Wikipedia

The Land Before Time (film)

(Redirected from The Land Before Time Began)

The Land Before Time is a 1988 animated adventure film directed and co-produced by Don Bluth from a screenplay by Stu Krieger and a story by Judy Freudberg and Tony Geiss. It is executive produced by Steven Spielberg, George Lucas, Kathleen Kennedy, and Frank Marshall. The film stars the voices of Judith Barsi, Burke Byrnes, Gabriel Damon, Bill Erwin, Pat Hingle, Candace Hutson, Will Ryan and Helen Shaver. It is the first film in the Land Before Time franchise.

The Land Before Time
Theatrical release poster by Drew Struzan
Directed byDon Bluth
Screenplay byStu Krieger
Story by
Produced by
Starring
Edited by
  • John K. Carr
  • Dan Molina
Music byJames Horner
Production
companies
Distributed byUniversal Pictures[1]
Release date
  • November 18, 1988 (1988-11-18)
Running time
69 minutes (original)
Countries
Budget$12.3 million[2]
Box office$84.5 million[3]

Produced by Amblin Entertainment and Sullivan Bluth Studios, it features dinosaurs living in prehistoric times. The plot features a young brown Apatosaurus named Littlefoot, who ends up alone after his mother is attacked by a villainous Tyrannosaurus rex and dies. Littlefoot flees famine and upheaval to search for the Great Valley, an area spared from devastation, where the adult dinosaurs have moved on to. On his journey, he meets four young companions: Cera, an orange Triceratops, Ducky, a green Saurolophus, Petrie, a brown Pteranodon, and Spike, a green Stegosaurus.[4] The film explores issues of prejudice between the different species and the hardships they endure in their journey as they are guided by the spirit of Littlefoot's mother and forced to deal with a "sharptooth" (Tyrannosaurus rex).

The Land Before Time is the only Don Bluth film of the 1980s in which Dom DeLuise did not participate (instead, he starred in Disney's Oliver & Company released that same day), and the only film in the Land Before Time series that is not a musical, as well as the only one to be released theatrically worldwide. It was also the last film that Bluth directed that was distributed by Universal Pictures.

The film was released by Universal on November 18, 1988 to generally positive reviews from critics and was a box office success, grossing $84.4 million. Its success, along with An American Tail and the 1988 live-action/animated film Who Framed Roger Rabbit led Spielberg to found his animation studio, Amblimation. The first film spawned a franchise with thirteen direct-to-video sequels, a television series, video games and merchandise, none of which had Bluth, Spielberg nor Lucas' involvement (though Amblin Entertainment was involved in the television series like it was for Fievel's American Tails). It is currently Don Bluth's third highest-grossing animated film, only behind Anastasia (1997) and An American Tail (1986).

Plot

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During the age of the dinosaurs, a famine forces groups of dinosaurs to look for an oasis known as the Great Valley. A longneck dinosaur hatches a single baby named Littlefoot. Years later, Littlefoot encounters and plays with Cera, a young three-horn dinosaur[5] until her father intervenes and says "three-horns never play with longnecks". In the evening Littlefoot plays with Cera again until a large sharptooth dinosaur pursues them. Littlefoot's mother eventually comes to their rescue. During the struggle, an earthshake strikes and splits the land, swallowing up the sharptooth and dividing Littlefoot, Cera, and other dinosaurs from their herds; several die in the process. Before dying, Littlefoot's wounded mother gives him some words of advice about finding the Great Valley: "let your heart guide you. It whispers, so listen closely". Confused, and in-grief, Littlefoot meets Rooter, an older dinosaur who consoles him. Littlefoot is then guided by his mother's voice telling him to follow the sun to the Great Valley. First, he must pass several landmarks, such as a rock formation that resembles a Longneck and the "Mountains that Burn".

