Thomas Wentworth, 2nd Baron Wentworth (1525 – 13 January 1584) was an English peer, courtier, administrator and military commander during the reigns of Edward VI, Mary I and Elizabeth I.[1] His reputation suffered through the surrender of Calais in 1558, which occurred under his command.[2]
Career
editThe eldest son of Thomas Wentworth, 1st Baron Wentworth and Margaret Fortescue, of Nettlestead, Suffolk, Thomas studied at St John's College, Cambridge.[3] He served with distinction under his relative the Lord Protector Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset at the Battle of Pinkie Cleugh in 1547, for which he was knighted at Roxburgh in August 1547.[3] He sat as MP for Suffolk from 1547 to 1553: his father died in 1551, leaving him heir to his title, during the third prorogation, and he was replaced by Sir Thomas Cornwallis before the end of the parliament.[4] He was one of the peers who found Somerset Not Guilty of treason, but Guilty on a capital charge of felony, in 1551.[5][6]
Having signed the Letters Patent for the Limitation of the Crown, intended to favour the succession of Lady Jane Grey, on 21 June 1553,[7] Wentworth was (according to Raphael Holinshed) among the first of the nobility to rally to the cause of Queen Mary while Queen Jane was being proclaimed in London.[8] It is suggested that his support for Queen Mary arose from a conviction that her title to the Crown was rightful, rather than from a desire to restore Roman Catholicism.[2] In mid-August 1553 he was empanelled to deliberate on the guilt of the Duke of Northumberland, the Marquess of Northampton and the Earl of Warwick, and then upon Sir Ambrose Dudley, Sir John Gates, Sir Henry Gates and Sir Thomas Palmer.[9] Having given satisfaction by assisting in their condemnation, four days later Wentworth made his first appearance as a sworn member of the Privy Council at Richmond.[10][4]
He was not required to sit in judgement upon Jane Grey in November 1553, but in December Mary appointed him Lord Deputy of Calais. Wentworth was the last Englishman to hold this post, for on 7 January 1558 he was compelled to surrender Calais to Francis, Duke of Guise, his representations as to the defenceless condition of the fortress having been disregarded by the Privy Council some years earlier.[6] He was suspected of collusion with the enemy for his ineptitude and indecision during the final crisis, and was indicted for treason.[11] (In fact his passive behaviour was probably owing to his certainty that the cause was hopeless.[citation needed]) His behaviour was unfavourably compared to the gallant defence of Guisnes, yet Guisnes also surrendered after a few days.[citation needed]
Wentworth was deprived of his manors at Stepney and Hackney at this time. He remained in France as a prisoner of war for more than a year, a delay which may have spared him the stigma for the loss of Calais. During that time Elizabeth succeeded to the throne, and although he was held in the Tower of London on his return to England, he was acquitted of treason in April 1559,[11] and his manors were soon restored to him. Henry Machyn recorded his relief at the acquittal.[12] In 1561, as Wentworth was rehabilitated, John Day published an English translation of Heinrich Bullinger's collection of One Hundred Sermons on the Apocalypse, and dedicated the work to him (as Lord Lieutenant of Suffolk) with a lengthy Epistle dated from Ipswich.[13] Wentworth's religious views were tolerant.
At Ipswich on 30 December 1569, he made his declaration of obedience to the Act of Parliament for the Uniformity of Common Prayer.[14] In 1572 he was among the Lords who sat in judgement at the trial for High Treason of Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk, convicted and condemned him.[15]
In March 1562/63, two of Wentworth's brothers, James and John, died in the loss of the Queen's ship Greyhound.[16] Wentworth married twice, on both occasions to his kinswomen of other branches of the Wentworth family. The first wife was Mary Wentworth, daughter of Sir John Wentworth of Gosfield, and she died without children at Calais.[17] The second wife, whom he probably married in 1555 or 1556, was Anne, daughter of Henry Wentworth, Esquire, of Mountnessing, Essex.[18] Having become the mother of Wentworth's children, Dame Anne died on 2 September 1571 and was buried in Stepney church.[19] Sir Thomas died intestate on 13 January 1584,[6] and was probably buried near her.
Children
edit- William Wentworth (died 7 November 1582), the eldest son, married Elizabeth Cecil (born 1 July 1564), a daughter of William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley, but died at Theobalds, predeceasing his father.
