Wikipedia

Texas Ranger Division

(Redirected from Texas Rangers (law enforcement))
Not to be confused with Texas State Police or Texas Highway Patrol.
For other uses, see Texas Rangers.

The Texas Ranger Division, also known as the Texas Rangers and nicknamed the Diablos Tejanos (Spanish for 'Texan Devils'),[4] is an investigative law enforcement agency with statewide jurisdiction in the U.S. state of Texas, based in the capital city Austin. In the time since its creation, the Texas Rangers have investigated crimes ranging from murder to political corruption, acted in riot control and as detectives, protected the governor of Texas, tracked down fugitives, served as a security force at important state locations, including the Alamo, and functioned as a paramilitary force at the service of both the Republic (1836–1846) and the State of Texas.

Texas Ranger Division
Patch
Patch
Logo
Logo
Badge
Badge
Common nameTexas Rangers
Agency overview
FormedOctober 17, 1835; 189 years ago (1835-10-17) (modeled after Stephen F. Austin's 1823 ranger companies)
Preceding agency
Jurisdictional structure
Operations jurisdictionTexas, U.S.
Map of Texas Ranger Division's jurisdiction
Size268,820 square miles (696,240 km2)
Population27,469,114 (2015 est.)[1]
General nature
Operational structure
HeadquartersAustin, Texas, U.S.
Texas Rangers234[2]
Support employees68[2]
Agency executive
  • Jason Taylor, Chief[3]
Parent agencyTexas Department of Public Safety
Companies6
Website
dps.texas.gov/texas-rangers

The Texas Rangers were unofficially created by Stephen F. Austin in a call-to-arms written in 1823. After a decade, on August 10, 1835, Daniel Parker introduced a resolution to the Permanent Council creating a body of rangers to protect the Mexican border.[5] The unit was dissolved by the federal authorities after the Civil War during the Reconstruction Era but was quickly reformed upon the reinstitution of home government. Since 1935, the organization has been a division of the Texas Department of Public Safety (TxDPS); it fulfills the role of Texas' state bureau of investigation. As of 2019, there are 166 commissioned members of the Ranger force.[2]

The Rangers have taken part in many of the most important events of Texas history, such as stopping the assassination of presidents William Howard Taft and Porfirio Díaz in El Paso, and in some of the best-known criminal cases in the history of the Old West, such as those of gunfighter John Wesley Hardin, bank robber Sam Bass, and outlaws Bonnie and Clyde.

Scores of books have been written about the Rangers, from well-researched works of nonfiction to pulp novels and other such fiction, making the Rangers significant participants in the mythology of the Wild West and modern culture.[6] The Lone Ranger, perhaps the best-known example of a fictional character derived from the Texas Rangers, draws his alias from having once been a Texas Ranger. Other well-known examples include the radio and television series Tales of the Texas Rangers, Augustus McCrae and Woodrow Call from the Larry McMurtry novel series Lonesome Dove, and Chuck Norris portraying Cordell Walker in Walker, Texas Ranger. The Major League Baseball (MLB) team Texas Rangers is named after the division.

The Rangers are legally protected against disbandment.[7] There is a museum dedicated to the Texas Rangers known as the Texas Ranger Hall of Fame and Museum in Waco, Texas, which celebrates the cultural significance of the Rangers.[8]

History

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Main article: History of the Texas Ranger Division
 
An early depiction of a group of Texas Rangers, c. 1845

The rangers were founded in 1823 when Stephen F. Austin, known as the Father of Texas, employed ten men to act as rangers to protect 600 to 700 newly settled families who arrived in Mexican Texas following the Mexican War of Independence. While there is some discussion as to when Austin actually employed men as "rangers", Texas Ranger lore dates the year of their organization to this event.[9] The Texas Rangers were formally constituted in 1835, and in November, Robert McAlpin Williamson was chosen to be the first Major of the Texas Rangers. Within two years the Rangers comprised more than 300 men.

Following the Texas Revolution and the creation of the Republic of Texas, newly elected president Mirabeau B. Lamar (the second elected president of the Republic) raised a force of 56 Rangers to fight the Cherokee and the Comanche, partly in retaliation for the support they had given the Mexicans at the Cordova Rebellion against the Republic.[10] Ten Rangers were killed in the Battle of Stone Houses in 1837.[11] The size of the Ranger force was increased from 56 to 150 men by Sam Houston, as President of the Republic, in 1841 (the second time he was elected president of the Republic).

The Rangers continued to participate in skirmishes with Native Americans through 1846, when the annexation of Texas to the United States and the Mexican–American War saw several companies of Rangers mustered into federal service. They played important roles at various battles, acting as guides and participating in counter-guerrilla warfare, soon establishing a fearsome reputation among both Mexicans and Americans. At the Battle of Monterrey in September 1846, famous Texas Rangers such as John Coffee "Jack" Hays, Ben McCulloch, Bigfoot Wallace and Samuel Hamilton Walker played important roles in the battle, including advising General William Jenkins Worth on the tactics required to fight inside a Mexican city. Richard Addison Gillespie, a famed Texas Ranger, died at Monterrey, and General Worth renamed a hill "Mount Gillespie" after him.[12] The First Regiment of Texas Mounted Rifle Volunteers was also known as "Hays' Texas Rangers". Colonel Hays organized a second regiment of Texas Rangers, including Rip Ford, who fought with General Winfield Scott in his Mexico City Campaign and the Anti-guerrilla campaign along his line of communications to Vera Cruz.[13]: 60 

John Jackson Tumlinson Sr., the first alcalde of the Colorado district, is considered by many Texas Ranger historians to be the first Texas Ranger killed in the line of duty.[14] One of his most urgent issues was protection of settlers from theft and murder by marauders. On his way to San Antonio in 1823 to discuss the issue with the governor, Tumlinson was killed by Native Americans. His traveling companion, a Mr. Newman, escaped. Tumlinson's body was never found.[15]

Following the end of the war in 1848, the Rangers were largely disbanded, but the election of Hardin Richard Runnels as governor in 1857 meant US$70,000 (equivalent to $2,289,000 in 2023) was allocated to fund the Rangers under John Salmon "Rip" Ford,[13]: 223  a veteran of the Mexican war. The now 100-strong Rangers participated in campaigns against the Comanche and other tribes, whose raids against the settlers and their properties had become common. Ford and his Rangers fought the Comanche in the Battle of Little Robe Creek in 1858 and then Juan Cortina in the Battle of Rio Grande City the following year with Capt. Peter Tumlinson.[13]: 236, 275  [16]

