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Thyme

(Redirected from Thyme oil)
This article is about leaves and oils of the thyme plant. For the genus of thyme plants, see Thymus (plant). For the active ingredient in thyme oil, see Thymol. For other uses, see Thyme (disambiguation).

Thyme (/taɪm/) is a culinary herb consisting of the dried aerial parts of some members of the genus Thymus of flowering plants in the mint family Lamiaceae. Thymes are native to Eurasia and north Africa. Thymes have culinary, medicinal, and ornamental uses. The species most commonly cultivated and used for culinary purposes is Thymus vulgaris, native to Southeast Europe.

Thyme
A bundle of thyme
Food energy
(per 100 g serving)
101 kcal (423 kJ)
Nutritional value
(per 100 g serving)
Protein6 g
Fat1.7 g
Carbohydrate24 g

History

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Flowering thyme

Wild thyme grows in the Levant, where it might have been first cultivated. Ancient Egyptians used common thyme (Thymus vulgaris) for embalming.[1] The ancient Greeks used it in their baths and burnt it as incense in their temples, believing it was a source of courage.

The spread of thyme throughout Europe was thought to be due to the Romans, as they used it to purify their rooms and to "give an aromatic flavour to cheese and liqueurs".[2] In the European Middle Ages, the herb was placed beneath pillows to aid sleep and ward off nightmares.[3] In this period, women also often gave knights and warriors gifts that included thyme leaves, as it was believed to bring courage to the bearer. Thyme was also used as incense and placed on coffins during funerals, as it was supposed to assure passage into the next life.[4]

The name of the genus of fish Thymallus, first given to the grayling (T. thymallus, described in the 1758 edition of Systema Naturae by Swedish zoologist Carl Linnaeus), originates from the faint smell of thyme that emanates from the flesh.[5]

Cultivation

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Thyme is best cultivated in a hot, sunny location with well-drained soil. It is generally planted in the spring, and thereafter grows as a perennial. It can be propagated by seed, cuttings, or dividing rooted sections of the plant. It tolerates drought well.[6] It can be pruned after flowering to keep from getting woody.[7]

Culinary use

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Seombaengnihyang-cha (Ulleungdo thyme tea)

In some Levantine countries, the condiment za'atar (Arabic for both thyme and marjoram) contains many of the essential oils found in thyme.[8] Thyme is a common component of the bouquet garni, and of herbes de Provence.[9]

Thyme is sold both fresh and dried. While summer-seasonal, fresh greenhouse thyme is often available year-round. The fresh form is more flavourful but also less convenient; storage life is rarely more than a week. However, the fresh form can last many months if carefully frozen,[10] and thyme retains its flavour on drying better than many other herbs.[11]

Fresh thyme is commonly sold in bunches of sprigs. A sprig is a single stem snipped from the plant.[12] It is composed of a woody stem with paired leaf or flower clusters ("leaves") spaced 15 to 25 millimetres (1⁄2 to 1 inch) apart. A recipe may measure thyme by the bunch (or fraction thereof), or by the sprig, or by the tablespoon or teaspoon. Dried thyme is widely used in Armenia in tisanes.[13]

Depending on how it is used in a dish, the whole sprig may be used, or the leaves removed and the stems discarded. Usually, when a recipe mentions a bunch or sprig, it means the whole form; when it mentions spoons, it means the leaves. It is perfectly acceptable to substitute dried for whole thyme. Leaves may be removed from stems either by scraping with the back of a knife, or by pulling through the fingers or tines of a fork.

In Moroccan tradition, dried figs[14] are elevated with the infusion of minty leaves. After softening in a couscous pot, the figs are rested with additional minty leaves before being sprinkled with thyme for a delightful flavor enhancement and preservation in sealed containers.

Chemical and antimicrobial properties

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Thymol is the principal aromatic component of thyme.

The chemical composition of Thymus (thyme) includes a variety of essential oils, flavonoids, phenolic acids, triterpenes, and other compounds. The essential oils found in thyme include thymol, which is a major component responsible for the plant's antiseptic properties, and carvacrol, another primary component with similar functions. Other essential oils present are p-cymene, γ-terpinene, linalool, and 1,8-cineole. Gas chromatographic analysis reveals that the most abundant volatile component of thyme leaves is thymol, at 8.55mg/g. Other components are carvacrol, linalool, α-terpineol, and 1,8-cineole.[15]

Some of these compounds have beneficial properties. In particular, thymol has been historically used as an antibiotic and antiseptic, especially in traditional medicine.[16] Oil of thyme, the essential oil of common thyme, contains 20–54% thymol.[17] Thymol is an active ingredient in various commercially produced mouthwashes, such as Listerine.[18]

Flavonoids in thyme include luteolin-7-O-glucoside,[19] a glycoside known for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, as well as apigenin, quercetin, and kaempferol. Phenolic acids such as rosmarinic acid,[19] which is known for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities, along with caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid, are also present in thyme.

Triterpenes, such as oleanolic acid and ursolic acid, are part of thyme's composition, contributing to its overall health benefits. Additionally, thyme contains tannins, which contribute to its astringent properties, as well as saponins and other minor compounds.

Important species and cultivars

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For a longer list of species, see Thymus (plant).
 
