Textual variants in the Acts of the Apostles

Textual variants in the Acts of the Apostles are the subject of the study called textual criticism of the New Testament. Textual variants in manuscripts arise when a copyist makes deliberate or inadvertent alterations to a text that is being reproduced. An abbreviated list of textual variants in this particular book is given in this article below.

Most of the variations are not significant and some common alterations include the deletion, rearrangement, repetition, or replacement of one or more words when the copyist's eye returns to a similar word in the wrong location of the original text. If their eye skips to an earlier word, they may create a repetition (error of dittography). If their eye skips to a later word, they may create an omission. They may resort to performing a rearranging of words to retain the overall meaning without compromising the context. In other instances, the copyist may add text from memory from a similar or parallel text in another location. Otherwise, they may also replace some text of the original with an alternative reading. Spellings occasionally change. Synonyms may be substituted. A pronoun may be changed into a proper noun (such as "he said" becoming "Jesus said"). John Mill's 1707 Greek New Testament was estimated to contain some 30,000 variants in its accompanying textual apparatus[1] which was based on "nearly 100 [Greek] manuscripts."[2] Peter J. Gurry puts the number of non-spelling variants among New Testament manuscripts around 500,000, though he acknowledges his estimate is higher than all previous ones.[3]

Legend

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A guide to the sigla (symbols and abbreviations) most frequently used in the body of this article.[4][5]

General sigla
# beginning with 0: uncial
# not beginning with 0: minuscule
* superscript: original reading
c superscript: scribal correction
ms superscript: individual manuscript
mss superscript: multiple manuscripts
pt superscript: partial attestation
vid superscript: uncertain reading
arab: Arabic versions
arm: Armenian versions
𝔐 or Byz: Byzantine text-type
cop: Coptic versions
sa: Sahidic version
bo: Boharic version
eth: Ethiopic versions
ƒ: Greek manuscripts family
geo: Georgian versions
goth: Gothic versions
it: Italic/Vetus Latina
lat: most Italic and Vulgate
latt: all Italic and Vulgate
𝔓: papyrus
𝑙: individually numbered lectionary
Lect: most or all numbered lectionaries
parenthesized (): approximate reading
rell: all other extant manuscripts
slav: Slavic versions
syr: Syriac versions
vg: Latin Vulgate
ς: Textus Receptus
Uncial sigla
א: Codex Sinaiticus (01)
A: Codex Alexandrinus (02)
B: Codex Vaticanus (03)
C: Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus (04)
Dea: Codex Bezae (05)
Dp: Codex Claromontanus (06)
Ke: Codex Cyprius (017)
Kap: Codex Mosquensis I (018)
Le: Codex Regius (New Testament) (019)
Lap: Codex Angelicus (020)
Papr: Codex Porphyrianus (025)
S: Codex Vaticanus 354 (028)
V: Codex Mosquensis II (031)
W: Codex Washingtonianus (032)
Z: Codex Dublinensis (035)
Γ: Codex Tischendorfianus IV (036)
Δ: Codex Sangallensis 48 (037)
Θ: Codex Koridethi (038)
Ξ: Codex Zacynthius (040)
Π: Codex Petropolitanus (New Testament) (041)
Φ: Codex Beratinus (043)
Ψ: Codex Athous Lavrensis (044)
Ω: Codex Athous Dionysiou (045)
ff1: Codex Corbeiensis I
ff2: Codex Corbeiensis II
g1: Codex Sangermanensis I
k: Codex Bobiensis

Textual variants

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Textual variants in the Acts of the Apostles


9 Textual variants in Acts 1

Acts 1:5

ἐν πνεύματι βαπτισθήσεσθε ἁγίῳ (with [the] Spirit will be baptised Holy) – א* B 81 915 Didymus WH[6]
ἐν πνεύματι ἁγίῳ βαπτισθήσεσθε (with [the] Spirit Holy will be baptised) – D it Hilary Augustine[6]
βαπτισθήσεσθε ἐν πνεύματι ἁγίῳ (will be baptised with [the] Spirit Holy) – 𝔓74 אc A C E Ψ Byz vg Origen Cyril ς.[6] Compare Matthew 3:11; Mark 1:8; Luke 3:16.[6]

Acts 1:5

ἡμέρας (days) – Byz ς WH[6]
ἡμέρας ἔως τῆς πεντηκοστῆς (days until the Pentacost) – D, copsa copmae Ephraem Augustine Cassiodorus[6]