The success of a series of campaigns in the 1860s marked a turning point in Rangers' history. The U.S. Army could provide only limited and thinly-stretched protection in the enormous territory of Texas. By contrast, the Rangers' effectiveness when dealing with these threats convinced both the people of the state and the political leaders that a well-funded and organized state Ranger force was essential. Such a force could use the deep familiarity with the territory and the proximity with the theater of operations as major advantages in its favor. This option was not pursued, in view of the emerging national political problems (prelude to the American Civil War), and the Rangers were again dissolved.[17]

 
Badge of a Texas State policeman
 
Texas Historical Marker for Texas Ranger Camp Roberts in Blanco Canyon.
 
Members of the Frontier Battalion, a company of Texas Rangers, ca. 1885[18]

Many Rangers enlisted to fight for the Confederacy following the secession of Texas from the United States in 1861 during the Civil War. The 8th Texas Cavalry Regiment was also known as Terry's Texas Rangers. In 1870, during Reconstruction, the Rangers were briefly replaced by a Union-controlled version called the Texas State Police; supplemented by the 30 man Texas Special Police. Both organizations were disbanded only three years later.[19] The state election of 1873 saw newly elected Governor Richard Coke and the state legislature recommission the Rangers.[20][21] During these times, many of the Rangers' myths were born, such as their success in capturing or killing notorious criminals and desperados (including bank robber Sam Bass and gunfighter John Wesley Hardin), their involvement in the Mason County War, the Horrell-Higgins Feud, and their decisive role in the defeat of the Comanche, Kiowa and Apache peoples. The Apache "dreaded the Texas Rangers...whose guns were always loaded and whose aim was unerring; they slept in the saddle and ate while they rode, or done without...when they took up our trail they followed it determinedly and doggedly day and night."[22] Also during these years, the Rangers suffered the only defeat in their history when they surrendered at the Salinero Revolt in 1877.[23]

Despite the fame of their deeds, the conduct of the Rangers during this period was illegally excessive. In particular, Leander H. McNelly and his men used ruthless methods that often rivaled the brutality of their opponents, such as taking part in summary executions and confessions induced by torture and intimidation.[24]

 
Capt. Monroe Fox and two other Rangers on horseback with their lariats around the bodies of dead Mexicans, after the Norias Ranch Raid August 8, 1915.

The Rangers next saw serious action at the summit of William Howard Taft and President Porfirio Díaz in 1909, preventing an assassination of both presidents, and during the subsequent Mexican Revolution.[25][26] The breakdown of law and order on the Mexican side of the border, coupled with the lack of federal military forces, meant the Rangers were once again called upon to restore and maintain law and order, by any necessary means, which again led to excesses. However, the situation necessitated the appointment of hundreds of new special Rangers by the state, which neglected to carefully screen aspiring members. The Rangers were responsible for several incidents, ending in the January 28, 1918 massacre of the male population[27] (15 Mexican men and boys ranging in age from 16 to 72 years) of the tiny community of Porvenir, Texas, on the Mexican border in western Presidio County. Before the decade was over, thousands of people died, Texans and Mexicans alike. In January 1919, an investigation launched by Texas lawmaker José Tomás Canales found that from 300 to 5,000 people, mostly of Hispanic descent, had been killed by Rangers from 1910 to 1919, and that members of the Rangers had been involved in many acts of brutality and injustice.[28] The Rangers were reformed by a resolution of the Legislature in 1919, which saw the special Ranger groups disbanded and a complaints system instituted.[29]

The Great Depression forced both the federal and state governments to cut down on personnel and funding of their organizations, and the number of commissioned officers was reduced to 45, with the only means of transportation afforded to Rangers being free railroad passes or using their personal horses. The agency was again damaged after supporting Governor Ross Sterling in his re-election campaign—after his opponent Miriam Amanda "Ma" Ferguson won, she proceeded to discharge all serving Rangers in 1933.[30]

The ensuing disorganization of law enforcement in the state caused the Legislature to engage a firm of consultants to reorganize the state security agencies. The consultants recommended merging the Rangers with the Texas Highway Patrol under a new agency called the Texas Department of Public Safety (DPS). This change took place in 1935, with an initial budget of US$450,000 (equivalent to $10,000,485 in 2023). With minor rearrangements over the years, the 1935 reforms have ruled the Texas Rangers' organization until present day. Hiring new members, which had been largely a political decision, was achieved through a series of examinations and merit evaluations. Promotion relied on seniority and performance in the line of duty. Today, the historical importance and symbolism of the Texas Rangers is such that they are protected by statute from being disbanded.[31]

1919 Canales Investigation

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On January 31, 1919, the Joint Committee of the Senate and the House convened at the state capitol in Austin, Texas, to begin an investigation of the Texas Rangers.[32] The investigation was prompted by José Tomás Canales, a state representative from Brownsville, Texas. Canales filed 19 charges against the Texas Rangers and declared a state of emergency as a result of the violent policing practices that he alleged were routinely used by the state force against Mexican Americans and Mexican nationals living along the US-Mexico border.[33] Canales also introduced a piece of legislation, House Bill 5, which proposed reorganizing the Texas Rangers and increasing the minimum qualifications and pay.[34]

From January 31 to February 13, 1919, the committee heard testimony from people across the state, including victims of state violence, witnesses or surviving relatives, and members of the Texas Rangers. The Texas State Library and Archives Commission has preserved the full transcript of the investigation, which consists of over 1600 pages of testimony and evidence.[35]

The testimony revealed many issues within the Texas Rangers and highlighted several high-profile cases of abuse. For example, in January 1918, a group consisting of Texas Rangers belonging to Company B and four local ranchers executed 15 innocent Mexican men and boys in Porvenir, a small community in West Texas.[36] In the aftermath, Texas Ranger Captain James Monroe Fox falsified official reports to Adjutant General James Harley to claim that the Porvenir residents had fired on the group of Rangers.[37] Fox would later amend his statements and ultimately resigned under pressure in 1918.[38] However, other Texas Rangers involved in the massacre remained on the force.