Later Littlefoot meets a young[6] "bigmouth" dinosaur named Ducky and a young[7] "flyer" dinosaur named Petrie, themselves separated from their families during the earthshake, who accompany him on his journey. Looking for her own kind, Cera finds the unconscious sharptooth inside a ravine and inadvertently wakes him up. She escapes and bumps into Littlefoot, Ducky, and Petrie. While describing her encounter, she accidentally flings Ducky in the direction of a lone hatching "spiketail" egg,[8] from which a male emerges; Ducky names the hatchling "Spike" and inducts him into the group. Seeking the Great Valley, they discover a cluster of trees, which is depleted by a herd of longnecks. Searching for remaining growth, they discover a single leaf-bearing tree, and obtain food by stacking atop each other and pulling it down. Cera remains aloof, but at nightfall, she and everyone else gravitate to Littlefoot's side for warmth and companionship.

The next morning, they are attacked by the sharptooth but manage to escape through a tunnel which is too small for him to follow. They discover the landmarks mentioned by Littlefoot's mother. At the Mountains that Burn, a clash between Littlefoot's intention to follow his mother's directions and Cera's strong-willed insistence on going a different way results in a fight between them which causes the others to follow Cera, forcing Littlefoot to continue alone. When Ducky and Spike become endangered by lava, and Petrie gets stuck in a tar pit, Littlefoot returns to rescue them. Cera gets ambushed by a group of "domeheads" who live in the Mountains that Burn; the rest of the group pose as a tar monster, scaring away the domeheads and frightening Cera. After realizing who it really is, Cera angrily leaves the group and breaks down in tears, ashamed of her selfishness. Later, while crossing a pond, Petrie overhears the sharptooth nearby. The group devises a plan to lure him to the pond and drown him in the deep side using a nearby boulder. During the ensuing struggle, a draft from the sharptooth's nostrils enables Petrie to fly for the first time.

The plan nearly fails when the sharptooth begins attacking the boulder while the group attempts to push it onto him. However, Cera, having overcome her sorrow, reunites with the group and headbutts the boulder, causing the sharptooth to fall into the water, the boulder crashing into him in the process. The sharptooth momentarily takes Petrie down with him, but Petrie emerges unharmed while the sharptooth has drowned. Littlefoot, alone and about to give up on his search, sees his mother as a cloud; she guides him to the Great Valley. He is then joined by the others. After arrival the five are reunited with their families: Petrie impresses his family with his newfound flight; Ducky introduces Spike to her family, who adopt him; Cera reunites with her father; and Littlefoot finds his grandparents. The group reunites at the top of a hill and embrace each other in a hug.

Cast

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Main article: List of The Land Before Time characters

Production

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Development

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During production of An American Tail, talk began of the next feature with Bluth and executive producer Steven Spielberg. Bluth and Spielberg wanted to do a film similar to Bambi, but with dinosaurs. Steven Spielberg's longtime friend George Lucas was also brought in on the project after being interested with it. The three persuaded An American Tail writers Judy Freudberg and Tony Geiss (both of whom were also prominent writers for Sesame Street) to write the screenplay for the film. Their initial draft was based on their early ideas, but when it was felt the story was too juvenile, Stu Krieger was brought on to revise their draft.[9] Early into story development, the film was about a group of young dinosaurs looking for a wise, older dinosaur.[10] Later on, Bluth explained, "...we came up with another idea that none of these dinosaurs get along with each other, they all hate each other. They're taught from the time they were born not to associate with each other, that's racism".[9] An early working title for the film was The Land Before Time Began.[11] Bluth, Spielberg and Lucas originally wanted the film to have no dialogue, like The Rite of Spring sequence in Fantasia, but the idea was abandoned in favor of using voice actors in order to make it appealing to children.[9]

Animation

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As work on the script continued, Bluth delegated some of the animation staff to begin creating concept art. As with his previous films, Bluth handled the storyboarding, but with final revisions by Larry Leker. Production was initially delayed by several months as the studio moved to Ireland. Production would eventually begin in spring 1987, a few months after the release of An American Tail.[10]

The production was preceded by extensive research, including visits to natural history museums in New York, Chicago, Los Angeles, and the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC. Skeletons, fossils, and paleoart from the turn of the century were consulted to help create a credible landscape and animals. Further research was conducted using live-action footage of quadrupedal modern animals, including elephants and giraffes.[12]

