Wikipedia

Timeline of Cluj-Napoca

The following detailed sequence of events covers the timeline of Cluj-Napoca, a city in Transylvania, Romania.

Timeline of Cluj-Napoca
Roman Napoca on Tabula Peutingeriana
Ruins of Napoca
City coat of arms (starting 1377)
Cluj in 1617 by Joris Hoefnagel
Cluj Bridge Gate in 1860
Central Cluj in 1930
St. Michael's Church and Matthias Corvinus Monument in 2012
Cluj Arena in 2012

Cluj-Napoca (Romanian pronunciation: [ˈkluʒ naˈpoka] ⓘ, German: Klausenburg; Hungarian: Kolozsvár, Hungarian pronunciation: [ˈkoloʒvaːr] ⓘ; Medieval Latin: Castrum Clus, Claudiopolis; and Yiddish: קלויזנבורג, Kloiznburg), commonly known as Cluj, is located in the Someșul Mic River valley, roughly equidistant from Bucharest (324 kilometres (201 miles)), Budapest (351 km (218 mi)) and Belgrade (322 km (200 mi)). Throughout its long history, the area around Cluj-Napoca was part of many empires and kingdoms, including the Roman Empire (as part of the Dacia province and later a sub-division of Dacia Porolissensis), Gepidia, Avaria, the Hungarian Kingdom, the Habsburg monarchy, Austria-Hungary and the Kingdom of Romania. From 1790 to 1848 and 1861–1867, it was the official capital of the Grand Principality of Transylvania.

In modern times, the city holds the status of municipiu, is the seat of Cluj County in the north-western part of Romania, and continues to be considered the unofficial capital of the historical province of Transylvania. Cluj continues to be one of the most important academic, cultural, industrial and business centres in Romania. Among other institutions, it hosts the country's largest university, Babeș-Bolyai University, with its famous botanical garden. The current boundaries of the municipality contain an area of 179.52 square kilometres (69.31 sq mi). The Cluj-Napoca metropolitan area has a population of 411,379 people, while the population of the peri-urban area (Romanian: zona periurbană) exceeds 420,000 residents, making it one of the most populous cities in Romania.

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

2nd century

edit
 
Napoca in Roman Dacia
 
Text of Roman milliarium from 108, describing the construction of the road from Potaissa to Napoca, by request of the Emperor Trajan. It indicates the distance of ten thousand feet (P.M.X.) to Potaissa. The complete inscription is: "Imp[erator]/ Caesar Nerva/ Traianus Aug[ustus]/ Germ[anicus] Dacicus/ pontif[ex] maxim[us]/ [sic] pot[estate] XII co[n]s[ul] V/ imp[erator] VI p[ater] p[atriae] fecit/ per coh[ortem] I Fl[aviam] Vlp[iam]/ Hisp[anam] mil[liariam] c[ivium] R[omanorum] eq[uitatam]/ a Potaissa Napo/cam / m[ilia] p[assuum] X".

3rd century

edit
 
Napoca in the Roman Dacia fragment of the 1st–4th century AD Tabula Peutingeriana (upper center)
 
Ruined buildings with hypocaust from the Roman Napoca

4th century

edit
  • 295-320s – After a peace treaty with the Romans, Goths proceed to settle down in parts of Roman Dacia (starting to be called Gothia), dividing some of the land with the Taifals,[45] and co-existing with the remaining semi-Romanized population.[43]
  • c.300–350 – Ruralization of the urban life in Dacia.[46]
  • c.350 – Sântana de Mureş-Černjachov culture/Goths enter intra-Carpathian Transylvania.[47]
  • 376 – Huns arrive, attacking the Thervingi[48] and leading to a collapse of the Gothic dominance in the area.[49]

5th century

edit
 
Gepid Thesaurus from Apahida

6th century

edit
  • c.501–568
    • More Gepid power centers appear in Transylvania.[33]
    • New settlements appear along the Someş, Mureş, and Târnava rivers, reflecting a period of tranquillity in Gepidia.[58]
    • A "circle" of Gepid settlements develops around Napoca.[59]
    • Gepids start to adopt Arian Christianity through their connection with the Goths.[60]
    • Farming is the primary activity, but looms, combs, and other items are produced in local workshops.[58]
    • Gepidia is trading with faraway regions such as Crimea, Mazovia or Scandinavia.[61]
  • 568 – The Avar invasion ends the independent Gepidia.[62]
  • c.568 – Carpathian Basin is incorporated in the Avar Khaganate established by khagan Bayan I.
  • c.599–600 – Gepids under assimilation but settlements still exist within Avaria.[63][64]

7th century

edit
 
Avars, Slavs and Bulgars in the areas around Transylvania
  • c.600–800 – Avars bring with them and allow Slavs to settle inside Transylvania.

