Thomas Burnet (theologian)

Thomas Burnet
Thomas Burnet
	Thomas Burnet by Jacob Ferdinand Voet
Born	c. 1635; Croft-on-Tees, Yorkshire, England
Died	27 September 1715 (aged c. 80)
Nationality	English
Occupation	theologian

Thomas Burnet (c. 1635? – 27 September 1715^[1]^[2]) was an English theologian and writer on cosmogony.

Life

He was born at Croft near Darlington in 1635. After studying at Northallerton Grammar School^[3] under Thomas Smelt, he went to Clare College, Cambridge in 1651.^[3] There he was a pupil of John Tillotson. Ralph Cudworth, the Master of Clare, moved to Christ's College, Cambridge in 1654, and Burnet followed him. He became fellow of Christ's in 1657, M.A. in 1658, and was proctor in 1667.^[4]^[5]

Burnet took employment travelling with Lord Wiltshire, son of Charles Paulet, 6th Marquess of Winchester, and through Tillotson as tutor to Lord Ossory, grandson of James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormonde. The influence of the Duke of Ormonde, one of the governors, secured his appointment in 1685 to the mastership of Charterhouse . Burnet took part in the resistance offered to James II's attempt to make Andrew Popham a pensioner of the Charterhouse. At two meetings held by the governors 17 January and Midsummer day 1687, the king's letters of dispensation were produced, but, in spite of the efforts of George Jeffreys, a governor, the majority refused compliance.^[5]^[6]

Portrait of Burnet in 1719 copy of "The Sacred Theory of the Earth"

After the Glorious Revolution Burnet became chaplain in ordinary and Clerk of the Closet to William III (until 1695). He received no clerical preferment and lived quietly in the Charterhouse, where he died on 27 September 1715, and was buried in the chapel.^[5]^[3]

Works

Sacred Theory of the Earth

Telluris theoria sacra, 1699 edition

Burnet's best known work is his Telluris Theoria Sacra, or Sacred Theory of the Earth. The first part was published in 1681 in Latin, and in 1684 in English translation; the second part appeared in 1689 (1690 in English). It was a speculative cosmogony, in which Burnet suggested a hollow earth with most of the water inside until Noah's Flood, at which time mountains and oceans appeared. He calculated the amount of water on Earth's surface, stating there was not enough to account for the Flood. Burnet was to some extent influenced by Descartes who had written on the creation of the earth in Principia philosophiae (1644), and was criticised on those grounds by Roger North.^[6] The heterodox views of Isaac La Peyrère included the idea that the Flood was not universal; Burnet's theory was at least in part intended to answer him on that point.^[7]

Burnet's system had its novel features, as well as those such as the four classical elements that were very traditional: an initially ovoid Earth, a Paradise before the Flood that was always in the spring season, and rivers flowing from the poles to the Equator. Herbert Croft published criticism of the book in 1685, in particular accusing Burnet of following the Second Epistle of Peter rather than the Book of Genesis. During the 1690s John Beaumont and Johann Caspar Eisenschmidt picked up on Burnet's ideas. They engendered a great deal of controversy at the time, and Burnet defended himself against selected critics, John Keill and Erasmus Warren.^[6]

Isaac Newton was an admirer of Burnet's theological approach to geological processes. Newton even wrote to Burnet, suggesting the possibility that when God created the Earth, the days were longer.^[8] However, Burnet did not find this explanation scientific enough. Lengthening the days would require an intervention on God's part. Burnet tightly held the belief that God created the world and all its processes perfectly from the start. He wrote:

We think him a better Artist that makes a Clock that strikes regularly at every hour from the Springs and Wheels which he puts into the work, than he that hath so made his Clock that he must put his finger to it every hour to make it strike.^[9]

1719 copy of "The Sacred Theory of the Earth"

Title page of a 1719 copy of "The Sacred Theory of the Earth"

First page of a 1719 copy of "The Sacred Theory of the Earth"

The Ancient Doctrine Concerning the Origin of Things

Some of the views expressed in this work, also known as Archaeologiae Philosophicae sive Doctrina Antiqua de Rerum Originibus (1692), were so unacceptable to contemporary theologians that he had to resign his post at Court. In this he considered whether the fall of man was a symbolic event rather than literal history.

On the State of the Dead and of the Resurrection

Burnet's treatise De Statu Mortuorum et Resurgentium was published posthumously in 1720.^[10] In Edward Gibbon's The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire III p. 99 Gibbon made reference to Burnet's De Statu Mortuorum et Resurgentium noting that Burnet "exposes the inconveniences which must arise", if souls "possess a more active and sensible existence". Thomas Newton, Bishop of Bristol and Dean of St. Paul's, criticised Gibbon and claimed that Burnet's views were exactly the opposite.^[11]

Influence

Burnet's work had an influence on Samuel Taylor Coleridge. He is quoted at the beginning of the 1817 edition of his The Rime of the Ancient Mariner.

The ridge Dorsa Burnet in the Ocean of Storms on the Moon was named after him.