Another incident that came to light during the 1919 Investigation was the murder of Toribio Rodriguez, a Brownsville police officer, in December of 1912.[39] Rodriguez encountered a group of Texas Rangers and county law enforcement traveling in a hack with no lights. After Rodriguez asked the men to light the lamps on the hack, they began shooting at him. He returned home with a minor wound. However, the group of men went to Rodriguez's house, shot him in the back, and took him to the jail. Rodriguez died a few days later on November 14, 1912.[40] At the time of the investigation, at least one of the Rangers involved, Captain John J. Sanders, was still active on the force.[41]

Both particularly egregious cases offered a small sample of the many accounts of abuse that appear throughout the transcript. Witnesses also testified that violence by Texas Rangers extended beyond the US-Mexico border region and that other racial groups, and particularly African Americans, were subject to harassment and violence from the state agents.[42]

On February 19, 1919, the committee presented its findings to the Texas House of Representatives.[43] However, despite the revelations, the 1919 investigation did not produce the sweeping changes in the organization's culture that policymakers like Canales had wanted. Ultimately, no Texas Rangers were prosecuted for their involvement in acts of violence like the Porvenir Massacre or the murder of Toribio Rodriguez.[44] While the committee acknowledged that “the conduct of certain members of the ranger force... is most reprehensible,” they justified the Rangers’ continuing presence along the border and praised the majority of the state agents for their “great service... in the protection of property.”[45]

However, there were a few notable changes. The state legislators decided to reduce the force from well over 1,000 men to just 68 Rangers.[46] The majority of the reduction came from eliminating the "Loyalty Rangers," a group of unpaid volunteer Rangers that was established during World War I to monitor acts of "disloyalty" in their communities.[47] At the time of the investigation, there were approximately 800 Loyalty Rangers still in service.[48] Many of the men who were dismissed moved into careers in local law enforcement or later in the US Border Patrol, which was established in 1924.[49]

Old West image

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From its earliest days, the Rangers were surrounded with the mystique of the Old West. Although popular culture's image of the Rangers is typically one of rough living, tough talk and a quick draw, Ranger Captain John "Rip" Ford described the men who served him as this:

A large proportion ... were unmarried. A few of them drank intoxicating liquors. Still, it was a company of sober and brave men. They knew their duty and they did it. While in a town they made no braggadocio demonstration. They did not gallop through the streets, shoot, and yell. They had a specie of moral discipline which developed moral courage. They did right because it was right.[50]

Despite the age of the agency, and the many contributions they have made to law enforcement over their entire history, Texas Rangers developed most of their reputation during the days of the Old West. Of the 79 Rangers killed in the line of duty, 30 were killed during the Old West period of 1858 through 1901. Also during this period, two of their three most high-profile captures or killings took place, the capture of John Wesley Hardin and the killing of Sam Bass, in addition to the capture of Texas gunman Billy Thompson and others.[51]

American historian Andrew Graybill has argued that the Texas Rangers resemble the Royal Canadian Mounted Police in many ways. He argues that each organization protected the established order by confining and removing Native Americans, by tightly controlling the mixed blood peoples (the African Americans in Texas, and the Métis in Canada), assisted the large-scale ranchers against the small-scale ranchers and farmers who fenced the land, and broke the power of labor unions that tried to organize the workers of industrial corporations.[52]

"One Riot, One Ranger"

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Texas Rangers gathered at El Paso to stop the illegal Maher–Fitzsimmons fight, 1896. At the front row from the left are Adj. General W Mabry, and Capts. J Hughes, J Brooks, Bill McDonald (coiner of the phrase) and J Rogers.

A famous phrase associated with the Rangers is One Riot, One Ranger. It is a sensationalized apocrypha in that there was never actually a riot; rather, the phrase was coined by Ranger Captain William "Bill" McDonald, who was sent to Dallas in 1896 to prevent the illegal heavyweight prize fight between Pete Maher and Bob Fitzsimmons that had been organized by Dan Stuart and patronized by the eccentric "Hanging Judge" Roy Bean of Langtry, Texas.[53] According to the story, McDonald's train was met by the mayor, who asked the single Ranger where the other lawmen were. McDonald is said to have replied: "Hell! Ain't I enough? There's only one prize-fight!"[54]

Although some measure of truth lies within the tale, it is largely an idealized account written by author Bigelow Paine and loosely based on McDonald's statements, published in Paine's 1909 book Captain Bill McDonald: Texas Ranger. In truth, the fight had been so heavily publicized that nearly every Ranger was on hand, including all captains and their superior, Adjutant General Woodford H. Mabry. Many of them were undecided on stopping the fight or attending it; and other famous lawmen, such as Bat Masterson, were also present. The orders of the governor were clear, however, and the bout was stopped. Stuart then tried to reorganize it in El Paso and later in Langtry, but the Rangers thwarted his attempts. Finally, the fight took place on the Mexican side of the Rio Grande near Langtry.[55]

The motto appears on the pedestal of a bronze Texas Ranger statue that was at Dallas Love Field airport also titled One Riot, One Ranger. The statue was contributed in 1961 by Earle Wyatt and his wife.[56] The Texas Ranger statue was removed from the airport and put in storage in 2020 after publication of the book Cult of Glory, which details a number of unsavory incidents involving the Rangers.[57] According to Cult of Glory, the statue was modeled after Jay Banks, a pro-segregation Ranger of the era. Banks was on good terms with White Citizens' Councils and was involved in resistance to school integration after Brown v. Board of Education.[58] A final status on the location of the statue is awaiting a "community dialogue".[59]

High-profile cases

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The Texas Rangers have assisted in many high-profile cases throughout the years. Some cases are deeply entrenched in the Rangers' lore, such as those of outlaw John Wesley Hardin, bank robber Sam Bass, and Bonnie and Clyde.

Sam Bass

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Main article: Sam Bass (outlaw)
 
Bank robber Sam Bass

In 1878, Sam Bass and his gang, who had perpetrated a series of bank and stagecoach robberies beginning in 1877, held up two stagecoaches and four trains within 25 miles (40 km) of Dallas. The gang quickly found themselves the object of pursuit across North Texas by a special company of Texas Rangers headed by Captain Junius "June" Peak. Bass was able to elude the Rangers until a member of his party, Jim Murphy, turned informer, cut a deal to save himself, and led the law to the gang. As Bass's band rode south, Murphy wrote to Major John B. Jones, commander of the Frontier Battalion of Texas Rangers.

