57°8′8″N 153°29′45″W / 57.13556°N 153.49583°W
Three Saints Bay Site | |
Alaska Heritage Resources Survey
| |
 1802 lithograph engraving depicting the site | |
| Location | Address restricted[1] |
|---|---|
| Nearest city | Old Harbor, Alaska |
| Built | 1784 |
| NRHP reference No. | 72001541 |
| AHRS No. | KOD-083 |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP | February 23, 1972[2] |
| Designated NHL | June 2, 1978[3] |
Three Saints Bay (Russian: Бухта Трёх Святителей, r Bukhta Tryokh Svyatitelyej) is a 9-mile (14-kilometer)-long inlet on the southeast side of Kodiak Island, Alaska, north of Sitkalidak Strait.[4] It is 60 mi (97 km) southwest of Kodiak. The Three Saints Bay Site is an archaeological site, the location of the first Russian settlement in Alaska, Three Saints Harbor (Гавань Трёх Святителей, Gavan’ Tryokh Svyatitelyej). The settlement was founded in 1784 by Grigory Shelikhov.[5]: 163 The main settlement was moved in 1792 to Pavlovskaya Gavan (Павловская гавань – Paul's Harbor[6]), now known as the city of Kodiak.[7]: 7 The Three Saints Bay Site was declared a National Historic Landmark by the United States in 1978.[3]
History
editAlthough Russian fur hunters had established temporary shore stations in Alaska earlier, they intended the Three Saints site to be a permanent colonial settlement. The site was poorly chosen, for the hillside above the shore area was too steep to build on, and the shore area was too small for a substantial settlement. When it was visited in 1790, it was described as a cluster of small structures (probably barabaras), with a population of about fifty men and a small number of women. The site was harmed by subsidence and a probable tsunami in the wake of a 1788 earthquake. In 1791, Alexander Baranov began moving the main Russian settlement to the site of present-day Kodiak.
This original Russian site continued to be occupied as a smaller station of lesser importance until roughly the mid-19th century, at which time it was relocated to a site about 1.2 miles (1.9 km) away.[8]
Only a few remnants of the Russian occupation remain on the surface. These are mainly pits and rectangular depressions, indications of where structures were located, and some plants that are evidence of the small-scale agriculture which was practiced there. The settlement's cemetery was located to its southeast. Excavation at the site yielded evidence that it was built on the site of an older native settlement, dating to c. 100 BCE.[8]
The Russian settlement site was listed on the United States National Register of Historic Places in 1972, and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1978.[2]
Etymology
editThe bay was named for the harbor, in turn named after one of Shelikhov's ships. It was named for the Three Holy Hierarchs. It was reported by Petroff in the 10th Census in 1880.[9]
The same area was later called Lyakhik Bay (Zaliv Lyakhik) by Captain Tebenkov.[10] This was based on its Aleut name Liakik,[11] probably from liak ("black-footed goose").[4][12]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Federal and state laws and practices restrict general public access to information regarding the specific location of this resource. In some cases, this is to protect archeological sites from vandalism, while in other cases it is restricted at the request of the owner. See: Knoerl, John; Miller, Diane; Shrimpton, Rebecca H. (1990), Guidelines for Restricting Information about Historic and Prehistoric Resources, National Register Bulletin, National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, OCLC 20706997.
- ^ a b "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. January 23, 2007.
- ^ a b "Three Saints Bay Site". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. Archived from the original on June 6, 2011. Retrieved January 4, 2008.
- ^ a b "Three Saints Bay". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved May 3, 2009.
- ^ Brown, S.R., 2009, Merchant Kings, New York: St. Martin's Press, ISBN 9780312616113
- ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Kodiak
- ^ Khlebnikov, K.T., 1973, Baranov, Chief Manager of the Russian Colonies in America, Kingston: The Limestone Press, ISBN 0919642500
- ^ a b Clark, Donald W (1985). "Archaeological Test at the Russian Three Saints Bay Colony, Alaska". Historical Archaeology. 19 (2): 114–121. doi:10.1007/BF03373480. JSTOR 25615550.
- ^ Petroff, 1893, p. 32.
- ^ 1852, map 23.
- ^ Baker, 1906, p. 625.
- ^ Geoghegan, R.H. Notes. He proposes it as a dual form, meaning "pair of geese".