Acts 1:6

ἠρώτων αὐτὸν (asking [of] him) – WH[7]
ἐπηρώτων αὐτὸν (inquiring him) – Byz ς[7]

Acts 1:7

εἶπεν πρὸς αὐτούς ([he] said to them) – B* syrp WH.[8] Alexandrian text-type: Westcott and Hort 1881, Westcott and Hort / [NA27 and UBS4 variants] 1864–94, Tischendorf 8th Edition, Nestle 1904[9]
εἶπεν δὲ πρὸς αὐτούς (but [he] said to them) – א A B2 Ψ Byz vg syrh ς.[8] Byz: Stephanus Textus Receptus 1550, Scrivener's Textus Receptus 1894, RP Byzantine Majority Text 2005, Greek Orthodox Church[9]
καὶ εἶπεν πρὸς αὐτούς (and [he] said to them) – Western text-type: D it[8]
ὁ δὲ ἀποκριθεὶς εἶπεν αὐτοῖς (but he, answering them, said) – (Cvid) E[8]

Acts 1:10

ἐσθήσεσι λευκαῖς (white clothing) – 𝔓56(c) א A B C Ψ 81 323 945 1175 1739 pc it vg Eusebius WH[10]
ἐσθήτι λευκῇ (white clothing) – 𝔓56* D E Byz itgig syr ς[10]

Acts 1:11

εἰς τὸν οὐρανόν ((in)to [the] heaven) – א A B C E Ψ 049 056 0142 36 81 88 104 181 307 326mg 330 436 453 610 614 629 630 945 1175 1241 1409 1505 1678 1739supp 1877 1891 2127 2344 2412 2492 Byz Lect itar itc itdem ite itp itph itro itt itw vg syrp syrh syrpal copsa copbo copmae armmss eth geo slav Origenlat Eusebius Ps-Ignatius Epiphanius Chrysostom Jerome Augustine2/6 Cyril Proclus Quodvultdeus1/2 Theodoret3/4 Cosmas ς WH[11]
omitted – D, 33c, 242, 326* 2495 l60 itd itgig vgmss copbo(mss) armmss Maximus Maximinus Augustine4/6 Quodvultdeus1/2 Leo Varimadum Theodoret1/4 Vigilius Cassiodorus[11]

Acts 1:14

τῇ προσευχῇ ([in] the prayer) – 𝔓74 א A B C* D E Ψ 81 104 1175 pc it vg syr WH NR CEI Riv TILC Nv NM[12]
τῇ προσευχῇ καὶ τῇ δεήσει ([in] the prayer and [in] the supplication) – C Byz ς ND Dio.[12] Compare Philippians 4:6.[12]

Acts 1:15

ἀδελφῶν (of the brothers) – א A B C* 33vid 104 945 1175 pc vg copsa copbo WH NR CEI Riv TILC Nv NM[13]
μαθητῶν (of the disciples) – (C) D E Ψ ite itgig itp syr copmae Byz Cyprian Augustine ς ND Dio.[13]
ἀποστόλων (of the apostles) – 𝔓74[13]

Acts 1:18

πρηνὴς γενόμενος (headlong having fallen/become) – א A B C D E Ψ 049 056 0142 33 81 88 104 181 326 330 436 451 614 629 630 945 1241 1505 1739supp 1877 2127 2412 2492 2495 Byz (syrp) syrh copsa copbo ς WH[14]
πρησθείς (swollen up) – geo? Papias[14]
pronus factus ([having been] made/become face down) – itd ite itp*[14]
in faciem prostratus (lying down on the face) – itgig Ambrose[14]
suspensus (hanging/suspended) – itar itc itp(c) itt vg Bede[14]
(swollen) – arm[14]

2 Textual variants in Acts 2

Acts 2:5[citation needed]

κατοικοῦντες Ἰουδαῖοι, ἄνδρες εὐλαβεῖς – A, B
κατοικοῦντες εν Ἰερουσαλὴμ, ἄνδρες Ἰουδαῖοι – C3 (Ἰουδαῖοι ἄνδρες), D (εὐλαβεῖς ἄνδρες), Ea (Ἰουδαῖοι κατοικοῦντες), Ψ, 049, 056, 0142, 33, 81, 88, 104, 181, 326, 330, 436, 451, 614, 629, 630, 945, 1241, 1505, 1739, 1877, 2127, 2412, 2492, 2495, Byz, Lect
κατοικοῦντες ἄνδρες εὐλαβεῖς – א, itph, syrp
κατοικοῦντες Ιουδαιοι – 603
 