Jones set up an ambush at Round Rock, where the Bass gang had planned to rob the Williamson County Bank. On July 19, 1878, Bass and his gang scouted the area before the actual robbery. They bought some tobacco at a store, and were noticed by Williamson County Sheriff Ahijah W. "Caige" Grimes, who approached the group and was shot and killed. A heavy gunfight ensued between the outlaws and the Rangers and local lawmen. A deputy named Moore was mortally wounded, as was Bass. The gang quickly mounted their horses and tried to escape while continuing to fire, and as they galloped away, Bass was shot again in the back by Ranger George Herold. Bass was later found lying helpless in a pasture north of town by the authorities. They took him into custody; he died from his wounds the next day.

John Wesley Hardin

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Main article: John Wesley Hardin
 
John Wesley Hardin

One of Texas's deadliest outlaws, John Wesley Hardin, was reputed to be the meanest man alive, an accolade he supposedly earned by killing a man for snoring. He committed his first murder at age 15, and admitted to killing more than 40 men over 27 years. In May 1874, Hardin killed Charles Webb, the deputy sheriff of Brown County and a former Texas Ranger. John Barclay Armstrong, a Texas Ranger known as "McNelly's Bulldog" since he served with the Special Force as a sergeant and Captain Leander McNelly's right hand, received permission to arrest the outlaw. He pursued Hardin across Alabama and into Florida, and caught up with him in Pensacola.

After Armstrong, Colt pistol in hand, boarded a train that Hardin and four companions were on, the outlaw shouted, "Texas, by God!" and drew his own pistol. When it was over, one of his gang members was killed, and his three surviving friends were staring at Armstrong's pistol. Hardin had been knocked unconscious. Armstrong's hat had been pierced by a bullet, but he was uninjured. Hardin was charged for murder, convicted, and sentenced to 25 years in prison. Seventeen years later, Hardin was pardoned by Governor Jim Hogg and released from prison on March 16, 1894. He moved to El Paso, where he began practicing law. On August 19, 1895, he was murdered during a poker game at the Acme Saloon over a personal disagreement.[60]

Taft-Díaz assassination attempt

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In 1909, Private C.R. Moore of Company A, "performed one of the most important feats in the history of the Texas Rangers".[25] William Howard Taft and Porfirio Díaz planned a summit in El Paso, Texas and Ciudad Juárez, Mexico, a historic first meeting between a U.S. president and a Mexican president and the first time an American president would cross the border into Mexico.[61] But tensions rose on both sides of the border, including threats of assassination, so the Texas Rangers, 4,000 U.S. and Mexican troops, United States Secret Service agents and United States Marshals were all called in to provide security.[62] Frederick Russell Burnham, the celebrated scout, was put in charge of a 250-person private security detail hired by John Hays Hammond, a nephew of Texas Ranger John Coffee Hays, who in addition to owning large investments in Mexico was a close friend of Taft from Yale University and a U.S. Vice-Presidential candidate in 1908.[63][64] On October 16, the day of the summit, Burnham and Private C.R. Moore discovered a man holding a concealed palm pistol standing at the El Paso Chamber of Commerce building along the procession route.[65][66] Burnham and Moore captured, disarmed, and arrested the would-be assassin within only a few feet of Taft and Díaz.[25][26]

Bandit War

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The Bandit War, a small but major campaign during the Border War, was fought in 1910–1915 in Texas.[67] The conflict was a series of violent raids conducted by Mexican revolutionaries in the American settlements of Tamaulipas, Coahuila and Chihuahua. The Texas Rangers became the primary fighting force and protection of the Texans during the operations against the rebels. The Mexican faction's incursion in the territory was carried out by the Seditionistas and Carrancistas, and led by major political leaders such as Basilio Ramos and Luis de la Rosca; however, the Seditionistas were never able to launch a full-scale invasion of the United States so they resorted to conducting small raids into Texas. Much of the fighting involved the Texas Ranger Division though the United States Army also engaged in operations against the rebels. The Texas Rangers were led by Captain Harry Ransom on the orders of the Governor of Texas, James E. Ferguson.[68][69]

Bonnie and Clyde

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Frank Hamer, known in popular culture for tracking down and killing Bonnie and Clyde.
Main article: Bonnie and Clyde

Frank Hamer, the longtime Ranger Sergeant, left the Rangers in 1932. In 1934, at the request of Col. Lee Simmons, head of the Texas prison system, Hamer was asked to use his skills to track down Bonnie Parker and Clyde Barrow, whose Barrow gang had engineered a successful breakout of associates imprisoned at the Eastham Prison Farm in Houston County. Prisoner and Barrow friend Joe Palmer had killed a guard while escaping, and the Barrow gang was responsible for many murders, robberies, and car thefts in Texas alone. Nine law enforcement officers had already died in confrontations with the gang.

After tracking the Barrow gang across nine states, Hamer, in conjunction with officials in Louisiana, learned Bonnie and Clyde had visited a home in Bienville Parish on May 21, 1934, and that Clyde had designated a rendezvous point in the vicinity with gang member Henry Methvin, in case they were later separated. Methvin, allegedly cooperating with law enforcement, made sure he was separated from them that evening in Shreveport, and the posse set up an ambush along the route to the rendezvous at Highway 154, between Gibsland and Sailes. Led by former Rangers Hamer and B. M. "Manny" Gault, the posse included Sheriff Henderson Jordan and Deputy Prentiss Oakley of Bienville Parish, Louisiana, and Dallas County Deputies Bob Alcorn and Ted Hinton. They were in place by 9:00 that night, waiting all through the next day, but with no sign of Bonnie and Clyde.

Around 9:00 a.m. on May 23, the posse, concealed in the bushes and almost ready to concede defeat, heard Clyde's stolen Ford V-8 approaching. When he stopped to speak with Henry Methvin's father (planted there with his truck that morning to distract Clyde and force him into the lane closest to the posse), the lawmen opened fire, killing Bonnie and Clyde while shooting a combined total of approximately 130 rounds.

