, Denmark, southern Scandinavia, the southwestern tip of Finland and Poland east to the Baltic States, Belarus, Ukraine, Romania and the European part of Russia. The southern boundary of their distribution runs through the Provence, the Jura, the south of Baden-Wuerttemberg, along the northern edge of the Alps and the north of Austria via the west of the Czech Republic and Poland. In the more easterly areas, the species is isolated. It is the most common species of the family in northern Europe.^[5]^[2]

Biology

The habitat is usually moister grasslands such as meadows and marshes, but it may also occur in drier areas. In dry environments, however, it usually keeps to humid and cooler places, and in wet environments it tends to stick to drier areas. Food consists mainly of mosses and algae.^[3]

Development from egg to adult may take one or two years, with over-wintering as nymphs or imagos. As with other ground-hoppers, communication between males and females is largely with visual signals.

References

^ Sowerby, J. 1806[1804-1806]. The British miscellany, or, Coloured figures of new, rare, or little known animal subjects : many not before ascertained to be inhabitants of the British Isles : and chiefly in the possession of the author, James Sowerby. London 11-12:28, Pl. LXXIV Fig. 2
^ ^a ^b ^c Orthoptera Species File. Eades D.C., Otte D., Cigliano M.M., Braun H., (retrieved 30 January 2018)
^ ^a ^b Ragge DR (1965). Grasshoppers, Crickets & Cockroaches of the British Isles. F Warne & Co, London. p. 299.
^ Fauna Europaea
^ Heiko Bellmann: Der Kosmos Heuschreckenführer. Die Arten Mitteleuropas sicher bestimmen. Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 2006, ISBN 3-440-10447-8

[1] Sowerby, J. 1806[1804-1806]. The British miscellany, or, Coloured figures of new, rare, or little known animal subjects : many not before ascertained to be inhabitants of the British Isles : and chiefly in the possession of the author, James Sowerby. London 11-12:28, Pl. LXXIV Fig. 2

[source-2] Orthoptera Species File. Eades D.C., Otte D., Cigliano M.M., Braun H., (retrieved 30 January 2018)

[Ragge-3] Ragge DR (1965). Grasshoppers, Crickets & Cockroaches of the British Isles. F Warne & Co, London. p. 299.

[4] Fauna Europaea

[5] Heiko Bellmann: Der Kosmos Heuschreckenführer. Die Arten Mitteleuropas sicher bestimmen. Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 2006, ISBN 3-440-10447-8

[3]

[4]

[2]

[1]

[5]