Editing

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Late into production, The Land Before Time underwent a severe cutting and editing of footage. Spielberg and Lucas thought that some scenes in the film would appear too dark and intense for young children. At a screening in Soho Square, London in late April 1988, six months before the film was completed, Spielberg told Bluth while looking at the scenes from the film: "It's too scary. We'll have kids crying in the lobby, and a lot of angry parents. You don't want that".[13] A total of 19 fully animated shots from the sharptooth attack were cut from the final film. Examples can be seen in the storyboards of the chase sequence in the briar patch. POV shots of sharptooth's snapping jaws were deleted, and shots were rearranged to shorten the sequence.[14][15] This results in continuity errors, depicting the Tyrannosaur with his right eye still open after it had been blinded.[16][17]

Perhaps just weeks before the film's release, more than 10 additional minutes of footage was cut from the film by Spielberg "to be sure it would not disturb parents or their children", according to producer Gary Goldman, reducing the runtime from 80 to 82 minutes to just 69 minutes. Much of the cut footage also consisted of sequences of the five young dinosaurs in grave danger and distress. An extended scene involving the introduction of Spike was deleted, as was some of the "Green Food" sequence. Petrie's apparent death scene originally went longer, and was followed by a group hug where Littlefoot says "Now we'll always be together" (this line survives in the form of a Pizza Hut promotional advertisement for the film). The film's final act was also heavily altered and rearranged; originally, Littlefoot was to find the Great Valley on his own before turning back to rescue his friends, kill sharptooth, and enter the valley as a group. This ending survives in multiple book adaptations, and the music accompanying it still exists in the official soundtrack release. Some screams were re-voiced using milder exclamations.[13] The scenes are believed to be destroyed, but some did make it into multiple advertisements and trailers created before the release of the film, and multiple stills can be found in storybook adaptations and press kits for the movie. Much of the unused music from the film score was meant to play over the deleted scenes. Many animation cels and drawings from the deleted scenes have surfaced on the internet.

Music

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The Land Before Time Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
Soundtrack album by
various artists
ReleasedNovember 21, 1988[18]
GenreSoundtrack
Length57:49 (original release)
74:00 (2020 expansion)
LabelMCA Records (1988)
Geffen Records (2013)
Intrada Records (2020)
ProducerJames Horner
Don Bluth Music of Films chronology
An American Tail
(1986) 		The Land Before Time Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
(1988) 		All Dogs Go to Heaven
(1989)
Singles from The Land Before Time Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
  1. "If We Hold on Together"
    Released: November 5, 1988
Professional ratings
Review scores
SourceRating
AllMusic      [1]
Filmtracks     [19]

The music for The Land Before Time was composed by James Horner, who had previously provided the soundtrack for An American Tail, and performed by the London Symphony Orchestra and the Choir of King's College. An official soundtrack was released on audio cassette and vinyl record on November 21, 1988 and later on CD by MCA Records; it features seven tracks from the film: The Great Migration, Sharptooth and the Earthquake, Whispering Winds, If we Hold on Together, Foraging for Food, The Rescue/ Discovery of the Great Valley, and End Credits.[20] The film's theme song "If We Hold on Together", written by Horner and Will Jennings, was sung by Diana Ross. It was released as the soundtrack's lead and only single on November 5 the same year, peaking at number 23 on the US adult contemporary charts;[21] the song was later included on her 1991 album The Force Behind the Power.[22] A digital version of the soundtrack was released on a number of services on January 22, 2013 by Geffen Records.[23]

An expanded version of the soundtrack album was released by Intrada Records on October 27, 2020. The release featured newly remastered versions of the music on the original album, as well as 15 minutes of previously unreleased material.

Release

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The Land Before Time opened on November 18, 1988. Attached to the film, Universal and Amblin issued Brad Bird's Family Dog short from their television anthology Amazing Stories.[24]

Reception

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Box office

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During its opening weekend, the film opened at number one in the United States and Canada, grossing $7.5 million.[25] By the end of its theatrical run, it had grossed $48.1 million at the US box office, slightly more than Don Bluth's previous film, An American Tail, but $5 million less than Oliver & Company which was released at the same time.[26] Overall, The Land Before Time grossed $84.5 million worldwide.[3]

Critical response

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The Land Before Time holds 65% approval rating from review aggregator site Rotten Tomatoes from 65 critics, with the consensus: "Beautifully animated and genuinely endearing, The Land Before Time is sure to please dino-obsessed tykes, even if it's a little too cutesy for older viewers".[27] Metacritic assigned a score of 66, based on reviews by 15 critics, signifying "Generally favorable reviews".[28]