Acts 2:11-22 from Uncial 076

Acts 2:14

ενδεκα – majority
δεκα αποστολος – D*

0 Textual variants in Acts 3

Acts 3:1


2 Textual variants in Acts 4

Acts 4:24

συ – 𝔓74, א, A, B, 2495
συ ει – vgcl
συ ο θεος – D E P Ψ 049 056 0142 104 326 330 436 451 614 629 945 1241 1505 1739 2412 2492 Byz Lect e gig
συ ει ο θεος – 2127, 680, 1443, d, copsa
κυριε ο θεος – 33, 181, 1877, syrp, h
κυριε συ – 88 (arm συ κυριος)
κυριε – ar

Acts 4:36[15]

Ἰωσὴφ (Joseph) – Westcott and Hort 1881, Westcott and Hort / [NA27 and UBS4 variants], Tischendorf's 8th Edition 1864–94, Nestle 1904
Ἰωσῆς (Joses) – Stephanus Textus Receptus 1550, Scrivener's Textus Receptus 1894, RP Byzantine Majority Text 2005, Greek Orthodox Church

2 Textual variants in Acts 5

Acts 5:3

ὁ Πέτρος Ἁνανία – majority of manuscripts of all the Alexandrian, Caesarean, and Byzantine text-types
Πέτρος πρὸς Ἁνανίαν – D, Ψ
πρὸς αὐτόν ὁ Πέτρος Ἁνανίαν – E, 321

Acts 5:28

ου παραγγελια – אc, Dgr, E, P, (Ψ ουχι), 049, 056, 0142, 88, 104, 181, 326, 330, 436, 451, 614, 629, 630, 945, 1241, 1505, 1739, 1877, 2127, 2412, 2492, 2495, Byz, Lect, e, h, p, syrp, h, copsa, arm, eth
παραγγελια – 𝔓74, א*, A, B, 147, ar, d, gig, vg, copsa

0 Textual variants in Acts 6

Acts 6:1


0 Textual variants in Acts 7

Acts 7:1


2 Textual variants in Acts 8
 
Act 8:26-32 from 𝔓50

Acts 8:37

εἶπε δὲ ὁ Φίλιππος, εἰ πιστεύεις ἐξ ὅλης τῆς καρδίας, ἔξεστιν ἀποκριθεὶς δὲ ειπε, πιστεύω τὸν υἱὸν του θεου ειναι τὸν Ιησουν Χριστον104, 323, 453, 945, 1739, 1891, 2818, 59
εἶπε δὲ αὐτῷ ὁ Φίλιππος, ἐὰν πιστεύεις ἐξ ὅλης τῆς καρδίας σου, σωθήσει ἀποκριθεὶς δὲ ειπε, πιστεύω εἰς τὸν Χριστὸν τὸν υἱὸν του θεου – Εa, ite
εἶπε δὲ, εἰ πιστεύεις ἐξ ὅλης τῆς καρδίας, ἔξεστιν ἀποκριθεὶς δὲ ὁ εὐνοῦχος ειπεν αὐτῷ, πιστεύω τὸν υἱὸν του θεου ειναι τὸν Ιησουν Χριστον88
verse omitted by 𝔓45, 𝔓74, א, A, B, C, P, Ψ, 049, 056, 0142, 33, 81, 88*, 104, 181, 326, 330, 436, 451, 614, 1241, 1505, 2127, 2412, 2492, 2495, Byz, Lect

Acts 8:39

πνεῦμα ἅγιον ἐπέπεσεν ἐπὶ τὸν εὐνοῦχον, ἄγγελος δέ κύριου ἥρπασεν τὸν Φίλιππον (the Holy Spirit fell on the eunuch, and an angel of the Lord caught up Philip) – A, 36a, 94, 103, 307, 322, 323, 385, 453, 467, 945, 1739, 1765, 1891, 2298, itp, vg, syrh

0 Textual variants in Acts 9

Acts 9:1


1 Textual variants in Acts 10

Acts 10:25

Codex Bezae has an addition: "And as Peter was drawing near to Caesarea one of the servants ran forward and announced that he was come."