8th century

edit
  • c. 700–800 – Center and northern Transylvania under Moravian influence.[33]
  • 791–795 – Plunder of the Avar state by the Franks of Charlemagne.[65]
  • 794 – Avars, in small numbers, and mixed with Slavs, still inhabit parts of Transylvania.[65]
  • 796 – Avar Khaganate suffers a crippling blow by the Franks.[65]

9th century

edit

10th century

edit
 
The Hungarians' arrival in the Carpathian Basin depicted in the Illuminated Chronicle

11th century

edit

12th century

edit

13th century

edit
 
Mongol invasion of the Hungarian Kingdom depicted in Johannes de Thurocz's Chronica Hungarorum

14th century

edit
 
Seal of Cluj granted in 1377 by King Louis I of Hungary, with the inscription S[igilium] CIVIVM de CLVS WAR

15th century

edit
 
Interior of St. Michael's Church

16th century

edit

17th century

edit
 
1617 engraving of Kolozsvár/Klausenburg by Joris Hoefnagel & son

18th century

edit

19th century

edit
 
The Kolozsvár/Klausenburg Bridge Gate in 1860
 
Franz Joseph University in Kolozsvár/Klausenburg, c. 1900

20th century

edit
 
Inauguration of the Matthias Corvinus Monument in 1902
 
Romanian troops (Regiment 16 Dorobanți "Fălticeni") marching in Cluj, 1918
 
U Cluj football team on 27 October 1923
 
Dormition of the Theotokos Cathedral in 1940

21st century

edit

See also

edit

References

edit
  1. ^ a b Oltean 2007, p. 54.
  2. ^ Oltean 2007, p. 56.
  3. ^ a b MacKendrick 2000, p. 218.
  4. ^ Georgescu 1991, p. 5.
  5. ^ Bennett 2005, p. 166.
  6. ^ Lukács 2005, p. 15.
  7. ^ Bennett 2005, p. 169.
  8. ^ a b c Wanner 2010, p. 85.
  9. ^ Bennett 2005, p. 105.
  10. ^ Wanner 2010, p. 108.
  11. ^ Wanner 2010, p. 86.
  12. ^ Wanner 2010, p. 109.
  13. ^ a b c Wanner 2010, p. 110.
  14. ^ a b Oltean 2007, p. 55.
  15. ^ Bennett 1997, p. 170.
  16. ^ CIL, III,14465.
  17. ^ a b MacKendrick 2000, p. 127.
  18. ^ Köpeczi 2001, p. 68.
  19. ^ Oltean 2007, p. 58.
  20. ^ Lukács 2005, p. 16.
  21. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Petolescu 2014, p. 173.
  22. ^ a b c d e f g Petolescu 2014, p. 177.
  23. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Petolescu 2014, p. 174.
  24. ^ CIL, III,963=7726.
  25. ^ Wanner 2010, p. 280.
  26. ^ Wanner 2010, p. 278.
  27. ^ Köpeczi 2001, p. 89.
  28. ^ MacKendrick 2000, p. 135.
  29. ^ MacKendrick 2000, p. 112.
  30. ^ a b c d e f g h Petolescu 2014, p. 175.
  31. ^ Fodorean 2006, p. 70.
  32. ^ Southern & Dixon 1996, p. 11.
  33. ^ a b c d e Pop & Bolovan 2009, p. 550.
  34. ^ a b c d e Treptow 1996, p. 34.
  35. ^ a b c Pop & Bolovan 2009, p. 78.
  36. ^ Mócsy 1974, p. 205.
  37. ^ Mócsy 1974, p. 209.
  38. ^ Köpeczi 2001, p. 119.
  39. ^ Watson 2004, p. 156.
  40. ^ Wolfram & Dunlap 1990, p. 57.
  41. ^ a b Wolfram & Dunlap 1990, p. 58.