Critics Gene Siskel and Roger Ebert gave the film "two thumbs up" on a November 19, 1988, episode of their television program At the Movies.[29] Siskel found it to be "sweet more than it was scary" and "quite beautiful", also praising its straightforward story and remarked that he would recommend it to children over Disney's Oliver and Company, released on the same day.[29] In his own review for the Chicago Sun-Times, Ebert gave the film three out of four stars; he wrote, "I guess I sort of liked the film, although I wonder why it couldn't have spent more time on natural history and the sense of discovery, and less time on tragedy".[30] Peter Travers of People magazine felt the film had an unclear audience: "The animation is fine. But the Stu Krieger screenplay contains violence that might be hard on the younger ones, [...] and a never-let-up cuteness that can turn minds of all ages to mush".[31] Los Angeles Times writer Sheila Benson also stated that the film's enjoyment was limited to younger viewers, remarking "do dinosaurs really lend themselves to ootsie-cutesiness?"[32] Hal Hinson of The Washington Post wrote "though it's not a great film, it is an entertaining and, at times, emotionally rich one".[33]

Many reviewers compared The Land Before Time to films from Disney's Golden Age. Steven Rea of the Philadelphia Inquirer said that the film "looks and sounds as if it came out of the Disney Studios of the '40s or '50s. Which isn't necessarily a bad thing", calling it "meticulously crafted" but was also "mildly disappoint[ed]" that the dialog wasn't sophisticated as the older films were.[34] In her review for the Sun-Sentinel, Candice Russel remarked, "The Land Before Time works by evoking the simple virtues of this art aimed at children, as it was in the beginning when Disney animated Mickey Mouse".[35] A review from the Motion Picture Guide 1989 Annual noted that the film "has been called a sort of prehistoric Bambi".[36] David Kehr from the Chicago Tribune felt that the film's title "also refers to the Disney past, but it goes for all the marbles. Its model is nothing less than the life-cycle saga of Bambi, and that Bluth gets even half the way there is proof of a major talent".[37] Kehr gave the film three-and-a-half out of four stars, calling it "as handsome and honest an animated feature as any produced since Walt Disney's death; it may even be the best".[38]

Don Bluth's membership in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints influenced the themes of the film. In an interview with Church News he said, "Everything I do is centered around the gospel. Even our films are, although the secular world would never realize it".[39] Randy Astle said that Littlefoot can be read as a Christ figure because of his special birth circumstances and position as a leader of his people. The journey to the Great Valley, which is to the west, mirrors that of the Mormon pioneers, who moved from fertile lands in the east to the arid and mountainous great basin. Astle concluded that "Littlefoot is both a Joseph Smith—he sees a pillar of light and receives heavenly visitors—and a Brigham Young –he leads his followers across the plains".[39]

Accolades

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The Land Before Time was nominated for "Best Family Animation or Fantasy Motion Picture" at the 10th annual Youth in Film Awards, losing out to Tim Burton's Beetlejuice.[40] It received a nomination for "Best Fantasy Film" at the 16th Saturn Awards ceremony in 1990, beaten by Who Framed Roger Rabbit.[41]

Award Nomination Nominee Result
Saturn Award Best Fantasy Film The Land Before Time Nominated
Youth in Film Award Best Family Animation or Fantasy Motion Picture The Land Before Time Nominated

Home media

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The Land Before Time was released on VHS by MCA Home Video on September 14, 1989, and on November 22, 1991, as well as LaserDisc in regular pan and scan[42] and "Special Collector's Edition" CAV-play editions by MCA/Universal Home Video in North America, and CIC Video internationally.[43] According to the book The Animated Films of Don Bluth, the original release had "very successful business" on the home video market, and included a promotional tie-in with Pizza Hut in North America, which was offering rubber hand puppets based on the film at the time.[44] Pizza Hut also had its partnership with the film's VHS release in Australia.[citation needed] The VHS version was made available once more on February 20, 1996, under the Universal Family Features label,[45] and was later packaged with following three films in the series as part of the Land Before Time Collection on December 4, 2001.[46]