1 Textual variants in Acts 11

Acts 11:20

Ελληνιστας – B Db E P Ψ 049 056 0142 81 88 104 181 326 330 436 451 614 629 630 945 1241 1505 1739 1877 2127 2412 2492 2495 Byz Lect
Ελληνας – 𝔓74 Sinaiticusc, A D arm
ευαγγελιστας – Sinaiticus

1 Textual variants in Acts 12

Acts 12:25

εις Ιερουσαλημ (to Jerusalem) – א, B, H, L, P, 049, 056, 0142, 81, 88, 326, 330, 451, 629, 1241, 1505, 1877, 2492, 2495, Byz, Lect
εξ Ιερουσαλημ (from Jerusalem) – 𝔓74, A, 33, 69, 630, 2127[16]
απο Ιερουσαλημ (from Jerusalem) – D, Ψ, 181, 436, 614, 2412, 147, 809, 1021, 1141, 1364, 1439, ar, d, gig, vg, Chrysostom
εις Αντιοχειαν (to Antioch) – 97mg, 110, 328, 424mg, 425c
εις την Αντιοχειαν (to Antioch) – 38
απο Ιερουσαλημ εις Αντιοχειαν (from Jerusalem to Antioch) – E, 322, 323
εξ Ιερουσαλημ εις Αντιοχειαν (from Jerusalem to Antioch) – 429, 945, 1739, e, p, syrp, copsa geo
εις Ιερουσαλημ εις Αντιοχειαν (to Jerusalem to Antioch) – 104, copsa (some mss.)

1 Textual variants in Acts 13

Acts 13:33

εν τω ψαλμω γεγραπται τω δευτερω (it is written in the second Psalm) – 𝔓75, א, A, B, C, Ψ, 33 81 181 326 630 945 1739
εν τω ψαλμω τω δευτερω γεγραπται (it is written in the second Psalm) – Ε Π 049 88 104 330 436 451 614 629 1241 1505 1877 2127 2412 2492 2495 Byz
εν τω δευτερω ψαλμω γεγραπται (it is written in the second Psalm) – 056 0142
εν τω πρωτω ψαλμω γεγραπται (it is written in the first Psalm) – D* it
εν τοις ψαλμοις γεγραπται (it is written in Psalms) – 𝔓45
εν τω ψαλμω γεγραπται (it is written in Psalm) – 522 1175

0 Textual variants in Acts 14

Acts 14:1


3 Textual variants in Acts 15
 
Acts 15:22–24 from the Codex Laudianus, written in parallel columns of Latin and Greek.

Acts 15:23

γραψαντης δια χειρος αυτων𝔓45, 𝔓74, א*, A, B, copbo
γραψαντης δια χειρος αυτων ταδεאc, E, (33), Byz, syrh
γραψαντης δια χειρος αυτων επιστολην περιεχουσαν ταδε – C, ar, c, gig, w, geo
γραψαντης επιστολην δια χειρος αυτων περιεχουσαν ταδεD, d
γραψαντης επιστολην δια χειρος αυτων εχουσαν τον τυπον τουτον – Ψ
γραψαντης δια χειρος αυτων επιστολην και πεμψαντες περιεχουσαν ταδε614.[17]: 366 

Acts 15:24

ψυχας υμων (your souls) – 𝔓33, 𝔓45, 𝔓74, א, A, B, D, 33, 81, 629
ψυχας υμων λεγοντες περιτεμνεσθαι και τηρειν τον νομον (your souls, saying: you must be circumcised and keep the law) – C, Ea (περιτεμνεσθαι δει), P, Ψ, 049, 056, 0142, 88, 104, 181, 326, 330, 436, 451, 614, 630, 945, 1241, 1739, Byz

Acts 15:34

verse omitted by majority of the mss.
verse contained in C, 33, 88, 181, 326, 436, 614, 630, 945, 1739, 2412

0 Textual variants in Acts 16

Acts 16:1


1 Textual variants in Acts 17

Acts 17:26

εξ ενος𝔓74, א, A, B, 33, 81, 181, 629, 630, 1739, vg, copsa, bo
εξ ενος αιματος – D, E, P, 049, 056, 0142, 88, 104, 326, 330, 436, 451, 614, 945, 1241, 1505, 1877, 2127, 2412, 2492, 2495, Byz Lect
εξ ενος στοματος – Ψ, 603
omitted by ethro