  42. ^ Wolfram & Dunlap 1990, p. 59.
  43. ^ a b Burns 1991, pp. 110–111.
  44. ^ Wolfram & Dunlap 1990, p. 56.
  45. ^ Wolfram & Dunlap 1990, pp. 56–59.
  46. ^ Pop & Bolovan 2009, p. 82.
  47. ^ Wanner 2010, pp. 27–28.
  48. ^ Thompson 1999, p. 28.
  49. ^ Bóna 1994, p. 75.
  50. ^ Bărbulescu 2005, pp. 190–191.
  51. ^ a b Bóna 1994, p. 77.
  52. ^ a b c d Todd 2009, p. 223.
  53. ^ a b Gündisch 1998, p. 23.
  54. ^ Todd 2003, p. 223.
  55. ^ Heather 2012, p. 223.
  56. ^ Bóna 1994, p. 80.
  57. ^ Bărbulescu 2005, p. 191.
  58. ^ a b Bóna 1994, pp. 86, 89.
  59. ^ Lukács 2005, p. 20.
  60. ^ Curta 2005, pp. 87, 205.
  61. ^ Curta 2001, pp. 195, 201.
  62. ^ Curta 2006, p. 63.
  63. ^ Curta 2006, p. 62.
  64. ^ Todd 2003, p. 221.
  65. ^ a b c d AvarDateline 2012.
  66. ^ a b Anonymus c. 1200, ch.24.
  67. ^ a b Bak 2010, p. 59.
  68. ^ Anonymus c. 1200, ch.26.
  69. ^ Bak 2010, p. 63.
  70. ^ Sălăgean 2006, p. 141.
  71. ^ Pop 1996, p. 146.
  72. ^ Anonymus c. 1200, ch.27.
  73. ^ Bak 2010, p. 65.
  74. ^ a b c Lukács 2005, p. 30.
  75. ^ Lukács 2005, pp. 25–26.
  76. ^ Macartney 2008, p. 118.
  77. ^ Pop 1996, p. 142.
  78. ^ a b Lukács 2005, p. 29.
  79. ^ Köpeczi 2001, p. 310.
  80. ^ Lukács 2005, p. 28.
  81. ^ a b Köpeczi 2001, p. 311.
  82. ^ Bóna 1994, p. 163.
  83. ^ Benkő 1994, p. 364.
  84. ^ Keul 2009, p. 27.
  85. ^ a b c d e f Lukács 2005, p. 58.
  86. ^ Markó 2006, p. 416.
  87. ^ Curta 2006, p. 355.
  88. ^ Lazarovici 1997, p. 32.
  89. ^ a b c d e Chisholm 1911, p. 891.
  90. ^ clujnet 2004.
  91. ^ a b Lukács 2005, p. 33.
  92. ^ a b c d szabadsag 2003.
  93. ^ a b Lazarovici 1997, p. 204.
  94. ^ a b ghidvideoturistic 2013.
  95. ^ Lazarovici 1997, p. 38.
  96. ^ BeitHatfutsot 2013.
  97. ^ Lukács 2005, p. 49.
  98. ^ Csontosi 1882, p. 135.
  99. ^ Brubaker 2006, p. 90.
  100. ^ a b c d Levack 2013, p. II.
  101. ^ HandbuchÖsterreich 1856, p. 59.
  102. ^ Csontosi 1882, p. 138.
  103. ^ Davidson 2014, p. 401.
  104. ^ Flóra 2012.
  105. ^ a b Ripley 1879.
  106. ^ Brubaker 2006, p. 92.
  107. ^ Magocsi 2002.
  108. ^ a b c d Brubaker 2006, p. 93.
  109. ^ Chambers 1901.
  110. ^ Brubaker 2006, p. 134.
  111. ^ Brubaker 2006, p. 97.
  112. ^ a b c Seltzer 1952, p. 421.
  113. ^ Brubaker 2006, p. 100.
  114. ^ OsloCatholicDiocese 2007.
  115. ^ Brubaker 2006, p. 142.
  116. ^ YIVO 2010.
  117. ^ a b c Brubaker 2006, p. 105.
  118. ^ UN 1976.
  119. ^ Carey 2004, p. 264.
  120. ^ ETHZ 2018.

Sources

edit

Primary sources

edit
  • Anonymus, Notary of King Béla (c. 1200). Gesta Hungarorum [The Deeds of the Hungarians] (in Latin).

Secondary sources

edit

Tertiary sources

edit
edit
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cluj-Napoca by year.
This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Cluj-Napoca&oldid=1255319511"