The film was released on DVD for the first time on April 30, 1997,[47] and re-released on December 2, 2003, as the "Anniversary Edition" for the movie's 15th anniversary, which included games and sing-along songs.[48] The Anniversary Edition was later included with An American Tail and Balto as a three-movie pack in November 2007.[49] A widescreen Blu-ray version was available for the first time on October 13, 2015, which included digital HD and UltraViolet copies,[50] which was accompanied by a new widescreen DVD release on the same day.[51] The Blu-ray was re-released on January 15, 2019.[52]

Legacy

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Main articles: The Land Before Time and The Land Before Time (TV series)

The film generated 13 direct-to-video sequels, which differ from the original by adding "sing-along" musical numbers. Bluth, Spielberg, and Lucas have no affiliation with any of the film's sequels. The sequels have generally been met with mixed reception: many fans of the original disregarded the sequels, while others have embraced the sequels into the canon of the story.

In 2007, a television series was released in North America. It follows the style of the sequels in terms of the morality and the musical numbers (with some of the songs being shortened and reworked).

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d e "The Land Before Time". AFI Catalog of Feature Films. Retrieved May 13, 2017.
  2. ^ "The Land Before Time (1988)". The Numbers - Where Data and Movies Meet®. Nash Information Services, LLC. Retrieved April 23, 2021.
  3. ^ a b "The Land Before Time (1988)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved October 27, 2015.
  4. ^ "The Land Before Time". Universal Pictures Entertainment. March 8, 2015. Retrieved October 27, 2015.
  5. ^ "Land Before Time Characters: Cera | Land Before Time Movies". June 14, 2006. Archived from the original on June 14, 2006.
  6. ^ "Ducky Land Before Time | Land Before Time DVDs". April 5, 2006. Archived from the original on April 5, 2006.
  7. ^ "Dinosaurs Land Before Time | Petrie Dino". April 5, 2006. Archived from the original on April 5, 2006.
  8. ^ "Land Before Time Cartoon: Spike | Land Before Time Dinosaurs". April 5, 2006. Archived from the original on April 5, 2006.
  9. ^ a b c Cawley 1991, p. 110.
  10. ^ a b Cawley 1991, p. 111.
  11. ^ Maltin, Leonard (1987). Of Mice and Magic: A History of American Animated Cartoons. New American Library. p. 354. ISBN 0-452-25993-2.
  12. ^ Bluth, Don (Director) (1996). The Land Before Time - Special CAV Collector's Edition (1988) (Laserdisc). MCA Universal Home Video.
  13. ^ a b Cawley 1991, p. 112.
  14. ^ Beck, Jerry (2005). The Animated Movie Guide. Chicago Review Press. p. 138. ISBN 9781569762226.
  15. ^ https://markpudleiner.blogspot.com/2015/04/don-bluth-storyboards-2-land-before.html Part 1 – Don Bluth – Storyboards – The Land Before Time – Tyrannosaurus Attack
  16. ^ https://markpudleiner.blogspot.com/2015/06/part-2-don-bluth-storyboards-land.html Don Bluth – Storyboards – The Land Before Time – Tyrannosaurus Attack
  17. ^ https://markpudleiner.blogspot.com/2015/10/part-3-don-bluth-storyboards-land.html Don Bluth – Storyboards – The Land Before Time – Tyrannosaurus Attack
  18. ^ "James Horner, Diana Ross – The Land Before Time". Amazon. 1988. Retrieved October 20, 2015.
  19. ^ "Filmtracks: The Land Before Time (James Horner)". Filmtracks. Retrieved October 20, 2015.
  20. ^ "The Land Before Time [Original Motion Picture Soundtrack] – James Horner". AllMusic. Retrieved October 20, 2015.
  21. ^ "The Land Before Time [Original Motion Picture Soundtrack] – James Horner / Awards". AllMusic. Retrieved October 20, 2015.
  22. ^ "The Force Behind the Power – Diana Ross". AllMusic. Retrieved October 24, 2015.
  23. ^ "The Land Before Time(Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)". 7digital United States. Retrieved October 20, 2015.[permanent dead link‍]