Variegated lemon thyme
  • Thymus citriodorus – various lemon thymes, orange thymes, lime thyme[citation needed]
  • Thymus herba-barona (caraway thyme) is used both as a culinary herb and a ground cover, and has a very strong caraway scent due to the chemical carvone.[20][21]
  • Thymus praecox (mother of thyme, wild thyme), is cultivated as an ornamental, but is in Iceland also gathered as a wild herb for cooking, and drunk as a warm infusion.
  • Thymus pseudolanuginosus (woolly thyme) is not a culinary herb, but is grown as a ground cover.
  • Thymus serpyllum (wild thyme, creeping thyme) is an important nectar source plant for honeybees. All thyme species are nectar sources, but wild thyme covers large areas of droughty, rocky soils in southern Europe (both Greece and Malta are especially famous for wild thyme honey) and North Africa, as well as in similar landscapes in the Berkshire and Catskill Mountains of the northeastern US. The lowest growing of the widely used thyme is good for walkways. It is also an important caterpillar food plant for large and common blue butterflies.[22]
  • Thymus vulgaris (common thyme, English thyme, summer thyme, winter thyme, French thyme,[23] or garden thyme)[24] is a commonly used culinary herb. It also has medicinal uses. Common thyme is a Mediterranean perennial which is best suited to well-drained soils and full sun.

References

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  1. ^ "Medical News Today - What are the benefits of thyme?". MedicalNewsToday. Archived from the original on 2024-07-10. Retrieved 2024-07-10.
  2. ^ Grieve, Mrs. Maud. "Thyme. A Modern Herbal". botanical.com (Hypertext version of the 1931 ed.). Archived from the original on February 23, 2011. Retrieved February 9, 2008.
  3. ^ Huxley, A., ed. (1992). New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. Macmillan.
  4. ^ "Thyme (thymus)". englishplants.co.uk. The English Cottage Garden Nursery. Archived from the original on 2006-09-27.
  5. ^ Ingram, A.; Ibbotson, A.; Gallagher, M. "The Ecology and Management of the European Grayling Thymallus thymallus (Linnaeus)" (PDF). East Stoke, Wareham, U.K.: Institute of Freshwater Ecology. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-02-28. Retrieved 2014-02-27.
  6. ^ "Herb File. Global Garden". global-garden.com.au. Archived from the original on 2007-10-12.
  7. ^ Peter, K.V. (2012). Handbook of herbs and spices Volume 2.
  8. ^ "Explaining Zaatar!". Dima Al Sharif. 2015-12-08. Retrieved 2022-03-23.
  9. ^ Walker, Paul (2 September 2021). "What Is a Bouquet Garni? Easy Homemade Bouquet Garni Recipe, Plus Tips for Cooking With Bouquet Garni - 2022 - MasterClass". Masterclass. Retrieved 23 March 2022.
  10. ^ "Food Storage - How Long Can You Keep Thyme". Archived from the original on 2015-08-09. Retrieved 2015-08-18.
  11. ^ "7 Herbs That Taste Good When Dried". The Spruce. Retrieved 2022-03-23.
  12. ^ "Thyme". Almanac.com. Retrieved 2022-03-23.
  13. ^ "TeaWay Armenian Tea History". TeaWay. Archived from the original on 2024-07-10. Retrieved 2024-07-10.
  14. ^ Noramine, Khalil (September 16, 2023). Medicinal and Edible Plants of Morocco. Independently published. pp. 31–32. ISBN 979-8860829343.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  15. ^ Lee, Seung-Joo; Umano, Katumi; Shibamoto, Takayuki; Lee, Kwang-Geun (2005). "Identification of Volatile Components in Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) and Thyme Leaves (Thymus vulgaris L.) and Their Antioxidant Properties". Food Chemistry. 91: 131–137. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.05.056.
  16. ^ Feng, Jing; Zhang, Yangyang (2023). "The potential benefits of polyphenols for corneal diseases". Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 169. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115862. Retrieved 2024-07-10.
  17. ^ Thymus Vulgaris. PDR for Herbal Medicine. Montvale, NJ: Medical Economics Company. p. 1184.
  18. ^ "LISTERINE® Ingredients: What's in Your Mouthwash?". LISTERINE®. Retrieved 2024-07-10.
  19. ^ a b Khokhlova, Kateryna; Vyshnevska, Liliia; Zdoryk, Oleksandr; Filatova, Olga (2021-08-31). "Application of approach for development of hptlc identification and quantification methods for determination of phenolic compounds and terpenoids of several Thymus L. species". ScienceRise: Pharmaceutical Science. 4 (32): 29–36. doi:10.15587/2519-4852.2021.238806. ISSN 2519-4852.
  20. ^ Corticchiato, Marc; Tomi, Félix; François Bernardini, Antoine; Casanova, Joseph (1998-12-01). "Composition and infraspecific variability of essential oil from Thymus herba barona Lois". Biochemical Systematics and Ecology. 26 (8): 915–932. Bibcode:1998BioSE..26..915C. doi:10.1016/S0305-1978(98)00041-6. ISSN 0305-1978.
  21. ^ "Thymus herba-barona - Plant Finder". www.missouribotanicalgarden.org. Retrieved 2024-03-02.
  22. ^ "Caterpillar food plants.pub" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-09-29. Retrieved 2015-09-28.
  23. ^ "French Thyme, Thymus vulgaris". Sand Mountain Herbs. Archived from the original on 2014-05-27. Retrieved 2014-05-27.
  24. ^ "English thyme". Sara's Superb Herbs. Archived from the original on 2012-02-09.

Further reading

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Thyme (Thymus).
  • S. S. Tawfik, M. I. Abbady, Ahmed M. Zahran and A. M. K. Abouelalla. Therapeutic Efficacy Attained with Thyme Essential Oil Supplementation Throughout γ-irradiated Rats. Egypt. J. Rad. Sci. Applic., 19(1): 1–22 (2006).
  • Flora of China: Thymus
  • Flora Europaea: Thymus
  • Rohde, E. S. (1920). A Garden of Herbs.
  • Easter, M. (2009). International Thymus Register and Checklist.
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