Irene Garza murder

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Main article: Death of Irene Garza

The Texas Rangers have received widespread coverage for their role in the investigation of the death of Irene Garza, a Texas beauty queen. In 1960, Garza was last seen going to Sacred Heart Catholic Church in McAllen where Father John Feit heard her confession. Her body was found five days later in a canal. Autopsy results showed she had been raped while unconscious and died of asphyxiation, likely from suffocation.[70] Feit was the primary suspect, but the case stalled for many years as the Hidalgo County district attorney did not feel that the evidence was sufficient to secure a conviction. Texas Ranger Rudy Jaramillo started working on the case in 2002.[71] In 2015, under a new district attorney, Feit was indicted for murder. In December 2017, Feit was found guilty of murder with malice aforethought. Feit, aged 85, was sentenced to life imprisonment, bringing to close the longest unsolved criminal case in Hidalgo County.

Duties

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The duties of the Texas Ranger Division consist of conducting criminal and special investigations; apprehending wanted felons; suppressing major disturbances; the protection of life and property; and rendering assistance to local law enforcement in suppressing crime and violence. The Texas Ranger Division is also responsible for the gathering and dissemination of criminal intelligence pertaining to all facets of organized crime. The Texas Ranger Division joins with all other enforcement agencies in the suppression of the same; under orders of the Director, suppress all criminal activity in any given area, when it is apparent that the local officials are unwilling or unable to maintain law and order; also upon the request or order of a judge of a court of record, Texas Rangers may serve as officers of the court and assist in the maintenance of decorum, the protection of life, and the preservation of property during any judicial proceeding; and provide protection for elected officials at public functions and at any other time or place when directed. The Texas Rangers, with the approval of the Director, may conduct investigations of any alleged misconduct on the part of other Department of Public Safety personnel.[72]

Organization

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The Texas Rangers' internal organization maintains the basic outlines that were set in 1935. The agency is divided into seven companies: six District Companies lettered from "A" to "F", and Headquarters Company "H". The number of personnel is set by the Texas Legislature; as of 2014, the Texas Rangers number 150 commissioned officers, one forensic artist, one fiscal analyst and 24 civilian support personnel.[73] The Legislature has also made a provision for the temporary commissioned appointment of up to 300 Special Rangers for use in investigative or emergency situations. The statewide headquarters of the Texas Rangers is located in Austin at the Texas DPS headquarters. As of 1 October 2014, the Chief of the Texas Rangers is Assistant Director of DPS Randall Prince.

The District Companies' headquarters are distributed in six geographical locations:[74]

  • Houston is the headquarters for Company A
  • Garland is the headquarters for Company B
  • Lubbock is the headquarters for Company C
  • Weslaco is the headquarters for Company D
  • El Paso is the headquarters for Company E
  • Waco is the headquarters for Company F

"Field Rangers" are supervised by a Senior Captain (Chief), Headquarters Captain (Assistant Chief), company majors and lieutenants.[75] Sergeants and agents are also part of the rank structure of the Rangers.

Division Headquarters:

  • Austin is the home of Division Headquarters, commanded by Chief Randall Prince. The Special Operations Group includes Special Weapons and Tactics Team (SWAT), Bomb Squad, Ranger Reconnaissance Team, Special Response Teams (SRT), Crisis Negotiation Teams (CNT), and Border Security Operations Center (BSOC) – Joint Operations and Intelligence Centers (JOIC). Specialized programs include the Unsolved Crimes and Public Corruption/Public Integrity investigations.[76]

Texas Rangers Rank Structure

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  • Ranger (Sergeant)
  • Lieutenant
  • Captain
  • Major
  • Assistant Chief
  • Chief

Uniforms

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Modern-day Rangers (as well as their predecessors) do not have a prescribed uniform per se, although the State of Texas does provide guidelines as to appropriate Ranger attire, including a requirement that Rangers wear clothing that is western in nature. Currently, the favored attire includes white shirt and tie, khaki/tan or gray trousers, light-colored western hat, "ranger" belt, and cowboy boots. Historically, according to pictorial evidence, Rangers wore whatever clothes they could afford or muster, which were usually worn out from heavy use. While Rangers still pay for their clothing today, they receive an initial stipend to offset some of the costs of boots, gunbelts and hats.

To carry out their horseback missions, Rangers adapted tack and personal gear to fit their needs. Until the beginning of the 20th century, the greatest influence was from the vaqueros (Mexican cowboys). Saddles, spurs, ropes and vests used by the Rangers were all fashioned after those of the vaqueros. Most Rangers also preferred to wear broader-brimmed sombreros as opposed to cowboy hats, and they favored square-cut, knee-high boots with a high heel and pointed toes, in a more Spanish style. Both groups carried their guns the same way, with the holsters positioned high around their hips instead of low on the thigh. This placement made it easier to draw while riding a horse.[77]

Badges

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The modern-day badge of a Texas Ranger is shown beside the obverse and reverse of a 1948 Mexican cinco pesos coin from which it is made.

The wearing of badges became more common in the late 1800s. Historians have suggested several reasons for the lack of the regular use of a badge; among them, some Rangers felt a shiny badge was a tempting target. Other historians have speculated there was no real need to show a badge to a hostile Native American or outlaw. Additionally, from a historical viewpoint, a Ranger's pay was so scanty that the money required for such fancy accoutrements was rarely available. Nevertheless, some Rangers did wear badges, and the first of these appeared around 1875. They were locally made and varied considerably from one to another, but they invariably represented a star cut from a Mexican silver coin (usually a five-peso coin). The design is reminiscent of Texas's Lone Star flag.