  24. ^ Thompson, Anne (November 3, 1988). "The Profits Keep Rolling In For Spielberg". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved October 30, 2015.
  25. ^ Easton, Nina (November 22, 1988). "Kitten Takes On Baby Brontosaurus". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved January 29, 2021.
  26. ^ Solomon, Charles (August 19, 1990). "The New Toon Boom". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved January 29, 2021.
  27. ^ "The Land Before Time". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango. Retrieved October 5, 2021.  
  28. ^ "The Land Before Tie (1988)". Metacritic. Retrieved July 19, 2017.
  29. ^ a b Ebert, Roger; Siskel, Gene. "Last Rites, Oliver & Company, The Land Before Time, Far North, Child's Play (1988)". At the Movies. Season 3. Episode 10. Retrieved January 29, 2021 – via SiskelEbert.org.
  30. ^ Ebert, Roger (November 18, 1988). "The Land Before Time". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved October 21, 2015 – via RogerEbert.com.
  31. ^ Travers, Peter (November 28, 1988). "Picks and Pans Review: The Land Before Time". People. Vol. 30, no. 22. Retrieved October 29, 2015.
  32. ^ Benson, Sheila (November 18, 1988). "MOVIE REVIEWS : Dogs, Dinosaurs from Disney, Bluth : 'The Land Before Time'". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 30, 2015.
  33. ^ Hinson, Hal (November 18, 1988). "'The Land Before Time'". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 13, 2020.
  34. ^ Rea, Steven (November 18, 1988). "A Prehistoric Tale Of Adventure And Survival Of The Cutest". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Archived from the original on June 17, 2015.
  35. ^ Russel, Candice (November 18, 1988). "Animated Dinosaur Adventure Evokes Disney's Best". South Florida Sun-Sentinel. Retrieved October 29, 2015.
  36. ^ The Motion Picture Guide: 1989 Annual. Jenny Mueller (Editor), Jeffrey H. Wallenfeldt (Senior Editor), Jennifer Howe, Michaela Tuohy (Associate Editors), William Leahy (Editorial Director). Evanston, Illinois: Cinebooks, Inc. 1989. pp. 185–186. ISBN 0-933997-20-5.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  37. ^ Kehr, David (November 18, 1988). "'Land' Shows The Inspiration That 'Oliver' Lacks". Chicago Tribune. p. 1. Retrieved October 29, 2015.
  38. ^ Kehr, David (November 18, 1988). "'Land' Shows The Inspiration That 'Oliver' Lacks". Chicago Tribune. p. 2. Retrieved October 29, 2015.
  39. ^ a b Astle, Randy (2009). "What Is Mormon Cinema? Defining the Genre". Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought. 42 (4): 31–32. doi:10.5406/dialjmormthou.42.4.0018. JSTOR 10.5406/dialjmormthou.42.4.0018. S2CID 171501211.
  40. ^ "10 Annual Awards". Young Artist Awards. Archived from the original on July 11, 2016. Retrieved October 21, 2015.
  41. ^ "Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy & Horror Films, USA (1990)". IMDb. Retrieved October 21, 2015.
  42. ^ "Land Before Time, The [40864]". LaserDisc Database. Retrieved October 27, 2015.
  43. ^ "Land Before Time, The [40924]". LaserDisc Database. Retrieved October 27, 2015.
  44. ^ Cawley 1991, p. 116.
  45. ^ The Land Before Time [VHS]. ASIN 6303939015.
  46. ^ The Land Before Time Collector's Set (Volumes 1–4) [VHS]. ASIN 6304432550.
  47. ^ Land Before Time. ISBN 0-7832-1979-2.
  48. ^ "The Land Before Time (Anniversary Edition)". Amazon. December 30, 2003. Retrieved October 27, 2015.
  49. ^ "Amblin/Spielberg Animated Family Favorites 3-Movie Collection". Amazon. November 6, 2007. Retrieved October 27, 2015.
  50. ^ "The Land Before Time Blu-ray". Blu-ray.com. Retrieved October 27, 2015.
  51. ^ Bluth, Don (October 13, 2015), The Land Before Time, Universal Studios Home Entertainment, retrieved July 26, 2016
  52. ^ "The Land Before Time". January 15, 2019. Retrieved January 1, 2019 – via Amazon.

Bibliography

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