1 Textual variants in Acts 18

Acts 18:26

την οδον – D d gig
την οδον του θεου𝔓74 א A B 33 88 181 326 436 614 2412 60 1356
την οδον του κυριου – E 1505 2495 598
τον λογον του κυριου – 945 1739
τον λογον του θεου – 630
την του θεου οδον – P Ψ 049 0142 104 330 451 1241 1877 2127 2492 Byz Lect

1 Textual variants in Acts 19

Acts 19:20

του κυριου ο λογοςא A B
ο λογος του κυριου – majority
η πιστις του κυριου – D, syrp

2 Textual variants in Acts 20

Acts 20:15

και μειναντες εν Τρωγυλλιω (and after remaining at Trogyllium) – D P 049 88 181 326 330 451 614 945 1241 1505 1877 2127 2412 2492 2495
και μειναντες εν Στρογγυλιω (and after remaining at Strogyllium) – 056 0142
και μειναντες εν Στογυλιω (and after remaining at Stogyllium) – 104
μεινοντες εις το Γυλλιον (Gyllium) – Ψ
omit – 𝔓74 א A B C Egr 33 630 1739

Acts 20:28

εκκλησιαν του Θεου (church of God) – א B 614 1175 2495 al vg sy boms
εκκλησιαν του κυριου (church of the Lord) – 𝔓74, A, C*, D, E, Ψ, 33, 453, 945, 1739, 1891, 36a
εκκλησιαν του κυριου και του Θεου (church of the Lord and God) – C3, Byz[17]: 384 

1 Textual variants in Acts 21

Acts 21:1

Παταραא B E P Ψ 049 056 0142 33 88 104 181 326 330 436 451 614 629 630 945 1241 1505 1739 1877 2127 2412 2492 2495 Byz ar e vg syrp, h copbo arm eth
Πατερα𝔓74 A C
Παταρα και Μυρα𝔓41 Dgr gig (itph Hyram) vgmss copsa

0 Textual variants in Acts 22

Acts 22:1


2 Textual variants in Acts 23

Acts 23:1


2 Textual variants in Acts 24

Acts 24:6b-8a

verse omitted by majority of the mss.
verse contained (with textual differences) in E, Ψ, 056, 0142, 33, 88, 181, 424, 436, 483, 614, 630, 945, 1505, 2412, 2495

Acts 24:20

ευρον αδικημα𝔓74 א A B 33 81 181
ευρον εν εμοι αδικημα – C E P Ψ 049 056 0142 88 104 326 330 436 451 614 629 Byz

0 Textual variants in Acts 25

Acts 25:1


0 Textual variants in Acts 26

Acts 26:1


3 Textual variants in Acts 27
 
𝔓74 with text Acts 27:14-21

Acts 27:16

Καυδα (name of island) – 𝔓74 B 1175 lat syrp
Κλαυδαא A 33 81 614 945 1739 2495, vgmss (Codex Cavensis) syrh
Κλαυδην – Byz
Γαυδην – Ψ[17]: 403 

Acts 27:37

ως εβδομηκοντα (about seventy) – Epiphaniuspt
ως εβδομηκοντα εξ (about seventy-six) – B sa Epiphaniuspt
εβδομηκοντα εξ (seventy-six) – 522 680
εκατον εβδομηκοντα εξ (one hundred seventy-six) – bomss
διακοσιοι δεκα εξ (two hundred sixteen) – 1156
διακοσιαι εβδομηκοντα (two hundred seventy) – 69 Ephraem
διακοσιαι εβδομηκοντα πεντε (two hundred seventy-five) – A sa
διακοσιαι εβδομηκοντα εξ (two hundred seventy-six) – rell

Acts 27:41

απο της βιας (from the force) – א*
υπο της βιας (by the force) – A B arm geo
a vi maris (from the sea) – latt
των κυματων (of the waves) – 1441 (w/obeli)
υπο των κυματων (by the waves) – Ψ 1678 2464 eth
υπο της βιας των ανεμων (by the force of the winds) – 629
απο της βιας των κυματων (from the force of the waves) – 104 599
υπο της βιας των κυματων (by the force of the waves) – 𝔓74 א2 rell