Although present-day Rangers wear the familiar "star in a wheel" badge, it was adopted officially only recently. The current design of the Rangers' badge was approved in 1962, when Ranger Hardy L. Purvis and his mother donated enough Mexican five-peso coins to the DPS to provide badges for all 62 Rangers who were working at that time as commissioned officers.[78]

Awards

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On rare occasions, a Texas Department of Public Safety Commissioner's Medal of Valor has been issued. According to the Texas Ranger Hall of Fame and Museum, the "Medal of Valor has been awarded to four Texas Rangers - Sgt. William R. Gerth, Sgt. Stanley Keith Guffey, Sgt. John Aycock, Sgt. Danny V. Rhea." Aycock was awarded the Medal of Valor twice, in 1987 and 1995.[79]

Rangers killed

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Since the establishment of the Texas Department of Public Safety Texas Rangers Division, 124 Rangers have been killed in the line of duty. The following list also contains officers from the Texas Rangers, which was merged into the Texas Department of Public Safety.[80][81][82]

The causes of death are as follows:

Causes of death Number of deaths
Assault
26
Automobile accident
2
Duty related illness
7
Drowned
3
Gunfire
76
Gunfire (accidental)
5
Stabbed
2
Struck by train
2
Struck by vehicle
1

Hall of Fame and Museum

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Main article: Texas Ranger Hall of Fame and Museum

The Texas Ranger Hall of Fame and Museum opened in Waco in 1968.