- Henry Wentworth, 3rd Baron Wentworth (1558–1593), the second son, consequently succeeded to the title. He was one of the judges of Mary, Queen of Scots at Fotheringay in 1586. Henry married Anne Hopton (daughter of Sir Owen Hopton) and was father of Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Cleveland.[6]
Popular culture
editWentworth appears as a minor character in the novel The Two Dianas by Alexandre Dumas.
References
edit- ^ B. Denton, 'Wentworth, Thomas, second Baron Wentworth and de jure seventh Baron Le Despenser (1525–1584)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (OUP 2004, current edition 2008), superseding Pollard, Albert (1899). . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 60. pp. 265–267.
- ^ a b W.L. Rutton, Three Branches of the Family of Wentworth: I. Wentworth of Nettlestead, Suffolk. II. Wentworth of Gosfield, Essex. III. Wentworth of Lillingstone Lovell, Oxfordshire (Mitchell and Hughes, London 1891), pp. 39-52 (Google).
- ^ a b "Wentworth, Thomas (WNTT525T)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.
- ^ a b M.K. Dale, 'Wentworth, Sir Thomas II (by 1525-84), of Nettlestead, Suff., Westminster and Stepney, Mdx.', in S.T. Bindoff (ed.), The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1509-1558 (from Boydell and Brewer 1982), History of Parliament Online.
- ^ Fourth Report of the Deputy Keeper of the Records (By Command, William Clowes, London 1843), Appendix II: Inventory and Calendar of the Baga de Secretis, Pouch XIX, pp. 228-230, at p. 230 (Google).
- ^ a b c d One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: McNeill, Ronald John (1911). "Wentworth s.v. Thomas Wentworth". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 520.
- ^ J.G. Nichols (ed.), The Chronicle of Queen Jane, and of Two Years of Queen Mary, Camden Society XLVIII (1850), Appendix, at pp. 91-100 (Internet Archive).
- ^ Rutton, at p. 39, note 2, cites Holinshed's Chronicle (1587 edition), p. 1086.
- ^ Fourth Report of the Deputy Keeper of the Records (By Command, William Clowes, London 1843), Appendix II: Inventory and Calendar of the Baga de Secretis, Pouch XXI and XXII, pp. 234-35 (Google).
- ^ S. Haynes, A Collection of State Papers, Relating to Affairs in the Reigns of King Henry VIII, King Edward VI, Queen Mary, and Queen Elizabeth, (William Bowyer, London 1740), pp. 171-72 (Google).
- ^ a b Fourth Report of the Deputy Keeper of the Records (By Command, William Clowes, London 1843), Appendix II: Inventory and Calendar of the Baga de Secretis, Part 2, Pouch XXXVIII (M. 7), pp. 259-61 (Google).
- ^ J.G. Nichols (ed.), The Diary of Henry Machyn, citizen and Merchant-Taylor of London, Camden Society O.S. no. 42 (1848), p. 195 (Internet Archive).
- ^ 'To the Right Honorable Syr Thomas Wentworth knight', in J. Daus, A Hundred Sermons upon the Apocalips of Iesu Christe... compiled by the famous and godly learned man, Henry Bullinger, chief pastor of the congregation of Zuryk (John Day, London 1561), Front matter unp (fulltext, umich/eebo).
- ^ Rutton, Three Branches of the Family of Wentworth, p. 47 (Google).
- ^ '56. The Trial of Thomas Howard, Duke of Norfolk', in T.B. Howell, Cobbett's Complete Collection of State Trials and Proceedings for High Treason, 33 vols (R. Bagshaw, etc., London 1809-1826), I: 1163-1600, pp. 957-1042 (Hathi Trust).
- ^ Diary of Henry Machyn, p. 302 and note, p. 394 (Internet Archive).
- ^ Rutton cites Harleian MS 1103, fol. 41, and Ms 6065.
- ^ Rutton, Three Branches of the Family of Wentworth, at p. 51 (Google).
- ^ Rutton cites J. Norden, Speculum Britanniae (1594), p. 39.
Sources
edit- McNeill, Ronald (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). pp. 520–521, see page 520.
Thomas Wentworth, 2nd Baron Wentworth of Nettlestead (1525–1584), was.....
- Pollard, Albert (1899). . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 60. pp. 265–267.
- "Wentworth, Thomas, second Baron Wentworth". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/29054. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)