Notes and references

^ Dates in this article follow the Julian Calendar.
^ Westfall, Richard S. "Burnet, Thomas". Catalog of the Scientific Community in the 16th and 17th Centuries. The Galileo Project.
^ ^a ^b ^c Riordan, Michael (2000). From Middle Ages to Millennium Northallerton Grammar School and College 1322–2000. County Print. p. 10. ISBN 1-86123-103-2.
^ "Burnet, Thomas (BNT651T)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.
^ ^a ^b ^c Dictionary of National Biography, Burnet, Thomas (1635?–1715), master of the Charterhouse, by Leslie Stephen. Published 1886.
^ ^a ^b ^c Mandelbrote, Scott. "Burnet, Thomas". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/4067. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
^ Richard Henry Popkin, Isaac La Peyrère (1596–1676): his life, work, and influence (1987), p. 52; Google Books.
^ Isaac Newton, letter to Thomas Burnet, 24 December 1680, in Sir David Brewster, Memoirs of the Life, Writings, and Discoveries of Sir Isaac Newton, 2 vols. (Edinburgh: Thomas Constable, 1855), 2:453–54
^ Burnet 1697, p. 72
^ John Martin, A bibliographical catalogue of books privately printed 1 p. 24 1834: "Dr. Thomas Burnet had written a treatise, De Statu Mortuorum et Resurgentium, of which he had a few copies printed for the use of himself and his friends. One of these, after the author's death, happened to fall into Dr. Mead's hands ..."
^ The gentleman's magazine, and historical chronicle, 87 "The following remarks were written by Bp. Newton at the age of 78 : "Some books were published in 1781, which employed some of the Bishop's leisure hours in his rural retreat and during his illness. Mr. Gibbon's History of the Decline and fall ... Mr. Gibbon has the following note: "Burnet De statu mortuorum (56–84) collects the opinions of the fathers, as far as they assert the sleep or repose of human souls till the day of judgment. He afterward exposes (pp. 91, &c.) the inconveniences which must arise, if they possessed a more1 active and sensible existence. Who would not from hence infer that Dr. B. was an advocate for the sleep or and insensible existence of the soul after death? Whereas his doctrine is directly the contrary. He has employed some chapters in treating of the state of human souls in the interval between death and the resurrection; and after various proofs from reason, from scripture, and the Fathers, his conclusions are, that human souls exist after their separation from the body, that they are in a good or evil state according to their good or ill behaviour, but that neither their happiness nor their misery will be complete and perfect before the day of judgment."

Attribution:

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Stephen, Leslie (1886). "Burnet, Thomas (1635?–1715)". In Stephen, Leslie (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 07. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Cousin, John William (1910). A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature. London: J. M. Dent & Sons – via Wikisource.

External links

Telluris Theoria Sacra (Latin, 1681) – digital facsimile from the Linda Hall Library
Theory of the Earth, vols. 1 and 2 (English, 1684–1690) – digital facsimile from the Linda Hall Library
Burnet, Thomas (1697). The Sacred Theory of the Earth (third ed.). London: Walter Kettilby.

[1] Dates in this article follow the Julian Calendar.

[2] Westfall, Richard S. "Burnet, Thomas". Catalog of the Scientific Community in the 16th and 17th Centuries. The Galileo Project.

[college-3] Riordan, Michael (2000). From Middle Ages to Millennium Northallerton Grammar School and College 1322–2000. County Print. p. 10. ISBN 1-86123-103-2.

[4] "Burnet, Thomas (BNT651T)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.

[DNB-5] Dictionary of National Biography, Burnet, Thomas (1635?–1715), master of the Charterhouse, by Leslie Stephen. Published 1886.

[ODNB-6] Mandelbrote, Scott. "Burnet, Thomas". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/4067. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)

[7] Richard Henry Popkin, Isaac La Peyrère (1596–1676): his life, work, and influence (1987), p. 52; Google Books.

[Newton-8] Isaac Newton, letter to Thomas Burnet, 24 December 1680, in Sir David Brewster, Memoirs of the Life, Writings, and Discoveries of Sir Isaac Newton, 2 vols. (Edinburgh: Thomas Constable, 1855), 2:453–54

[books.google.com-9] Burnet 1697, p. 72

[10] John Martin, A bibliographical catalogue of books privately printed 1 p. 24 1834: "Dr. Thomas Burnet had written a treatise, De Statu Mortuorum et Resurgentium, of which he had a few copies printed for the use of himself and his friends. One of these, after the author's death, happened to fall into Dr. Mead's hands ..."

[11] The gentleman's magazine, and historical chronicle, 87 "The following remarks were written by Bp. Newton at the age of 78 : "Some books were published in 1781, which employed some of the Bishop's leisure hours in his rural retreat and during his illness. Mr. Gibbon's History of the Decline and fall ... Mr. Gibbon has the following note: "Burnet De statu mortuorum (56–84) collects the opinions of the fathers, as far as they assert the sleep or repose of human souls till the day of judgment. He afterward exposes (pp. 91, &c.) the inconveniences which must arise, if they possessed a more1 active and sensible existence. Who would not from hence infer that Dr. B. was an advocate for the sleep or and insensible existence of the soul after death? Whereas his doctrine is directly the contrary. He has employed some chapters in treating of the state of human souls in the interval between death and the resurrection; and after various proofs from reason, from scripture, and the Fathers, his conclusions are, that human souls exist after their separation from the body, that they are in a good or evil state according to their good or ill behaviour, but that neither their happiness nor their misery will be complete and perfect before the day of judgment."

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