See also

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Citations

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  1. ^ "Table 1. Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States, Regions, States, and Puerto Rico: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2015". U.S. Census Bureau. December 23, 2015. Archived from the original (CSV) on December 23, 2015. Retrieved December 23, 2015.
  2. ^ a b c "Texas Department of Public Safety – Texas Rangers". Archived from the original on October 16, 2011. Retrieved March 7, 2019.
  3. ^ DPS announces staff promotions. Sealy, Texas. May 15, 2018. Archived from the original on March 6, 2019. Retrieved March 2, 2019. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  4. ^ Sublett, Jesse (December 31, 1969). "Lone on the Range: Texas Lawmen". Texas Monthly. Archived from the original on July 12, 2019. Retrieved August 11, 2019.
  5. ^ "TxDPS – Texas Rangers Historical Development". Txdps.state.tx.us. Archived from the original on March 19, 2012. Retrieved March 15, 2016.
  6. ^ Davies, Dave (June 8, 2020). "'Cult Of Glory' Reveals The Dark History Of The Texas Rangers". NPR. Archived from the original on August 28, 2020. Retrieved August 17, 2023.
  7. ^ "Texas Ranger Hall of Fame". Texasranger.org. Archived from the original on March 20, 2016. Retrieved March 15, 2016.
  8. ^ Martinez, Monica Muñoz (2018). The Injustice Never Leaves You: Anti-Mexican Violence in Texas. Harvard University Press. pp. 254–255. ISBN 9780674989382.
  9. ^ Cox, Mike, The Texas Rangers.
  10. ^ Webb, Walter Prescott, The Texas Rangers: A Century of Frontier Defense.
  11. ^ "Private Lewis F. Scheuster, Texas Rangers, Texas". Odmp.org. Retrieved March 15, 2016.
  12. ^ "Mexico, Sep. 20–23, 1846 | Texan Volunteers at Monterrey". The Battle of Monterrey. Archived from the original on July 7, 2011. Retrieved March 15, 2016.
  13. ^ a b c Ford, J.S., 1963, Rip Ford's Texas. Austin: University of Texas Press, ISBN 0292770340
  14. ^ Transactions, Texas Lodge of Research, Captain Peter F. Tumlinson: Texian Ranger and Mason. Doyle, Brett Laird XXXIX (2004–2005) 83–91.
  15. ^ "Tumlinson, John Jackson, Sr. | The Handbook of Texas Online| Texas State Historical Association (TSHA)". Tshaonline.org. Retrieved March 15, 2016.
  16. ^ Transactions, Texas Lodge of Research, Captain Peter F. Tumlinson: Texian Ranger and Mason. Doyle, Brett Laird XXXIX (2004–2005) 83–91.
  17. ^ Wilkins, Frederick, Defending the Borders: The Texas Rangers, 1848–1861.
  18. ^ Captain Frank Jones killed 1893 is 3rd from right front row
  19. ^ Webb, Walter Prescott, The Texas Rangers: A Century of Frontier Justice, University of Texas Press, 1965, second edition, pp. 219–229.
  20. ^ Utley, Robert M., Lone Star Justice: The First Century of the Texas Rangers, Berkley Books, 2003, p. 144.
  21. ^ Gillett, J.B., Six Years with the Texas Rangers, 1875–1881, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1921
  22. ^ Lehmann, H., 1927, 9 Years Among the Native Americans, 1870–1879, Von Beockmann-Jones Company, pp. 115–16
  23. ^ "El Paso Salt Wars (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved May 26, 2023.
  24. ^ Parsons, Chuck & Hall Little, Marianne E., Captain L. H. McNelly, Texas Ranger: The Life and Times of a Fighting Man.
  25. ^ a b c Harris 2004, p. 26.
  26. ^ a b Harris 2009, p. 213.
  27. ^ "The Bismarck tribune. (Bismarck, N.D.) 1916–current, February 8, 1918, Image 2 « Chronicling America « Library of Congress". Chroniclingamerica.loc.gov. February 8, 1918. Retrieved March 15, 2016.
  28. ^ Harris, Charles H. III & Sadler, Louis R., ibid.
  29. ^ "The 1919 Ranger Investigation". Texas State Library. April 25, 2016. Retrieved April 3, 2019.
  30. ^ "The Texas Ranger Story | Texas State History Museum". www.thestoryoftexas.com. Retrieved May 26, 2023.
  31. ^ "The division relating to the Texas Rangers may not be abolished". Acts 1987, 70th Leg., ch. 147, Sec. 1, September 1, 1987.
  32. ^ "Proceedings of the Joint Committee of the Senate and the House in the Investigation of the Texas State Ranger Force," Adjutant General Records, Texas State Library and Archives Commission, Austin, Texas, 2. https://www.tsl.texas.gov/sites/default/files/public/tslac/treasures/images/law/1919rangerVolume1.pdf
  33. ^ "Canales, José Tomás [J. T.]". Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved March 12, 2024.
  34. ^ Texas Legislature, House Journal, 36th Leg., Reg. Sess., 23 January 1919, accessed October 29, 2021, 163. https://lrl.texas.gov/scanned/Housejournals/36/01231919_8_158.pdf
  35. ^ "Rangers and Outlaws | TSLAC". www.tsl.texas.gov. Retrieved October 29, 2021.
  36. ^ "Porvenir Massacre". Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved March 12, 2024.
  37. ^ Monica Muñoz Martinez, The Injustice Never Leaves You: Anti-Mexican Violence in Texas (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2018), 132.
  38. ^ James M. Fox Ranger File, Texas Adjutant General's Department Service Records, Texas State Library and Archives Commission, Austin, Texas, accessed November 5, 2021, 10.https://www.tsl.texas.gov/apps/arc/service/viewdetails/7157
  39. ^ Robert M. Utley, Lone Star Lawmen: The Second Century of the Texas Rangers (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2007), 79.
  40. ^ "Brownsville herald. [volume] (Brownsville, Tex.) 1910-current, November 15, 1912, Image 1". November 15, 1912. ISSN 0894-2064. Retrieved March 12, 2024.
  41. ^ "Enlistment Oath of Service and Description Ranger Force J.J. Sanders, February 1, 1917," John J. Sanders Ranger File, Texas Adjutant General's Department Service Records, Texas State Library and Archives Commission, accessed October 19, 2021. https://www.tsl.texas.gov/apps/‌arc/service/viewdetails/18623
  42. ^ Testimony of W.A. Anderson in "Proceedings of the Joint Committee of the Senate and the House in the Investigation of the Texas State Ranger Force," Adjutant General records, Texas State Library and Archives Commission, Austin Texas, 664. https://www.tsl.texas.gov/sites/default/files/public/tslac/treasures/images/law/1919rangerVolume2.pdf
  43. ^ "Report of the Ranger Investigating Committee," House Journal, 36th Leg., Reg. Sess., 19 February 1919, accessed November 5, 2021, 535. https://lrl.texas.gov/scanned/Housejournals/36/02191919_28_520.pdf
  44. ^ Monica Muñoz Martinez, The Injustice Never Leaves You: Anti-Mexican Violence in Texas (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2018), 215.
  45. ^ "Report of Ranger Investigating Committee," House Journal, 26th Leg., Reg. Sess., 19 February 1919, accessed November 5, 2021, 538. https://lrl.texas.gov/scanned/Housejournals/36/02191919_28_520.pdf
  46. ^ Monica Muñoz Martinez, The Injustice Never Leaves You: Anti-Mexican Violence in Texas (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2018), 88, 215.
  47. ^ "The Texas Rangers and World War I". Texas Ranger Hall of Fame and Museum. Retrieved November 5, 2021.
  48. ^ Monica Muñoz Martinez, The Injustice Never Leaves You: Anti-Mexican Violence in Texas (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2018). 88/
  49. ^ Monica Muñoz Martinez, The Injustice Never Leaves You: Anti-Mexican Violence in Texas (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2018), 215; Kelly Lytle Hernández, Migra! A History of the U.S. Border Patrol (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2010), 12.
  50. ^ Ford, John Salmon, op. cit.
  51. ^ "Texas Ranger Hall of Fame". Texasranger.org. Archived from the original on February 23, 2009. Retrieved March 6, 2009.
  52. ^ Andrew R. Graybill, Policing the Great Plains: Rangers, Mounties, and the North American Frontier, 1875–1910 (University of Nebraska Press, 2007) excerpt and text search
  53. ^ Miletich, Leo N. Dan Stuart's Fistic Carnival (College Station: Texas A&M, 1994), pp. 147–58.
  54. ^ "Texas Department of Public Safety - Texas Rangers Silver Stars and Sixguns". www.txdps.state.tx.us. Archived from the original on June 13, 2010.
  55. ^ Robinson, Charles, op. cit.
  56. ^ "Texas Ranger of 1960". Love Field Art Program, Office of Public Affairs. Waldine Amanda Tauch (sculptor). Love Field Main Lobby. Retrieved December 28, 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  57. ^ Davies, Dave (June 8, 2020). "'Cult Of Glory' Reveals The Dark History Of The Texas Rangers". NPR. Retrieved July 3, 2020.
  58. ^ Swanson, Doug (June 2020). "The Horrible Truth of Love Field's Texas Ranger Statue". D Magazine. Retrieved July 3, 2020.
  59. ^ "Texas Ranger Statue Removed At Dallas Love Field". KTVT. June 4, 2020. Retrieved June 12, 2020.
  60. ^ John Wesley Hardin from the Handbook of Texas Online. Retrieved October 12, 2005.
  61. ^ Harris 2009, p. 1.
  62. ^ Harris 2009, p. 15.
  63. ^ Hampton 1910.
  64. ^ Daily Mail 1909, p. 7.
  65. ^ Harris 2009, p. 16.
  66. ^ Hammond 1935, pp. 565–66.
  67. ^ Utley, Robert M., Lone Star Lawmen: The Second Century of the Texas Rangers, Berkley (2008) Chapter I: The Border 1910–1915. ISBN 978-0425219386
  68. ^ "Plan of San Diego | The Handbook of Texas Online| Texas State Historical Association (TSHA)". Tshaonline.org. Retrieved March 15, 2016.
  69. ^ "Ralph Wranker". Taliesyn.com. Retrieved March 15, 2016.
  70. ^ Nelson, Aaron (December 11, 2017). "Reporter". San Antonio Express News. No. Morning. San Antonio Express News. San Antonio Express News. Retrieved May 13, 2018.
  71. ^ Colloff, Pamela (January 20, 2013). "Unholy act". Texas Monthly. Retrieved October 21, 2016.
  72. ^ "Texas Department of Public Safety – Texas Ranger Duties". Txdps.state.tx.us. Archived from the original on March 4, 2009. Retrieved March 6, 2009.
  73. ^ "Texas Department of Public Safety – Texas Rangers Personnel". Txdps.state.tx.us. Archived from the original on January 27, 2010. Retrieved August 31, 2010.
  74. ^ "Texas Ranger Hall of Fame & Museum – Texas Rangers Today". Texasranger.org. Retrieved March 15, 2016.
  75. ^ "Brief History". Texas Ranger Hall of Fame and Museum.
  76. ^ "Ranger Responsibilities". Texas Department of Public Safety. Retrieved January 14, 2021.
  77. ^ Circelli, Jerry, op. cit.
  78. ^ "The Texas Ranger Costume". Curtrich.com. Retrieved March 15, 2016.
  79. ^ "Medal of Valor". Texas Ranger Hall of Fame and Museum. Retrieved April 23, 2023.
  80. ^ "Texas Department of Public Safety – Texas Rangers, Texas, Fallen Officers". Odmp.org. Retrieved February 15, 2020.
  81. ^ "Texas Rangers, Texas, Fallen Officers". Odmp.org. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
  82. ^ Stopka, Christina; Agler, Dan (November 2019). "Texas Rangers Killed or Died While on Duty" (PDF). Texas Ranger Hall of Fame and Museum. Retrieved February 15, 2020.

