Thiratoscirtus procerus is a species of jumping spider in the genus Thiratoscirtus that lives in Nigeria. The species was first described in 2012 by Wanda Wesołowska and Glavis Edwards. It is a medium-sized spider with a slender body, which is recalled in the name, that is more reminiscent of a spider in the genus Brancus. It has a cephalothorax that is between 3.2 and 3.3 mm long and a larger abdomen that is between 4.4 and 5.6 mm in length, both oval in shape. The top of the cephalothorax, or carapace, is yellowish-orange and the bottom, or sternum, is yellow. The top of the abdomen is yellowish was an orange pattern and the bottom is yellowish-white. The spider's legs are also yellow. They are long and thin and have very long brown spines. The female has copulatory organs that are typical for the genus. The male has not been described.
| Thiratoscirtus procerus | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Family: | Salticidae |
| Subfamily: | Salticinae |
| Genus: | Thiratoscirtus |
| Species: | T. procerus
|
| Binomial name | |
| Thiratoscirtus procerus Wesołowska & Edwards, 2012
| |
Taxonomy
editThiratoscirtus procerus is a species of jumping spider that was first described by Wanda Wesołowska and Glavis Edwards in 2012.[1] It is one of over 500 different species identified by Wesołowska in her career, making her the most prolific author in the discipline since Eugène Simon, who first circumscribed the genus Thiratoscirtus in 1909.[2] Although it has a body shape that is more similar to members of the genus Brancus than Thiratoscirtus, they allocated the spider to the latter on the basis of the similarity of the female copulatory organs to others in the genus, particularly the spine on the tarsus of the pedipalp, sensory organs near the mouth.[3]
Thiratoscirtus is very diverse and contains many monophyletic groups.[4] It is a member of the subtribe Thiratoscirtina in the tribe Aelurillini.[5] The genus is closely related to Nimbarus.[6] In 2012, Mellissa Bodner and Maddison proposed a subfamily Thiratoscirtinae for the genus and its related genera.[7] This overlapped with a group of genera named Thiratoscirtines after the genus, created by Jerzy Prószyński in 2017.[8] Phylogenetic analysis has shown that the genus is related to the genera Alfenus, Bacelarella, Longarenus and Malloneta.[9] It is likely to have diverged between 16.3 and 18.7 million years ago.[10] Wayne Maddison allocated the tribe to the subclade Simonida in the clade Saltafresia in the clade Salticoida.[11]
Description
editThiratoscirtus procerus is a medium-sized spider with an elongated, slender body. The spider's body is divided into two main parts: a cephalothorax and an abdomen. Females of this species have a cephalothorax that is between 3.2 and 3.3 mm (0.13 and 0.13 in) long and 2.3 and 2.4 mm (0.09 and 0.09 in) wide. The carapace, the hard upper part of the cephalothorax, is a yellowish-orange oval. The spider's eye field is lighter with dark rings and dense fawn hairs near the eyes themselves.[3] The underside of the cephalothorax, or sternum, is yellow. The spider's face, or clypeus, is orange and low. Its mouthparts are yellow, and its chelicerae are light brown with two teeth at the front and one at the back.[12]
The spider's abdomen is larger than the cephalothorax and measures between 4.4 and 5.6 mm (0.17 and 0.22 in) in length and 1.5 and 1.8 mm (0.06 and 0.07 in) in width.[3] It is similarly dark underneath, with a few lighter markings. The top of the abdomen is distinctive and yellowish with a pattern of two thin lines and four spots formed of orange hairs, the remainder covered in light hairs. The underside is yellowish-white with a clump of dark hairs visible to the back. The spider's spinnerets are long and pale. It has long, thin, yellow legs that have very long brown spines and pale hairs. There is also a spine on the pedipalp.[12] The female copulatory organs include an external epigyne that is oval with a large shallow depression in the middle that is split in two by a ridge. There are two copulatory openings near the back of the epigyne that lead to relatively short insemination ducts that have slight sclerotization near their entrance. The ducts lead to thin tube-like spermathecae, or receptacles.[13] These are placed closer to the back of the epigyne than the otherwise similar Thiratoscirtus gambari.[3] The male has not been described.[1]
Distribution
editThiratoscirtus spiders generally live in Africa and are particularly common in the forests of Central and West Africa.[4] Thiratoscirtus procerus is endemic to Nigeria.[1] The female holotype was found near Calabar in Cross River State near a temporary stream.[3]
References
editCitations
edit- ^ a b c World Spider Catalog (2021). "Thiratoscirtus procerus Wesołowska & Edwards, 2012". World Spider Catalog. 22.5. Bern: Natural History Museum. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
- ^ Wiśniewski 2020, p. 6.
- ^ a b c d e Wesołowska & Edwards 2012, p. 761.
- ^ a b Pett, Iyomi & Mbende 2024, p. 155.
- ^ Maddison 2015, p. 280.
- ^ Szűts & Maddison 2021, p. 124.
- ^ Prószyński 2017, p. 109.
- ^ Prószyński 2017, p. 105.
- ^ Bodner & Maddison 2012, p. 219.
- ^ Bodner & Maddison 2012, p. 224.
- ^ Maddison 2015, p. 278.
- ^ a b Wesołowska & Edwards 2012, p. 762.
- ^ Wesołowska & Edwards 2012, p. 763.
Bibliography
edit- Bodner, Melissa R.; Maddison, Wayne P. (2012). "The biogeography and age of salticid spider radiations (Araneae: Salticidae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 65 (1): 213–240. Bibcode:2012MolPE..65..213B. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2012.06.005. PMID 22735169.
- Maddison, Wayne P. (2015). "A phylogenetic classification of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)". The Journal of Arachnology. 43 (3): 231–292. doi:10.1636/arac-43-03-231-292. S2CID 85680279.
- Pett, Brogan L.; Iyomi, Dieu Merci Mpongo; Mbende, Menard (2024). "Discovery of three new species of Thiratoscirtus (Araneae: Salticidae: Thiratoscirtinae) from Central African rainforest". Zootaxa. 5399 (2): 155–162. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.5399.2.4. PMID 38221167.
- Prószyński, Jerzy (2017). "Pragmatic classification of the World's Salticidae (Araneae)". Ecologica Montenegrina. 12: 1–133. doi:10.37828/em.2017.12.1.
- Szűts, Tamás; Maddison, Wayne P. (2021). "New species of the monotypic thiratoscirtine genera Ajaraneola and Nimbarus (Araneae: Salticidae: Aelurillini: Thiratoscirtina)". Zootaxa. 4915 (1): 119–126. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4915.1.8. PMID 33756588.
- Wesołowska, Wanda; Edwards, Glavis B. (2012). "Jumping Spiders (Araneae: Salticidae) of the Calabar Area (SE Nigeria)". Annales Zoologici. 62 (4): 733–772. doi:10.3161/000345412X659786. S2CID 86538550.
- Wiśniewski, Konrad (2020). "Over 40 years with jumping spiders: on the 70th birthday of Wanda Wesołowska". Zootaxa. 4899 (1): 5–14. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4899.1.3. PMID 33756825. S2CID 232337200.