0 Textual variants in Acts 28

Acts 28:1

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Adam Fox, John Mill and Richard Bentley: A Study of the Textual Criticism of the New Testament 1675–1729 (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1954), pp. 105–115; John Mill, Novum Testamentum Graecum, cum lectionibus variantibus MSS (Oxford 1707)
  2. ^ Metzger and Ehrman (2005), p.154
  3. ^ Gurry, Peter J. (2016). "The Number of Variants in the Greek New Testament: A Proposed Estimate". New Testament Studies. 62 (1): 113. doi:10.1017/S0028688515000314. S2CID 170822522.
  4. ^ Metzger, Bruce Manning; Ehrman, Bart D. (2005). The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption and Restoration (4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 54, 62–86, 102–103. ISBN 0-19-516667-1.
  5. ^ J.P. van de Giessen (2003). "Legenda tekstkritische notities". bijbelaantekeningen.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved 4 May 2022.
  6. ^ a b c d e f J.P. van de Giessen (2003). "Handelingen 1:5". bijbelaantekeningen.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved 3 May 2022.
  7. ^ a b J.P. van de Giessen (2003). "Handelingen 1:6". bijbelaantekeningen.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved 3 May 2022.
  8. ^ a b c d J.P. van de Giessen (2003). "Handelingen 1:7". bijbelaantekeningen.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved 3 May 2022.
  9. ^ a b "Acts 1:7 Text Analysis". Biblehub.com. Retrieved 3 May 2022.
  10. ^ a b J.P. van de Giessen (2003). "Handelingen 1:10". bijbelaantekeningen.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved 3 May 2022.
  11. ^ a b J.P. van de Giessen (2003). "Handelingen 1:11". bijbelaantekeningen.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved 3 May 2022.
  12. ^ a b c J.P. van de Giessen (2003). "Handelingen 1:14". bijbelaantekeningen.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved 3 May 2022.
  13. ^ a b c J.P. van de Giessen (2003). "Handelingen 1:15". bijbelaantekeningen.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved 3 May 2022.
  14. ^ a b c d e f J.P. van de Giessen (2003). "Handelingen 1:18". bijbelaantekeningen.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved 3 May 2022.
  15. ^ "Acts 4:36 Text Analysis". Biblehub.com. Retrieved 1 September 2021.
  16. ^ UBS3, p. 464.
  17. ^ a b c Aland, Kurt; Black, Matthew; Martini, Carlo Maria; Metzger, Bruce M.; Wikgren, Allen, eds. (1981). Nestle-Aland Novum Testamentum Graece (26 ed.). Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelstiftung. ISBN 3-438-051001. (NA26)

Further reading

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  • Novum Testamentum Graece et Latine, ed. E. Nestle, K. Aland, Stuttgart 1981.
  • Bruce M. Metzger & Bart D. Ehrman, "The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption, and Restoration", OUP New York, Oxford, 4 edition, 2005
  • Bruce M. Metzger, "A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament: A Companion Volume to the United Bible Societies' Greek New Testament", 1994, United Bible Societies, London & New York.
  • Bart D. Ehrman, "The Orthodox Corruption of Scripture. The Effect of Early Christological Controversies on the Text of the New Testament", Oxford University Press, New York - Oxford, 1996, pp. 223–227.
  • David C. Parker and Stuart R. Pickering, eds., “4968. Acta Apostolorum 10–12. 15–17,” in Graeco-Roman Memoirs 95 (London: Egypt Exploration Society; British Academy 2009), 1–45, esp. 8;
  • Eldon Jay Epp, “Textual Clusters,” 560; “Text-Critical Witnesses and Methodology for Isolating a Distinctive D-Text in Acts,” NovT 59 (2017): 225–96, esp. 230–32
  • Georg Gäbel, “Western Text, D-Text Cluster, Bezan Trajectory, Or What Else?—A Preliminary Study,” in Novum Testamentum Graecum: Editio Critica Maior; The Acts of the Apostles, ed. Holger Strutwolf et al. (Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 2017), 3/3: 83–136, esp.133f.
  • Klaus Wachtel, “On the Relationship of the ‘Western Text’ and the Byzantine Tradition of Acts—A Plea Against the Text Type Concept,” in Novum Testamentum Graecum: Editio Critica Maior; The Acts of the Apostles, ed. Holger Strutwolf et al. (Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 2017), 3/3: 137–48, esp. 147.
  • Pasi Hyytiäinen, "The Changing Text of Acts: A Phylogenetic Approach," TC: A Journal of Biblical Textual Criticism 26 (2021): 1–28.
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