General references

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  • Barrow, Blanche Caldwell & John Neal Phillips (ed.). My Life With Bonnie & Clyde, University of Oklahoma Press (2004). ISBN 0-8061-3625-1.
  • Barton, Henry W. (1960). "The United States Cavalry and the Texas Rangers". The Southwestern Historical Quarterly. 63 (4): 495–510. JSTOR 30236145.
  • Boessenecker, John. Texas Ranger: The Epic Life of Frank Hamer, the Man Who Killed Bonnie and Clyde, St. Martin's Press (2016) ISBN 978-1250131591.
  • Caballero, Raymond (2015). Lynching Pascual Orozco, Mexican Revolutionary Hero and Paradox. Create Space. ISBN 978-1514382509.
  • Cox, Mike. Texas Ranger Tales: Stories That Need Telling, Republic of Texas, (1998). ISBN 1-55622-537-7
  • Cox, Mike. The Texas Rangers: Wearing the Cinco Peso, 1821–1900 (vol. 1, 2009)
  • Cox, Mike. Time of the Rangers: Texas Rangers: From 1900 to the Present (2010)
  • Cantrell, Gregg. Stephen F. Austin: Empresario of Texas. (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, (1999). ISBN 978-0-300-09093-2.
  • Dishman, Christopher. A Perfect Gibraltar: The Battle for Monterrey, Mexico. University of Oklahoma Press (2010). ISBN 978-0806141404
  • Doyle, Brett. Laird Transactions, Texas Lodge of Research, Captain Peter F. Tumlinson: Texian Ranger and Mason. Doyle, Brett Laird XXXIX (2004–2005) 113–24 Published by the Texas Lodge of Research A. F. & A. M. 2006.
  • Ford, John Salmon. Rip Ford's Texas, University of Texas Press (1987). ISBN 0-292-77034-0.
  • Graybill, Andrew (2004). "Texas Rangers, Canadian Mounties, and the Policing of the Transnational Industrial Frontier, 1885–1910". Western Historical Quarterly. 35 (2): 167–191. doi:10.2307/25442969. JSTOR 25442969.
  • Hammond, John Hays (1935). The Autobiography of John Hays Hammond. New York: Farrar & Rinehart. ISBN 978-0-405-05913-1.
  • Hampton, Benjamin B (April 1, 1910). "The Vast Riches of Alaska". Hampton's Magazine. 24 (1).
  • Harris, Charles H. III; Sadler, Louis R. (2004). The Texas Rangers And The Mexican Revolution: The Bloodiest Decade. 1910–1920. Albuquerque, New Mexico: University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 0-8263-3483-0.
  • Harris, Charles H. III; Sadler, Louis R. (2009). The Secret War in El Paso: Mexican Revolutionary Intrigue, 1906–1920. Albuquerque, New Mexico: University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 978-0-8263-4652-0.
  • Johnson, Benmamin Herber. Revolution in Texas: How a Forgotten Rebellion and Its Bloody Suppression Turned Mexicans into Americans, Yale University Press (2003). ISBN 0-300-09425-6
  • Keil, Robert. (2002). Bosque Bonito: Violent times along the borderland during the Mexican Revolution. Alpine, TX: Sul Ross State University, Center for Big Bend Studies. ISBN 978-0970770905
  • Knight, James R. & Davis, Jonathan. Bonnie and Clyde: A Twenty-First-Century Update, Eakin Press (2003). ISBN 1-57168-794-7
  • Levario, Miguel. (2012). Militarizing the Border: When Mexicans Became the Enemy. College Station, TX: Texas A & M University Press. ISBN 978-1603447584
  • Martinez, Monica Muñoz. The Injustice Never Leaves You: Anti-Mexican Violence in Texas. Harvard University Press (2018). ISBN 978-0674976436
  • Miller, Rick. Texas Ranger John B. Jones and the Frontier Battalion, 1874–1881 (University of North Texas Press; 2012) 401 pages; a history of the battalion that focuses on Jones
  • Moore, Stephen L. Texas Rising: The Epic True Story of the Lone Star Republic and the Rise of the Texas Rangers, 1836–1846. William Morrow, (2015). ISBN 978-0062394309
  • Parsons, Chuck & Marianne E. Hall Little. Captain L. H. McNelly, Texas Ranger: The Life and Times of a Fighting Man, State House Press (2000). ISBN 1-880510-73-1.
  • Robinson, Charles. The Men Who Wear the Star: The Story of the Texas Rangers, Modern Library, (2001). ISBN 0-375-75748-1
  • Swanson, Doug, J. Cult of Glory: The Bold and Brutal History of the Texas Rangers. Viking Press, (2020). ISBN 978-1101979860
  • Utley, Robert M. Lone Star Lawmen: The Second Century of the Texas Rangers. Oxford University Press (2007). ISBN 978-0195154443
  • Villanueva, Nicholas. (2017). The Lynching of Mexicans in the Texas Borderlands. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 978-0826358387
  • Webb, Walter Prescott. The Texas Rangers: A Century of Frontier Defense, University of Texas Press (1989). ISBN 0-292-78110-5
  • Weiss, Harold J. (1994). "The Texas Rangers Revisited: Old Themes and New Viewpoints". The Southwestern Historical Quarterly. 97 (4): 620–640. JSTOR 30242465.
  • Wilkins, Frederick. Defending the Borders: The Texas Rangers, 1848–1861, State House Press, (2001). ISBN 1-880510-41-3
  • Wilkins, Frederick. The Law Comes to Texas: The Texas Rangers 1870–1901, State House Press, (1999). ISBN 1-880510-61-8.
  • Wilkins, Frederick. The Legend Begins: The Texas Rangers, 1823–1845, State House Press, (1996). ISBN 1-880510-41-3
  • "Mr. Taft's Peril; Reported Plot to Kill Two Presidents". Daily Mail. London. October 16, 1909. ISSN 0307-7578.
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